CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Authors (Jia, X.L.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOAO02	The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230	15
	C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.
	Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02
About •	Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO005	Impedance Characteristic Analysis and Matching Network Design for a 100 mA H⁻ Ion Source	58
	A.X. Ding, H.R. Cai, X.L. Jia, P.Z. Li, Z.J. Nong, G.F. Pan, J.F. Wang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has developed a series of multi-cusp H⁻ ion sources (IS) with DC beam intensity ranging from 3 to 18 mA for high intensity proton cyclotron uses such as cyclotron PET application, neutron source and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facilities. Based on the previous experiences, a new project of radio frequency (RF) antenna driving ion source has been launched for pulse accelerator research. This new ion source is expected to provide over 100 mA peak intensity H⁻ beams of 60 keV and a longer maintenance interval than conventional filament-driving ion sources above. Impedance matching is indispensable for efficient RF power coupling in the whole working process of the ion source for high-intensity H⁻ beam extraction. In this paper, impedance characteristic of the IS antenna with various plasma loading is analyzed. Eight typical matching topologies are discussed on their electrical requirements. A type-L and a type-γ network are finally selected for the 2 MHz and 13.56 MHz chains respectively. This design may provide a better compromise between the matching performance and the cost of implementation for a wide dynamic loading range. Design of the network is evaluated on the power delivering efficiency in each of the two RF chains and isolation between one and the other. The IS structure and near-future work plan are also presented.
	Poster MOPO005 [1.228 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO005
About •	Received ※ 24 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUBO03	Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron	130
	L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.
	Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPO010	High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application	225
	P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAI01	Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000	245
	T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01
About •	Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Page

The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230

15

C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.

Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02

About •

Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO005

Impedance Characteristic Analysis and Matching Network Design for a 100 mA H⁻ Ion Source

58

A.X. Ding, H.R. Cai, X.L. Jia, P.Z. Li, Z.J. Nong, G.F. Pan, J.F. Wang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has developed a series of multi-cusp H⁻ ion sources (IS) with DC beam intensity ranging from 3 to 18 mA for high intensity proton cyclotron uses such as cyclotron PET application, neutron source and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facilities. Based on the previous experiences, a new project of radio frequency (RF) antenna driving ion source has been launched for pulse accelerator research. This new ion source is expected to provide over 100 mA peak intensity H⁻ beams of 60 keV and a longer maintenance interval than conventional filament-driving ion sources above. Impedance matching is indispensable for efficient RF power coupling in the whole working process of the ion source for high-intensity H⁻ beam extraction. In this paper, impedance characteristic of the IS antenna with various plasma loading is analyzed. Eight typical matching topologies are discussed on their electrical requirements. A type-L and a type-γ network are finally selected for the 2 MHz and 13.56 MHz chains respectively. This design may provide a better compromise between the matching performance and the cost of implementation for a wide dynamic loading range. Design of the network is evaluated on the power delivering efficiency in each of the two RF chains and isolation between one and the other. The IS structure and near-future work plan are also presented.

Poster MOPO005 [1.228 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO005

About •

Received ※ 24 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUBO03

Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron

130

L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.

Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPO010

High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application

225

P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAI01

Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000

245

T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01

About •

Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)