FEL2019 - List of Keywords (cathode)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
WEA01	Overview of CW RF Guns for Short Wavelength FELs	gun, FEL, SRF, electron	290
	H.J. Qian DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany E. Vogel DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Hard X-ray FELs (XFELs) operating with pulsed RF provide unprecedented peak brilliance for scientific research. Operating the accelerators with CW RF improves the flexibility w.r.t. the available time structure for experiments and opens the next frontier of average brilliance. One of the challenges of CW XFELs is the electron source, which requires both CW operation and highest possible beam quality allowing lasing at shortest wavelengths. The CW mode technically constraints the gun acceleration gradient, which is one of the keys to electron source brightness, so R&D is devoted to CW gun improvements since decades. In this contribution, the worldwide development status of CW RF guns, both normal conducting and superconducting, is reviewed.
	Slides WEA01 [16.329 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEA01
About •	paper received ※ 25 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 07 November 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEA04	Growing and Characterization of Cs2Te Photocatodes with Different Thicknesses at INFN LASA	electron, gun, diagnostics, FEL	297
	L. Monaco, P. Michelato, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy G. Guerini Rocco, C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
	The INFN LASA group has a long standing experience in the production of cesium telluride photocathodes for high brightness photoinjectors. The well-established recipe relies on the deposition of a typical amount of 10 nm of Te, followed by the Cs deposition until reaching the maximum QE. Nevertheless, for improving the understanding of photocathode properties, we are investigating the effect of Te thickness on the growing process, evaluating photocathode optical properties and quantum efficiency during the growing process and on the final film. These photocathodes will be then operated and analyzed in the real environment of the RF Gun at the PITZ facility in DESY Zeuthen, to estimate their impact on the electron beam properties.
	Slides WEA04 [15.703 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEA04
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP045	Status of the Klystrons for the European XFEL after Commissioning and First User Operation Phase	FEL, klystron, operation, linac	420
	V. Vogel (Fogel), M. Bousonville, A. Cherepenko, S. Choroba, H.-J. Eckoldt, T. Grevsmühl, V.V. Katalev, K. Machau, P. Morozov, B. Yildirim DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	At present 26 RF stations for the European XFEL are in operation. Each of the RF stations consists of a HV modulator located on the DESY campus, up to 1600 m long 10 kV HV cables that connect the modulators and the HV pulse transformers located in the underground tunnel, the horizontal multi-beam klystron (MBK), and an air filled waveguide distribution system (WG) between the klystron and the cavities input couplers. The klystrons can produce RF power up to 10 MW, 1.5 ms RF pulse length and 10 Hz repetition rate. Two RF stations of the injector have already achieved about 30,000 hours of operation, RF stations of the XFEL bunch compressor area have operated up to 20,000 hours and the klystrons in the XFEL main linac already have about 18,000 hours of operation. To increase the lifetime of the klystrons we are using a fast protection system (KLM) that is in routine operation since 2018 in addition to the common interlock system. In this article we will give a summary of the present klystrons operation status including the number of HV and RF arcs in the klystrons and in the WG system and operation statistics for the high power RF part of machine.
	Poster WEP045 [0.757 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP045
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 12 September 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP046	The European XFEL Photocathode Laser	laser, FEL, electron, controls	423
	L. Winkelmann, A. Choudhuri, U. Grosse-Wortmann, I. Hartl, C. Li, C. Mohr, J. Müller, F. Peters, S. Pfeiffer, S.H. Salman DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	We present the Yb:fiber, Nd:YVO4 laser used to generate electrons from the RF photocathode gun at the European XFEL. The laser provides deep UV output pulses in 600 µs bursts with variable internal repetition rate (564 kHz to 4.5 MHz). Due to its robust architecture (mode-locked and synchronized fiber oscillator, Yb:fiber amplifiers and Nd:YVO4 gain blocks), the laser has operated with >99% uptime since January 2017. Using this laser, the XFEL reported energies of 17.5 GeV in July 2018, and simultaneous multi-mJ lasing in its three SASE beamlines. The laser offers two parallel outputs (1064 nm) with single pulse energies of >100 µJ and 11 ps width (FWHM). One output is converted to deep UV with efficiencies > 25%, and the second is used as a laser heater to reduce microbunching instabilities to increase SASE efficiency. Several state-of-art laser controls were implemented, including feed-forward algorithm to flatten electron charge along the bunch, active beam stabilization with < ±10 µm jitter at the photocathode, state machines for hands-off end-user operation, and temporal pulse synchronization and drift compensation to the timing jigger of the electron bunches to less than 45 fs.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP046
About •	paper received ※ 23 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 29 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP047	Update on the Photocathode Lifetime at FLASH and European XFEL	FEL, laser, gun, operation	427
	S. Lederer, F. Brinker, S. Schreiber DESY, Hamburg, Germany L. Monaco, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	The photoinjectors of FLASH and the European XFEL at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) are operated by laser driven RF-guns. In both facilities Cs2Te photocathodes are successfully used. In this paper we give an update on the lifetime, quantum efficiency (QE) and dark current of the photocathodes used over the last years. At FLASH cathode #73.3 was operated for a record lifetime of 1413 days and was replaced December 2018 by cathode #10⁵.2. At the European XFEL cathode #680.1 is in operation since December 2015, for 1356 days up to now.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP047
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 28 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP048	FLASH Photoinjector Laser Systems	laser, electron, operation, free-electron-laser	430
	S. Schreiber, C. Grün, K. Klose, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, B. Steffen DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) operates two undulator beamlines simultaneously for FEL operation and a third for plasma acceleration experiments (FLASHForward). The L-band superconducting technology allows accelerating fields of up to 0.8 ms in length at a repetition rate of 10 Hz (burst mode). A fast kicker-septum system picks one part of the 1 MHz electron bunch train and kicks it to the second beamline such that two beamlines are operated simultaneously with the full repetition rate of 10 Hz. The photoinjector operates three laser systems. They have different pulse durations and transverse shapes and are chosen to serve best for the given user experiment in terms of electron bunch charge, bunch compression, and bunch pattern. It is also possible to operate the laser systems on the same beamline to provide specific double pulses for certain type of experiments.
	Poster WEP048 [2.642 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP048
About •	paper received ※ 26 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP051	PITZ Experimental Optimization for the Aimed Cathode Gradient of a Superconducting CW RF Gun	emittance, gun, laser, SRF	440
	M. Krasilnikov, P. Boonpornprasert, Y. Chen, G.Z. Georgiev, J.D. Good, M. Groß, P.W. Huang, I.I. Isaev, C. Koschitzki, S. Lal, X. Li, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany M. Dohlus, E. Vogel DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	A continuous wave (CW) mode operation of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is under considerations for a future upgrade. Therefore, a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) CW gun is under experimental development at DESY in Hamburg. Beam dynamics simulations for this setup have been done assuming 100 pC bunch charge and a maximum electric field at the photocathode of 40 MV/m. Experimental studies for these parameters using a normal conducting RF photogun have been performed at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The beam transverse emittance was minimized by optimizing the main photo injector parameters in order to demonstrate the feasibility of generating electron beams with a beam quality required for successful CW operation of the European XFEL for conditions similar to the SRF gun setup.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP051
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP052	Simulation Studies on the Saturated Emission at PITZ	laser, space-charge, gun, simulation	444
	X. Li, P. Boonpornprasert, Y. Chen, J.D. Good, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, C. Koschitzki, M. Krasilnikov, S. Lal, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
	In this paper we report our consideration and simulation on the space charge dominated emission in the L-band photocathode RF gun at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). It has been found that the emission curve, which relates the extracted and accelerated bunch charge after the gun to the laser energy, doesn’t agree very well with Astra simulations when the emission is nearly or fully saturated. Previous studies with a core-halo model for a better fit of the experimentally measured laser transverse profile as well as with an improved transient emission model have resulted in a better agreement between experimental data and simulation. A 3D FFT space charge solver including mirror charge and binned energy/momentum has been built, which also allows more emission mechanisms to be included in the future. In this paper, the energy spread during emission was preliminarily analyzed. Experimentally measured emission curves were compared with simulation, showing the effect of the inhomogeneity of the laser on the emission and beam parameters.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP052
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP053	Development of a Multialkali Antimonide Photocathode at INFN LASA	laser, gun, site, electron	448
	S.K. Mohanty DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany G. Guerini Rocco, C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy P. Michelato, L. Monaco, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	Owing to their excellent properties including high quantum efficiency (QE), low emittance, good lifetime and fast response, alkali antimonides photocathodes has been considered as one of the eminent candidates for the electron source of energy recovery linacs (ERL) and free electron lasers (FEL). Nevertheless, their sensitivity to vacuum condition requires specific R&D before they can operate in a RF Gun. For this reason, we have started to develop specifically K-Cs-Sb based multialkali photocathodes at INFN LASA. The primary goal is to develop a stable and reproducible alkali antimonide films on INFN plugs and test them in the photoinjector test facility PITZ at DESY Zeuthen. In this report, we present and discuss about the results so far obtained on KCsSb material and the status of the new preparation system specifically designed for these sensitive materials.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP053
About •	paper received ※ 08 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP054	Beam Dynamics Optimization of a Normal-Conducting Gun Based CW Injector for the European XFEL	cavity, gun, FEL, cryomodule	452
	H. Shaker, S. Lal, H.J. Qian, G. Shu, F. Stephan DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
	The European XFEL is operating up to 17.5 GeV electron energy with maximum 0.65% duty cycle. There is a prospect for continuous wave and long pulse mode (CW/LP) operation of the European XFEL, which enables more flexible bunch pattern time structure for experiments, higher average brightness and better stability. Due to engineering limitations, the maximum electron beam energy in the CW/LP mode is about 8.6/12.8 GeV, which puts more pressure on the injector beam quality for lasing at the shortest wavelength. This paper optimizes the beam dynamics of an injector based on a normal-conducting VHF gun.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP054
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP056	Engineering Design of Low-Emittance DC-SRF Photocathode Injector	SRF, cavity, linac, shielding	460
	Y.Q. Liu, M. Chen, S. Huang, L. Lin, K.X. Liu, S.W. Quan, F. Wang, S. Zhao PKU, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	An upgraded version of DC-SRF photocathode injector (DC-SRF-II) is under development at Peking University. The goal is to achieve an emittance below 0.5 mm-mrad at the bunch charge of 100 pC and repetition rate of 1 MHz. The engineering design of the DC-SRF-II photoinjector was accomplished in this May and the fabrication is ongoing now. This paper presents some details of the engineering design.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP056
About •	paper received ※ 19 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP058	Drive Laser Temporal Shaping Techniques for Shanghai Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser	laser, electron, FEL, flattop	466
	X.T. Wang, T. Lan, M. Zhang, W.Y. Zhang SINAP, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China L. Feng, B. Liu SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China C.L. Li Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
	The design of Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser (SXFEL) is based on laser driven photocathode, which can provide emittance <2.0 mm¿mrad with 500 pC charge. The temporal shape of drive laser has significant influence on the electron beam emittance and brightness. This paper presents the transport line of drive laser system and the temporal shaping techniques for SXFEL. This drive laser produces 8 picosecond 266nm ultraviolet pulses with repetition rate 10Hz. A transverse deflecting cavity was used for indirectly characterizing the laser pulse temporal structure. Here we present the drive laser system with its temporal shaping method, and measurement results.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP058
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 28 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP062	Test of Cs2Te Thickness on Cathode Performance at PITZ	emittance, gun, laser, FEL	473
	P.W. Huang TUB, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Y. Chen, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, P. Kitisri, C. Koschitzki, M. Krasilnikov, S. Lal, X. Li, O. Lishilin, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko, T. Weilbach DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany A. Grigoryan CANDLE, Yerevan, Armenia S. Lederer DESY, Hamburg, Germany P. Michelato, L. Monaco, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	Cesium telluride is a widely used cathode in photo injectors, and its performance is one of the keys for not only emittance but also reliable operation. Over the years lots of experiences with Cs2Te photocathodes produced with the same recipe and thickness were gained at the DESY photo injectors, but cathode performance dependence on the cathode layer thickness were not investigated. In this paper, we test fresh Cs2Te cathodes with different thickness at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The QE and thermal emittance of these cathodes inside the high gradient RF gun will be compared. Besides, the injector emittance under the operation conditions of the XFEL will also be measured with these cathodes.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP062
About •	paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP064	Performance of S-Band Photocathode RF Gun With Coaxial Coupler	gun, electron, laser, FEL	481
	J.H. Hong, J.H. Han, C.-K. Min PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	To improve the characteristics of electron beams, new S-band photocathode RF gun with a coaxial coupler has been developed and fabricated at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). This new RF gun is improved the field symmetry inside the cavity cell by applying the coaxial coupler, and the cooling performance by improving the cooling lines. The RF gun is installed in the injector test facility (ITF) for high power RF test. This paper reports the recent results on the RF conditioning process and the beam tests of the RF gun with high power RF at ITF. We present and discuss the measurement results of the basic beam parameters.
	Poster WEP064 [0.784 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP064
About •	paper received ※ 24 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

WEA01

Overview of CW RF Guns for Short Wavelength FELs

gun, FEL, SRF, electron

290

H.J. Qian
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
E. Vogel
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Hard X-ray FELs (XFELs) operating with pulsed RF provide unprecedented peak brilliance for scientific research. Operating the accelerators with CW RF improves the flexibility w.r.t. the available time structure for experiments and opens the next frontier of average brilliance. One of the challenges of CW XFELs is the electron source, which requires both CW operation and highest possible beam quality allowing lasing at shortest wavelengths. The CW mode technically constraints the gun acceleration gradient, which is one of the keys to electron source brightness, so R&D is devoted to CW gun improvements since decades. In this contribution, the worldwide development status of CW RF guns, both normal conducting and superconducting, is reviewed.

Slides WEA01 [16.329 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEA01

About •

paper received ※ 25 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 07 November 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEA04

Growing and Characterization of Cs2Te Photocatodes with Different Thicknesses at INFN LASA

electron, gun, diagnostics, FEL

297

L. Monaco, P. Michelato, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
G. Guerini Rocco, C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

The INFN LASA group has a long standing experience in the production of cesium telluride photocathodes for high brightness photoinjectors. The well-established recipe relies on the deposition of a typical amount of 10 nm of Te, followed by the Cs deposition until reaching the maximum QE. Nevertheless, for improving the understanding of photocathode properties, we are investigating the effect of Te thickness on the growing process, evaluating photocathode optical properties and quantum efficiency during the growing process and on the final film. These photocathodes will be then operated and analyzed in the real environment of the RF Gun at the PITZ facility in DESY Zeuthen, to estimate their impact on the electron beam properties.

Slides WEA04 [15.703 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEA04

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP045

Status of the Klystrons for the European XFEL after Commissioning and First User Operation Phase

FEL, klystron, operation, linac

420

V. Vogel (Fogel), M. Bousonville, A. Cherepenko, S. Choroba, H.-J. Eckoldt, T. Grevsmühl, V.V. Katalev, K. Machau, P. Morozov, B. Yildirim
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

At present 26 RF stations for the European XFEL are in operation. Each of the RF stations consists of a HV modulator located on the DESY campus, up to 1600 m long 10 kV HV cables that connect the modulators and the HV pulse transformers located in the underground tunnel, the horizontal multi-beam klystron (MBK), and an air filled waveguide distribution system (WG) between the klystron and the cavities input couplers. The klystrons can produce RF power up to 10 MW, 1.5 ms RF pulse length and 10 Hz repetition rate. Two RF stations of the injector have already achieved about 30,000 hours of operation, RF stations of the XFEL bunch compressor area have operated up to 20,000 hours and the klystrons in the XFEL main linac already have about 18,000 hours of operation. To increase the lifetime of the klystrons we are using a fast protection system (KLM) that is in routine operation since 2018 in addition to the common interlock system. In this article we will give a summary of the present klystrons operation status including the number of HV and RF arcs in the klystrons and in the WG system and operation statistics for the high power RF part of machine.

Poster WEP045 [0.757 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP045

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 12 September 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP046

The European XFEL Photocathode Laser

laser, FEL, electron, controls

423

L. Winkelmann, A. Choudhuri, U. Grosse-Wortmann, I. Hartl, C. Li, C. Mohr, J. Müller, F. Peters, S. Pfeiffer, S.H. Salman
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

We present the Yb:fiber, Nd:YVO4 laser used to generate electrons from the RF photocathode gun at the European XFEL. The laser provides deep UV output pulses in 600 µs bursts with variable internal repetition rate (564 kHz to 4.5 MHz). Due to its robust architecture (mode-locked and synchronized fiber oscillator, Yb:fiber amplifiers and Nd:YVO4 gain blocks), the laser has operated with >99% uptime since January 2017. Using this laser, the XFEL reported energies of 17.5 GeV in July 2018, and simultaneous multi-mJ lasing in its three SASE beamlines. The laser offers two parallel outputs (1064 nm) with single pulse energies of >100 µJ and 11 ps width (FWHM). One output is converted to deep UV with efficiencies > 25%, and the second is used as a laser heater to reduce microbunching instabilities to increase SASE efficiency. Several state-of-art laser controls were implemented, including feed-forward algorithm to flatten electron charge along the bunch, active beam stabilization with < ±10 µm jitter at the photocathode, state machines for hands-off end-user operation, and temporal pulse synchronization and drift compensation to the timing jigger of the electron bunches to less than 45 fs.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP046

About •

paper received ※ 23 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 29 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP047

Update on the Photocathode Lifetime at FLASH and European XFEL

FEL, laser, gun, operation

427

S. Lederer, F. Brinker, S. Schreiber
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
L. Monaco, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

The photoinjectors of FLASH and the European XFEL at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) are operated by laser driven RF-guns. In both facilities Cs2Te photocathodes are successfully used. In this paper we give an update on the lifetime, quantum efficiency (QE) and dark current of the photocathodes used over the last years. At FLASH cathode #73.3 was operated for a record lifetime of 1413 days and was replaced December 2018 by cathode #10⁵.2. At the European XFEL cathode #680.1 is in operation since December 2015, for 1356 days up to now.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP047

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 28 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP048

FLASH Photoinjector Laser Systems

laser, electron, operation, free-electron-laser

430

S. Schreiber, C. Grün, K. Klose, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, B. Steffen
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The free-electron laser facility FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) operates two undulator beamlines simultaneously for FEL operation and a third for plasma acceleration experiments (FLASHForward). The L-band superconducting technology allows accelerating fields of up to 0.8 ms in length at a repetition rate of 10 Hz (burst mode). A fast kicker-septum system picks one part of the 1 MHz electron bunch train and kicks it to the second beamline such that two beamlines are operated simultaneously with the full repetition rate of 10 Hz. The photoinjector operates three laser systems. They have different pulse durations and transverse shapes and are chosen to serve best for the given user experiment in terms of electron bunch charge, bunch compression, and bunch pattern. It is also possible to operate the laser systems on the same beamline to provide specific double pulses for certain type of experiments.

Poster WEP048 [2.642 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP048

About •

paper received ※ 26 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP051

PITZ Experimental Optimization for the Aimed Cathode Gradient of a Superconducting CW RF Gun

emittance, gun, laser, SRF

440

M. Krasilnikov, P. Boonpornprasert, Y. Chen, G.Z. Georgiev, J.D. Good, M. Groß, P.W. Huang, I.I. Isaev, C. Koschitzki, S. Lal, X. Li, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
M. Dohlus, E. Vogel
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

A continuous wave (CW) mode operation of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is under considerations for a future upgrade. Therefore, a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) CW gun is under experimental development at DESY in Hamburg. Beam dynamics simulations for this setup have been done assuming 100 pC bunch charge and a maximum electric field at the photocathode of 40 MV/m. Experimental studies for these parameters using a normal conducting RF photogun have been performed at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The beam transverse emittance was minimized by optimizing the main photo injector parameters in order to demonstrate the feasibility of generating electron beams with a beam quality required for successful CW operation of the European XFEL for conditions similar to the SRF gun setup.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP051

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP052

Simulation Studies on the Saturated Emission at PITZ

laser, space-charge, gun, simulation

444

X. Li, P. Boonpornprasert, Y. Chen, J.D. Good, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, C. Koschitzki, M. Krasilnikov, S. Lal, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany

In this paper we report our consideration and simulation on the space charge dominated emission in the L-band photocathode RF gun at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). It has been found that the emission curve, which relates the extracted and accelerated bunch charge after the gun to the laser energy, doesn’t agree very well with Astra simulations when the emission is nearly or fully saturated. Previous studies with a core-halo model for a better fit of the experimentally measured laser transverse profile as well as with an improved transient emission model have resulted in a better agreement between experimental data and simulation. A 3D FFT space charge solver including mirror charge and binned energy/momentum has been built, which also allows more emission mechanisms to be included in the future. In this paper, the energy spread during emission was preliminarily analyzed. Experimentally measured emission curves were compared with simulation, showing the effect of the inhomogeneity of the laser on the emission and beam parameters.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP052

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP053

Development of a Multialkali Antimonide Photocathode at INFN LASA

laser, gun, site, electron

448

S.K. Mohanty
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
G. Guerini Rocco, C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
P. Michelato, L. Monaco, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

Owing to their excellent properties including high quantum efficiency (QE), low emittance, good lifetime and fast response, alkali antimonides photocathodes has been considered as one of the eminent candidates for the electron source of energy recovery linacs (ERL) and free electron lasers (FEL). Nevertheless, their sensitivity to vacuum condition requires specific R&D before they can operate in a RF Gun. For this reason, we have started to develop specifically K-Cs-Sb based multialkali photocathodes at INFN LASA. The primary goal is to develop a stable and reproducible alkali antimonide films on INFN plugs and test them in the photoinjector test facility PITZ at DESY Zeuthen. In this report, we present and discuss about the results so far obtained on KCsSb material and the status of the new preparation system specifically designed for these sensitive materials.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP053

About •

paper received ※ 08 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP054

Beam Dynamics Optimization of a Normal-Conducting Gun Based CW Injector for the European XFEL

cavity, gun, FEL, cryomodule

452

H. Shaker, S. Lal, H.J. Qian, G. Shu, F. Stephan
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany

The European XFEL is operating up to 17.5 GeV electron energy with maximum 0.65% duty cycle. There is a prospect for continuous wave and long pulse mode (CW/LP) operation of the European XFEL, which enables more flexible bunch pattern time structure for experiments, higher average brightness and better stability. Due to engineering limitations, the maximum electron beam energy in the CW/LP mode is about 8.6/12.8 GeV, which puts more pressure on the injector beam quality for lasing at the shortest wavelength. This paper optimizes the beam dynamics of an injector based on a normal-conducting VHF gun.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP054

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP056

Engineering Design of Low-Emittance DC-SRF Photocathode Injector

SRF, cavity, linac, shielding

460

Y.Q. Liu, M. Chen, S. Huang, L. Lin, K.X. Liu, S.W. Quan, F. Wang, S. Zhao
PKU, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

An upgraded version of DC-SRF photocathode injector (DC-SRF-II) is under development at Peking University. The goal is to achieve an emittance below 0.5 mm-mrad at the bunch charge of 100 pC and repetition rate of 1 MHz. The engineering design of the DC-SRF-II photoinjector was accomplished in this May and the fabrication is ongoing now. This paper presents some details of the engineering design.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP056

About •

paper received ※ 19 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP058

Drive Laser Temporal Shaping Techniques for Shanghai Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser

laser, electron, FEL, flattop

466

X.T. Wang, T. Lan, M. Zhang, W.Y. Zhang
SINAP, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
L. Feng, B. Liu
SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
C.L. Li
Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

The design of Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser (SXFEL) is based on laser driven photocathode, which can provide emittance <2.0 mm¿mrad with 500 pC charge. The temporal shape of drive laser has significant influence on the electron beam emittance and brightness. This paper presents the transport line of drive laser system and the temporal shaping techniques for SXFEL. This drive laser produces 8 picosecond 266nm ultraviolet pulses with repetition rate 10Hz. A transverse deflecting cavity was used for indirectly characterizing the laser pulse temporal structure. Here we present the drive laser system with its temporal shaping method, and measurement results.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP058

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 28 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP062

Test of Cs2Te Thickness on Cathode Performance at PITZ

emittance, gun, laser, FEL

473

P.W. Huang
TUB, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Y. Chen, M. Groß, I.I. Isaev, P. Kitisri, C. Koschitzki, M. Krasilnikov, S. Lal, X. Li, O. Lishilin, D. Melkumyan, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, F. Stephan, G. Vashchenko, T. Weilbach
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
A. Grigoryan
CANDLE, Yerevan, Armenia
S. Lederer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
P. Michelato, L. Monaco, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

Cesium telluride is a widely used cathode in photo injectors, and its performance is one of the keys for not only emittance but also reliable operation. Over the years lots of experiences with Cs2Te photocathodes produced with the same recipe and thickness were gained at the DESY photo injectors, but cathode performance dependence on the cathode layer thickness were not investigated. In this paper, we test fresh Cs2Te cathodes with different thickness at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The QE and thermal emittance of these cathodes inside the high gradient RF gun will be compared. Besides, the injector emittance under the operation conditions of the XFEL will also be measured with these cathodes.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP062

About •

paper received ※ 20 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEP064

Performance of S-Band Photocathode RF Gun With Coaxial Coupler

gun, electron, laser, FEL

481

J.H. Hong, J.H. Han, C.-K. Min
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

To improve the characteristics of electron beams, new S-band photocathode RF gun with a coaxial coupler has been developed and fabricated at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). This new RF gun is improved the field symmetry inside the cavity cell by applying the coaxial coupler, and the cooling performance by improving the cooling lines. The RF gun is installed in the injector test facility (ITF) for high power RF test. This paper reports the recent results on the RF conditioning process and the beam tests of the RF gun with high power RF at ITF. We present and discuss the measurement results of the basic beam parameters.

Poster WEP064 [0.784 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-WEP064

About •

paper received ※ 24 August 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 August 2019 issue date ※ 05 November 2019

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)