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| TPPE011 | A Compact High-Brightness Heavy-Ion Injector | 1263 |
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Funding: This work has been performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by UC-LBNL under contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by UC-LLNL under contract W-7405-ENG-48, for the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory. To provide compact high-brightness heavy-ion beams for Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) accelerators, we have been experimenting with merging multi-beamlets in an injector which uses an RF plasma source. In an 80-kV 20-microsecond experiment, the RF plasma source has produced up to 5 mA of Ar+ in a single beamlet. An extraction current density of 100 mA/cm2 was achieved, and the thermal temperature of the ions was below 1 eV. More than 90% of the ions were in the Ar+ state, and the energy spread from charge exchange was found to be small. We have tested at full voltage gradient the first 4 gaps of a 61-beamlet injector design. Einzel lens were used to focus the beamlets while reducing the beamlet to beamlet space charge interaction. We will report on a converging 119 multi-beamlet source. Although the source has the same optics as a full 1.6 MV injector system, the test will be carried out at 400 kV due to the test stand HV limit. We will measure the beam’s emittance after the beamlets are merged and have been transported through an electrostatic quadrupole. Our goal is to confirm the emittance growth and to demonstrate the technical feasibility of building a driver-scale HIF injector. |
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| TPPE032 | Particle-in-Cell Simulations of the VENUS Ion Beam Transport System | 2236 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division of the U.S. DOE under Contract DE AC03-76SF00098 The next-generation superconducting ECR ion source VENUS serves as the prototype injector ion source for the linac driver of the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA). The high-intensity heavy ion beams required by the RIA driver linac present significant challenges for the design and simulation of an ECR extraction and low energy ion beam transport system. Extraction and beam formation take place in a strong (up to 3T) axial magnetic field, which leads to significantly different focusing properties for the different ion masses and charge states of the extracted beam. Typically, beam simulations must take into account the contributions of up to 30 different charge states and ion masses. Two three-dimensional, particle-in-cell codes developed for other purposes, IMPACT and WARP, have been adapted in order to model intense, multi-species DC beams. A discussion of the differences of these codes and the advantages of each in the simulation of the low energy beam transport system of an ECR ion source is given. Direct comparisons of results from these two codes as well as with experimental results from VENUS are presented. |
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| TPPE046 | Computer Simulation of the UMER Gridded Gun | 2908 |
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Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. DOE under contract Nos. DE-FG02-02ER54672 and DE-FG02-94ER40855 at the UMD, and DE-AC03-76SF00098 at LBNL and W-7405-ENG-48 at LLNL. The electron source in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) injector employs a grid 0.15 mm from the cathode to control the current waveform. Under nominal operating conditions, the grid voltage during the current pulse is sufficiently positive relative to the cathode potential to form a virtual cathode downstream of the grid. Three-dimensional computer simulations have been performed that use the mesh refinement capability of the WARP particle-in-cell code to examine a small region near the beam center in order to illustrate some of the complexity that can result from such a gridded structure. These simulations have been found to reproduce the hollowed velocity space that is observed experimentally. The simulations also predict a complicated time-dependent response to the waveform applied to the grid during the current turn-on. This complex temporal behavior appears to result directly from the dynamics of the virtual cathode formation and may therefore be representative of the expected behavior in other sources, such as some photoinjectors, that are characterized by a rapid turn-on of the beam current. |
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| ROAB003 | Highly Compressed Ion Beams for High Energy Density Science | 339 |
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Funding: Work performed under auspices of USDOE by U. of CA LLNL & LBNL, PPPL, and SNL, under Contract Nos. W-7405-Eng-48, DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-AC02-76CH03073, and DE-AC04-94AL85000, and by MRC and SAIC. The Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory (HIF-VNL) is developing the intense ion beams needed to drive matter to the High Energy Density (HED) regimes required for Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) and other applications. An interim goal is a facility for Warm Dense Matter (WDM) studies, wherein a target is heated volumetrically without being shocked, so that well-defined states of matter at 1 to 10 eV are generated within a diagnosable region. In the approach we are pursuing, low to medium mass ions with energies just above the Bragg peak are directed onto thin target "foils," which may in fact be foams or "steel wool" with mean densities 1% to 100% of solid. This approach complements that being pursued at GSI, wherein high-energy ion beams deposit a small fraction of their energy in a cylindrical target. We present the requirements for warm dense matter experiments, and describe suitable accelerator concepts, including novel broadband traveling wave pulse-line, drift-tube linac, RF, and single-gap approaches. We show how neutralized drift compression and final focus optics tolerant of large velocity spread can generate the necessarily compact focal spots in space and time. |
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| ROPB006 | Filling in the Roadmap for Self-Consistent Electron Cloud and Gas Modeling | 525 |
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, LLNL and LBNL under contracts W-7405-Eng-48, and DE-AC03-76F00098. Electron clouds and gas pressure rise limit the performance of many major accelerators. A multi-laboratory effort to understand the underlying physics via the combined application of experiment,* theory, and simulation is underway. We present here the status of the simulation capability development, based on a merge of the three-dimensional parallel Particle-In-Cell accelerator code WARP and the electron cloud code POSINST, with additional functionalities.** The development of the new capability follows a "roadmap" describing the different functional modules, and their inter-relationships, that are ultimately needed to reach self-consistency. Newly developed functionalities include a novel particle mover bridging the time scales between electrons and ions motion.*** Samples of applications of the new capability to the modeling of intense charge dominated beams**** and LHC beams***** will be shown as available. *A.W. Molvik, these proceedings. **J.-L. Vay, Proc. "ECLOUD04," Napa (California), 2004. ***R.H. Cohen, these proceedings. ****P.A. Seidl, these proceedings. *****M.A. Furman, these proceedings. |
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| FPAP015 | Electron and Gas Effects on Intense, Space-Charge Dominated Ion Beams in Magnetic Quadrupoles: Comparison of Experiments and Simulations | |
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, LLNL and LBNL under contracts W-7405-Eng-48, and DE-AC03-76F00098. Accelerators for inertial fusion energy, high-energy density physics and other high intensity applications have an economic incentive to minimize the clearance between the beam edge and the aperture wall. This increases the risk from electron clouds and gas desorbed from walls. Using the High Current Experiment at LBNL, we have measured the beam (0.18 A, 1 MeV K+ ) distribution upstream and downstream of a short lattice of magnetic quadrupoles where the 2·rms beam size is =50% of the quadrupole aperture, and the generalized perveance is ˜10-3. Between magnets, the transverse beam distribution is also imaged. The beam potential is 1-2 kV, large enough to trap electrons produced by, for example, K+ - gas collisions. Gas and electron effects are intentionally induced by varying gas pressure and the bias of e- controlling electrodes.* The measurements are compared to WARP PIC simulations that include the self-consistent tracking of electrons and ions.** *A. W. Molvik et al., this conference. **J-L Vay et al., this conference. |
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| FPAP016 | Initial Self-Consistent 3-D Electron-Cloud Simulations of LHC Beam with the Code WARP+POSINST | 1479 |
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, LLNL and LBNL under contracts W-7405-Eng-48, and DE-AC03-76F00098. We present initial results from the self-consistent beam-cloud dynamics simulations of a sample LHC beam, using a newly developed set of modeling capability based on a merger of the three-dimensional parallel Particle-In-Cell accelerator code WARP and the electron cloud code POSINST.*,** Although the storage ring model we use as a test bed to contain the beam is much simpler and shorter than the LHC, its lattice elements are realistically modeled, as is the beam and the electron cloud dynamics. The simulated mechanisms for generation and absorption of the electrons at the walls are based on previously validated models available in POSINST.*** *J.-L. Vay, these proceedings. **J.-L. Vay, Proc. "ECLOUD04," Napa (California), 2004. ***M.T.F. Pivi and M.A. Furman, Phys. Rev. STAB, PRSTAB/v6/i3/e034201. |
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| FPAP033 | Beam Energy Scaling of Ion-Induced Electron Yield from K+ Ions Impact on Stainless Steel Surfaces | 2287 |
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, LLNL under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48, and by LBNL under Contract DE-AC03-76F00098. The cost of accelerators for heavy-ion inertial fusion energy (HIF) can be reduced by using the smallest possible clearance between the beam and the wall from the beamline. This increases beam loss to the walls, generating ion-induced electrons that could be trapped by beam space charge potential into an "electron cloud," which can cause degradation or loss of the ion beam. In order to understand the physical mechanism of production of ion-induced electrons we have measured impact of K+ ions with energies up to 400 KeV on stainless steel surfaces near grazing incidence, using the ion source test stand (STS-500) at LLNL. The electron yield will be discussed and compared with experimental measurements from 1 MeV K+ ions in the High-Current Experiment at LBNL.* *A.W. Molvik et al., PRST-AB 7, 093202 (2004). |
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| FPAT026 | The Dynamic Aperture of an Electrostatic Quadrupole Lattice | 1946 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. DOE, under contract numbers DE-AC03-76SF00098 and W-7405-Eng-48. In heavy-ion-driven inertial fusion accelerator concepts, dynamic aperture is important to the cost of the accelerator, most especially for designs which envision multibeam linacs, where extra clearance for each beam greatly enlarges the transverse scale of the machine. In many designs the low-energy end of such an accelerator uses electrostatic quadrupole focusing. The dynamic aperture of such a lattice has been investigated for intense, space-charge-dominated ion beams using the 2-D transverse slice version of the 3-D particle-in-cell simulation code WARP. The representation of the focusing field used is a 3-D solution of the Laplace equation for the biased focusing elements, as opposed to previous calculations which used a less-accurate multipole approximation. 80% radial filling of the aperture is found to be possible. Results from the simulations, as well as corroborating data from the High Current Experiment at LBNL, will be presented. |
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| FPAT028 | Extraction Compression and Acceleration of High Line Charge Density Ion Beams | 2032 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. HEDP applications require high line charge density ion beams. An efficient method to obtain this type of beams is to extract a long pulse, high current beam from a gun at high energy, and let the beam pass through a decelerating field to compress it. The low energy beam bunch is loaded into a solenoid and matched to a Brillouin flow. The Brillouin equilibrium is independent of the energy if the relationship between the beam size (a), solenoid magnetic field strength (B) and line charge density is such that (Ba)2 is proportional to the line charge density. Thus it is possible to accelerate a matched beam at constant line charge density. An experiment, NDCX-1c is being designed to test the feasibility of this type of injectors, where we will extract a 1 microsecond, 100 mA, potassium beam at 160 keV, decelerate it to 55 keV (density ~0.2 microC/m), and load it into a 2.5 T solenoid where it will be accelerated to 100–150 keV (head to tail) at constant line charge density. The head-to-tail velocity tilt can be used to increase bunch compression and to control longitudinal beam expansion. We will present the physics design and numerical simulations of the proposed experiment |