Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers

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RPAE009 Design Considerations for the Stability Improvement of Klystron-Modulator for PAL XFEL 1165
 
  • J.-S. Oh, Y.J. Han, I.S. Ko, W. Namkung, S.S. Park
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
 
  Funding: Supported by the POSCO and the MOST, Korea.

The PAL linac is planed to be converted to a SASE-XFEL facility (PAL XFEL) that supplies coherent X-rays down to 0.3-nm wavelength. PAL XEL requires a 3-GeV driver linac and a 60-m long in-vacuum undulator to realize an X-ray SASE-FEL. The linac should supply highly bright beams with emittance of 1.2 mm-mrad, a peak current of 3.5 kA, and a low energy spread of 0.03%. The RF stability of 0.06% rms is required for both RF phase and amplitude for reasonably stable SASE output. This stability is mainly determined by a klystron-modulator. Therefore present stability level of the modulator has to be improved 10 times better to get the pulse stability of 0.05%. The regulation methods such as traditional de-Q’ing and precision inverter charging technology are reviewed. Design considerations for the stability improvement of klystron-modulator for PAL XFEL are presented.

 
RPAE013 Laser System for Photoelectron and X-Ray Production in the PLEIADES Compton Light Source 1347
 
  • D.J. Gibson, C.P.J. Barty, S.M. Betts, K. Crane, I. Jovanovic
    LLNL, Livermore, California
 
  Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.

The PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser-Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) facility provides tunable short x-ray pulses with energies of 30-140 keV and pulse durations of 0.3 – 5 ps by scattering an intense, ultrashort laser pulse off a 35-75 MeV electron beam. Synchronization of the laser and electron beam is obtained by using a photoinjector gun, and using the same laser system to generate the electrons and the scattering laser. The Ti:Sapphire, chirped pulse amplification based 500 mJ, 50 fs, 810 nm scattering laser and the similar 300 μJ, 5 ps, 266 nm photoinjector laser systems are detailed. Additionally, an optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system is studied as a replacement for part of the scattering laser front end. Such a change would significantly simplify the set-up the laser system by removing the need for active switching optics, as well as increase the pre-pulse contrast ratio which will be important when part of the scattering laser is used as a pump beam in pump-probe diffraction experiments using the ultrashort tunable x-rays generated as the probe.

 
RPAE014 High-Energy Compton Scattering Light Sources
 
  • F.V. Hartemann, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, K. Crane, D.J. Gibson, E.P. Hartouni, A.M. Tremaine
    LLNL, Livermore, California
 
  Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.

No monochromatic, high-brightness, tunable light sources currently exist above 100 keV. Important applications that would benefit from such new hard x-ray sources include: nuclear resonance fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy, and MeV flash radiography. The peak brightness of Compton scattering light sources is derived for head-on collisions and found to scale with the electron beam brightness and the drive laser pulse energy. This gamma2-scaling shows that for low emittance electron beams (1 nC, 1 mm.mrad, < 1 ps, > 100 MeV), and tabletop laser systems (1-10 J, 5 ps) the x-ray peak brightness can exceed 1023 photons / mm2 x mrad2 x s x 0.1% bandwidth near 1 MeV; this is confirmed by 3D codes that have been benchmarked against Compton scattering experiments performed at LLNL. Important nonlinear effects, including spectral broadening, are also taken into account in our analysis; they show that there is an optimum laser pulse duration in this geometry, of the order of a few picoseconds, in sharp contrast with the initial approach to laser-driven Compton scattering sources where femtosecond laser systems were thought to be mandatory.

 
RPAE015 High Energy, High Brightness X-Rays Produced by Compton Back Scattering at the Livermore PLEIADES facility 1464
 
  • A.M. Tremaine, S.G. Anderson, S.M. Betts, K. Crane, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann, J.S. Jacob
    LLNL, Livermore, California
  • P. Frigola, J. Lim, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California
 
  Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract no. W-7405-Eng-48.

PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) produces tunable 30-140 keV x-rays with 0.3-5 ps pulse lengths and 107 photons/pulse by colliding a high brightness electron beam with a high power laser. The electron beam is created by an rf photo-injector system, accelerated by a 120 MeV linac, and focused to 20 mm with novel permanent magnet quadrupoles. To produce Compton back scattered x-rays, the electron bunch is overlapped with a Ti:Sapphire laser that delivers 500 mJ, 80 fs, pulses to the interaction point. K-edge radiography at 115 keV on Uranium has verified the angle correlated energy spectrum inherent in Compton scattering and high-energy tunability of the Livermore source. Current upgrades to the facility will allow laser pumping of targets synchronized to the x-ray source enabling dynamic diffraction and time-resolved studies of high Z materials. Near future plans include extending the radiation energies to >400 keV, allowing for nuclear fluorescence studies of materials.

 
RPAE016 Smith-Purcell Radiation from a Charge Moving Above a Finite-Length Grating 1496
 
  • A.S. Kesar, S.E. Korbly, R.J. Temkin
    MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • M. Hess
    IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
 
  Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Energy, High Energy Physics, under contract DE-FG02-91ER40648.

Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR), emitted when a bunch is passing above a periodic structure, is characterized by a broadband radiation spectrum in which the wavelength depends on the observation angle. While various theoretical models agree on this dependence, a significant difference is introduced for the calculated radiated energy by the different approaches. We present two theoretical calculations of the SPR from a 2D bunch of relativistic electrons passing above a finite length grating. The first one uses the finite-difference time-domain approach and the second one uses an electric-field integral equation (EFIE) method. Good agreement is obtained between these two calculations. The results of these calculations are then compared with a formalism based on an infinite length grating in which a periodic boundary condition is rigorously applied. For gratings with less than approximately 50 periods, a significant error in the strength of the radiated field is introduced by the infinite grating approximation. This error disappears asymptotically as the number of periods increases. We are currently working on extending the EFIE model to the case of a three dimensional bunch moving above a finite-length grating.

 
RPAE017 Radially Polarized Ion Channel Laser 1526
 
  • R.A. Bosch
    UW-Madison/SRC, Madison, Wisconsin
 
  Radially polarized radiation is amplified by a free electron laser (FEL) in which the undulator is an ion channel with uniform density. For long betatron wavelengths and low gain per pass, the gain at a given distance from the axis is three-eighths the gain of a periodic ion channel laser with the same wiggler parameter. For amplification of short wavelengths by an ultrarelativistic electron beam, a uniform-density ion channel requires a much higher ion density than a periodic ion channel laser.  
RPAE018 Calculation of Reflection Matrix Elements of a Grating for Growing Evanescent Waves 1616
 
  • V. Kumar, K.-J. Kim
    ANL, Argonne, Illinois
 
  Funding: Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38.

Reflection matrix elements of a grating play an important role in the study of Smith-Purcell (SP) free-electron lasers (FELs). Especially, the matrix element e00, which couples the incident co-propagating evanescent wave to the outgoing co-propagating evanescent wave, is important for the evaluation of the gain of an SP FEL system.* We use the modal expansion method as well as the integral method and extend them to the case of growing evanescent waves. We present the results of numerical calculations for rectangular and sinusoidal gratings. We study the singularity of e00 and find that it is possible to get a simple formula for the location of singularity for the case of rectangular grating if we chose the eigenmodes of the groove as the basis set as done by Andrews et. al.**

*K.-J. Kim and S. B. Song, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 475, 158 (2001). **H. L. Andrews and C. A. Brau, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 07070 (2004).

 
RPAE019 Positron Source from Betatron X-Rays Emitted in a Plasma Wiggler 1625
 
  • D.K. Johnson, C.E. Clayton, C. Huang, C. Joshi, W. Lu, K.A. Marsh, W.B. Mori, M. Zhou
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California
  • C.D. Barnes, F.-J. Decker, M.J. Hogan, R.H. Iverson, P. Krejcik, C.L. O'Connell, R. Siemann, D.R. Walz
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California
  • S. Deng, T.C. Katsouleas, P. Muggli, E. Oz
    USC, Los Angeles, California
 
  In the E-167 plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) experiments in the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), an ultra-short, 28.5 GeV electron beam field ionizes a neutral column of Lithium vapor. In the underdense regime, all plasma electrons are expelled creating an ion column. The beam electrons undergo multiple betatron oscillations leading to a large flux of broadband synchrotron radiation. With a plasma density of 3x1017 cm-3, the effective focusing gradient is near 9 MT/m with critical photon energies exceeding 50 MeV for on-axis radiation. A positron source is the initial application being explored for these X-rays, as photo-production of positrons eliminates many of the thermal stress and shock wave issues associated with traditional Bremsstrahlung sources. Photo-production of positrons has been well-studied; however, the brightness of plasma X-ray sources provides certain advantages. In this paper, we present results of the simulated radiation spectra for the E-167 experiments, and compute the expected positron yield.  
RPAE020 Production of High Harmonic X-Ray Radiation from Non-linear Thomson at LLNL PLEIADES 1673
 
  • J. Lim, A. Doyuran, P. Frigola, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California
  • S.G. Anderson, M. Betts, K. Crane, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann, A.M. Tremaine
    LLNL, Livermore, California
 
  Funding: US-DOE under contract no. DE-FG-98ER45693 and DE-FG03-92ER40693, and by LLNL under contract no. W-7405-Eng-48 and the LLNL ILSA program under contract LS04-001-B.

We describe an experiment for production of high harmonic x-ray radiation from Thomson backscattering of an ultra-short high power density laser by a relativistic electron beam at the PLEIADES facility at LLNL. In this scenario, electrons execute a “figure-8” motion under the influence of the high-intensity laser field, where the constant characterizing the field strength is expected to exceed unity: $aL=e*EL/m*c*ωL ≥ 1$. With large $aL$ this motion produces high harmonic x-ray radiation and significant broadening of the spectral peaks. This paper is intended to give a layout of the PLEIADES experiment, along with progress towards experimental goals.

 
RPAE021 Feasibility Study of a Laser Beat-Wave Seeded THz FEL at the Neptune Laboratory 1721
 
  • S. Reiche, C. Joshi, C. Pellegrini, J.B. Rosenzweig, S. Tochitsky
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California
  • G. Shvets
    The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
 
  Funding: The work was supported by the DOE Contract No. DE-FG03-92ER40727.

Free-Electron Laser in the THz range can be used to generate high output power radiation or to modulate the electron beam longitudinally on the radiation wavelength scale. Microbunching on the scale of 1-5 THz is of particular importance for potential phase-locking of a modulated electron beam to a laser-driven plasma accelerating structure. However the lack of a seeding source for the FEL at this spectral range limits operation to a SASE FEL only, which denies a subpicosecond synchronization of the current modulation or radiation with an external laser source. One possibility to overcome this problem is to seed the FEL with two external laser beams, which difference (beat-wave) frequency is matched to the resonant FEL frequency in the THz range. In this presentation we study feasibility of an experiment on laser beat-wave injection in the THz FEL considered at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory, where both a high brightness photoinjector and a two-wavelength, TW-class CO2 laser system exist. By incorporating the energy modulation of the electron beam by the ponderomotive force of the beat-wave in a modified version of the time-dependent FEL code Genesis 1.3, the performance of a FEL at Neptune is simulated and analyzed.

 
RPAE022 Improved Long Radius of Curvature Measurement System for FEL Mirrors 1787
 
  • J. Li, C. Sun, Y.K. Wu
    DU/FEL, Durham, North Carolina
 
  Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. AFOSR MFEL grant F49620-001-0370.

The 53.73 meter long Duke free electron laser (FEL) cavity consists of two concave mirrors with radius of curvature longer than 27 meters. A proper radius of curvature is designed to achieve an optimal and stable operation of the FEL. This requires accurate measurements of the cavity mirror's radius of curvature before its initial installation. Subsequent radius of curvature measurements are performed to ensure no significant deformation of the mirror occurs after a period of extensive use. A direct measurement based upon the geometric optics principles has been used at DFELL for years. Recently, we have significantly upgraded this measurement apparatus by utilizing a HeNe laser as the light source and a straight wire with a proper size as the object. In this paper we describe the details of the measurement setup and report the benefits of the recent upgrades. In addition, we report the improved data analysis technique and results of recent long radius of curvature measurements.

 
RPPT074 Beam Characterizations at Femtosecond Electron Beam Facility 3925
 
  • S. Rimjaem, V. Jinamoon, Mr. Kangrang, K. Kusoljariyakul, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai, T. Vilaithong
    FNRF, Chiang Mai
  • M.W. Rhodes, P. Wichaisirimongkol
    IST, Chiang Mai
  • H. Wiedemann
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California
 
  Funding: We are grateful to the Thailand Research Fund, the National Research Council of Thailand, the Thai Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Hansen Experimental Physics laboratory of Stanford University.

The SURIYA project at the Fast Neutron Research Facility (FNRF) has been established and is being commissioning to generate femtosecond electron pulses. Theses short pulses are produced by a system consisting of an S-band thermionic cathode RF-gun, an alpha magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator. The characteristics of its major components and the beam characterizations as well as the preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed.

 
RPPT075 Generation of Femtosecond Electron and Photon Pulses 3946
 
  • C. Thongbai, V. Jinamoon, Mr. Kangrang, K. Kusoljariyakul, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut, T. Vilaithong
    FNRF, Chiang Mai
  • M.W. Rhodes, P. Wichaisirimongkol
    IST, Chiang Mai
  • H. Wiedemann
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California
 
  Funding: We are grateful to the Thailand Research Fund, the National Research Council of Thailand, the Thai Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Hansen Experimental Physics laboratory of Stanford University.

Femtosecond electron and photon pulses become a tool of interesting important to study dynamics at molecular or atomic levels. Such short pulses can be generated from a system consisting of an RF-gun with a thermionic cathode, an alpha magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator. The femtosecond electron pulses can be used directly or used as sources to produce electromagnetic radiation of equally short pulses by choosing certain kind of radiation pruduction processes. At the Fast Neutron Research Facility (Thailand), we are especially interested in production of radiation in Far-infrared and X-ray regime. In the far-infrared wavelengths which are longer than the femtosecond pulse length, the radiation is emitted coherently producing intense radiation. In the X-ray regime, development of femtosecond X-ray source is crucial for application in ultrafast science.