CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Authors (Kleeven, W.J.G.M.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOBO01	High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes	30
	E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.
	Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEAI01	Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region	138
	G. D’Agostino INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190 Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.
	Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEAO03	Development of the Cyclone® Key: How Interoperability Leads to Compactness	156
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J. Caulier, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E.K. Kral, J. Mandrillon, O. Michaux, N.A.R. Mine, E. van der Kraaij IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: Pole Mecatech/Biowin/SPW RW - Convention 8150: CardiAmmonia In 2020, IBA has started the design, construction, tests and industrialization of a new proton cyclotron for the low energy range, the Cyclone® KEY, for PET isotope production (18F, 13N, 11C) for neurology, cardiology or oncology imaging. It is a compact and fully automated isochronous cyclotron accelerating H⁻ up to 9,2 MeV. Based on the successful design history and return of experience of the Cyclone® KIUBE, the Cyclone® KEY design has been focused on compactness (self-shielding enabled), cost effectiveness and ease of installation, operation and maintenance. The innovative design consists in the interoperability of the different subsystems: the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system, the ion source, the stripping extraction, and target changers (with up to three targets). First beam tests results will also be presented.
	Slides WEAO03 [2.848 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO03
About •	Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAO01	On the Energy Limit of Compact Isochronous Cyclotrons	255
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Existing analytical models for transverse beam dynamics in isochronous cyclotrons are often not valid or not precise for relativistic energies. The main difficulty in developing such models lies in the fact that cross-terms between derivatives of the average magnetic field and the azimuthally varying components cannot be neglected at higher energies. Taking such cross-terms rigorously into account results in an even larger number of terms that need to be included in the equations. In this paper, a method is developed which is relativistically correct and which provides results that are practical and easy to use. We derive new formulas, graphs, and tables for the radial and vertical tunes in terms of the flutter, its radial derivatives, the spiral angle and the relativistic gamma. Using this method, we study the 2nur=N structural resonance (N is number of sectors) and provide formulas and graphs for its stopband. Combining those equations with the new equation for the vertical tune, we find the stability zone and the energy limit of compact isochronous cyclotrons for any value of N. We confront the new analytical method with closed orbit simulations of the IBA C400 cyclotron for hadron therapy.
	Slides THAO01 [6.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO01
About •	Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THBI01	Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	264
	J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.
	Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01
About •	Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO009	Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	317
	V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.
	Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Page

High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes

30

E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.

Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEAI01

Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region

138

G. D’Agostino
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190
Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.

Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEAO03

Development of the Cyclone® Key: How Interoperability Leads to Compactness

156

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J. Caulier, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E.K. Kral, J. Mandrillon, O. Michaux, N.A.R. Mine, E. van der Kraaij
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: Pole Mecatech/Biowin/SPW RW - Convention 8150: CardiAmmonia
In 2020, IBA has started the design, construction, tests and industrialization of a new proton cyclotron for the low energy range, the Cyclone® KEY, for PET isotope production (18F, 13N, 11C) for neurology, cardiology or oncology imaging. It is a compact and fully automated isochronous cyclotron accelerating H⁻ up to 9,2 MeV. Based on the successful design history and return of experience of the Cyclone® KIUBE, the Cyclone® KEY design has been focused on compactness (self-shielding enabled), cost effectiveness and ease of installation, operation and maintenance. The innovative design consists in the interoperability of the different subsystems: the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system, the ion source, the stripping extraction, and target changers (with up to three targets). First beam tests results will also be presented.

Slides WEAO03 [2.848 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO03

About •

Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAO01

On the Energy Limit of Compact Isochronous Cyclotrons

255

W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Existing analytical models for transverse beam dynamics in isochronous cyclotrons are often not valid or not precise for relativistic energies. The main difficulty in developing such models lies in the fact that cross-terms between derivatives of the average magnetic field and the azimuthally varying components cannot be neglected at higher energies. Taking such cross-terms rigorously into account results in an even larger number of terms that need to be included in the equations. In this paper, a method is developed which is relativistically correct and which provides results that are practical and easy to use. We derive new formulas, graphs, and tables for the radial and vertical tunes in terms of the flutter, its radial derivatives, the spiral angle and the relativistic gamma. Using this method, we study the 2nur=N structural resonance (N is number of sectors) and provide formulas and graphs for its stopband. Combining those equations with the new equation for the vertical tune, we find the stability zone and the energy limit of compact isochronous cyclotrons for any value of N. We confront the new analytical method with closed orbit simulations of the IBA C400 cyclotron for hadron therapy.

Slides THAO01 [6.641 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO01

About •

Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THBI01

Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

264

J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.

Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01

About •

Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO009

Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

317

V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.

Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)