• H. Hama
  LNS, Sendai

More than 20 years ago, D.A.G. Deacon proposed an isochronous storage ring for FEL to avoid bunch heating and decreasing instantaneous gain [1]. Some of low momentum compaction (alpha) operations have been carried out, and recently coherent infrared radiation are observed on a 3rd generation light source. Because the 3rd generation rings are optimized to obtain very low emittance beam, the dispersion function in the arc sections are much reduced by introducing large bending radius, so that those are very big machines. Meanwhile N.A. Vinokurov et al. recently proposed a ring type SASE FEL based on a complete isochronous bending transport [2]. At least, experimental and theoretical study of the isochronous ring so far suggests nonlinear effects resulted from higher order dispersion and chromaticity declines the "complete" isochronous system. On the other hand, in a wavelength region of THz, tolerance of the path length along a turn of the ring seems to be within our reach. A concept to preserve of a form factor of microbunch or very short bunch by using no-dispersion bend for a ring source of THz coherent radiation and its extension toward short wavelength and SASE FEL will be discussed.

[1] D.A.G. Deacon, Phys. Rep. 76 (1981) 349. [2] N.A. Vinokurov, O.A. Shevchenko, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 528 (2004) 491.

• A. Sessler
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The impact of the work of Albert Einstein on accelerator physics is described. Because of the limit of time, and also because the audience knows the details, the impact is described in broad strokes. Nevertheless, it is seen how his work has affected many different aspects of accelerator physics. In the second half of the talk, Albert Einstein's impact on the world will be discussed; namely his work on world peace (including his role as a pacifist, in the atomic bomb, and in arms control) and his efforts as a humanitarian (including his efforts on social justice, anti-racism, and civil rights).

• S. Schreiber
  DESY, Hamburg

The VUV-FEL is a free electron laser user facility being commissioned at DESY. It is based on the TTF-FEL, which was in operation until end of 2002 providing a photon beam for two pilot experiments in the wavelength range of 80 to 120 nm. In its final configuration, the new VUV-FEL is designed to produce SASE FEL radiation with a wavelength down to 6 nm with high brilliance. The commissioning started in fall 2004, and in January 2005 succeeded in first lasing in the SASE mode at a wavelength of 32 nm with a radiation power in the saturation range. This is a major milestone of the facility and of SASE FELs in general. This contribution reports on the present the electron linac driving the FEL, on properties of the electron beam and on the characterization of the FEL photon beam.

• M. Abo-Bakr, R. Follath, A. Meseck
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

Funding: Funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the state of Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

BESSY proposes a soft X-ray free electron laser (FEL) multi-user facility. It will consist of three undulator lines, each based on a cascaded High-Gain Harmonic-Generation (HGHG) scheme. With a seed laser, tunable between 230 nm and 460 nm, the desired output radiation wavelength range from 1.24 nm to 51 nm can be covered. Signal to noise ratio and coherence of the HGHG FEL radiation degrades quadratically with the harmonic number. For the short-wavelength BESSY-FEL line, operating on the 225th harmonic of the seed, a cure to this effect and maintaining the coherence is to improve the spectral purity of the output radiation by implementation of a "non-dispersive double-monochromator" system between two HGHG stages. Layout and parameters of such a monochromator section are described. To separate the electron beam path from the optical devices a bypass section is needed. Its design is presented and influences on the electron beam dynamics are discussed. Simulations of the full cascaded HGHG FEL, using the restored seed radiation and the bypassed electron beam, are presented.

• K. Goldammer, M. Abo-Bakr, R. Follath, A. Meseck
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

Funding: Funded by the Bundesministrium für Bildung, und Forschung, the state Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

BESSY proposes a linac-based High-Gain Harmonic-Generation (HGHG) free electron laser (FEL) facility with three independent FEL lines. In the BESSY High-Energy-FEL (HE-FEL), a seed laser wavelength of 280nm is downconverted to 1.24nm by a cascade of four HGHG-stages. This procedure requires a high brightness electron beam and a high power seed laser. With the nominal set of beam parameters, radiation power in the range of GWs can be achieved. However, the signal to noise ratio degrades in each HGHG stage. This motivated intensive studies on the possibilities to further optimize the performance of the BESSY HE-FEL. In this paper, we report on three methods aiming to control the signal to noise ratio. They include simulation studies of new seeding schemes with HHG-lasers at shorter wavelengths and seeding with higher seed powers. Also, a concept for the integration of monochromators between two HGHG-stages has been worked out, see also [1]. All methods were studied extensively with regard to their influence on FEL output power, pulse duration and spectral bandwidth.

[1] M. Abo-Bakr et al., these Proceedings

• K. Goldammer, A. Meseck
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

In the FEL process, bunching and coherent radiation is produced at the fundamental frequency as well as its higher harmonics. BESSY proposes a linac-based cascaded High-Gain Harmonic-Generation (HGHG) free electron laser (FEL) multi-user facility. The BESSY soft X-ray FEL will be seeded by three lasers spanning the spectral range of 230nm to 460nm. Two to four HGHG stages downconvert the seed wavelength to the desired radiation range of 1.24nm to 51nm using higher harmonic bunching. As a surplus, higher harmonic radiation is intrinsically produced in each FEL stage. Radiation on a higher harmonic of the FEL frequency is of high interest because it yields the possibility to reduce the number of FEL stages. This paper details extensive studies of the higher harmonic content of the BESSY FEL radiation. Important aspects of FEL interaction on higher harmonics as resulting from theory and from numerical simulations are discussed. For the case of the BESSY FEL, methods for improving the harmonic content are presented. These methods are examined as to their influence on FEL output power, pulse duration and spectral bandwidth. Focus is laid on the application of higher harmonic radiation to seeding.

Funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the state of Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

• K. Goldammer
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin
• P. Emma, Z. Huang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The Linac coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project based on the SLAC linac. With its nominal set of electron beam, focusing and undulator parameters, it is designed to achieve SASE saturation at an undulator length of about 100m with an average power of 10GW. In order to keep the electron beam focused in the undulators, a FODO lattice is integrated along the entire length of the undulators. Nominally, the quadrupoles strengths are chosen to produce nearly constant beta function and beam size along the undulator, optimized for the FEL interaction in the exponential growth regime. Since these quadrupoles are electromagnetic, it is possible to adjust the individual quadrupole strength to vary the beta function and the beam size along the undulator, tailoring the FEL interaction in the startup and the saturation regimes. In this paper, we present simulation studies of the tapered beta function in the LCLS undulator and discuss the generated x-ray properties.

• B.C. Kuske, M. Abo-Bakr, A. Meseck
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

Funding: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the state of Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

In present FEL designs, undulators are usually optimized for an electron bunch with properties constant along the bunch length. The central energy, emittance and other parameters are assumed not to vary from slice to slice. Unavoidable timing jitter of the photo cathode laser, and phase and amplitude errors of the RF fields in the injector and the linac result in variations in emittance, energy spread and beam dimensions along the bunch, causing a jitter in the arrival time of the electron bunch. Due to the passage through bunch compressors, the bunch shows a considerable residual energy chirp. Even assuming a perfect and on-time seed laser pulse, the changing properties along the bunch in combination with the arrival time jitter cause varying conditions for the interaction of the electron bunch with the seed laser radiation. This paper talks about how far the BESSY-FEL radiation is affected by the expected time jitter and the realistic bunch profile, and investigates counter measures. The studies are confined to the low energy FEL line generating output at l = 10nm.

• A. Meseck, J. Bahrdt
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

Funding: Funded by the Bundesministrium für Bildung, und Forschung, the state Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

Wide-range wavelength-tunability is one of the key aspects of proposed FEL facilities. Once the electron beam energy and undulator period length is given, the span of the available K-values determines the achievable wavelength range, according to the resonance condition. As the usable range of the K-values is limited by technical considerations like minimum acceptable gap or permanent magnet technology etc, alternatives to enlarge the output wavelength range are of high interest. Using revolver-undulator design, different magnetic structures can be incorporated in the same undulator segment. Thus it is possible to switch between different undulator periods, covering a wider wavelength range at a given FEL-line. Because of the transverse-positions dependency of the magnetic field, the alignment reproducibility of the revolver-undulators is of concern, in particular for the APPEL type devices. Simulation studies have been performed taking the BESSY FEL-lines as examples to investigate the alignment tolerances of these devices, to reveal their limits of applicability.

• M.-E. Couprie, M. LABAT
  CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Gif-sur-Yvette
• B. Carre, D. Garzella, G. Lambert
  CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette
• O.V. Chubar, A. Loulergue, L. Nahon
  SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette
• M. Jablonka, F. Meot, A. Mosnier
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette
• J.-R. Marques
  LULI, Palaiseaux
• P. Monot
  CEA/DSM, Gif-sur-Yvette
• J.-M. Ortega
  LURE, Orsay
• A. Rousse
  LOA, Palaiseau

ARC-EN-CIEL (Accelerator-Radiation for Enhanced Coherent Intense Extended Light), the French project of a fourth generation light source aims at providing the user community with coherent femtosecond light pulses covering from UV to soft X ray. It is based on a CW 1 GeV superconducting linear accelerator delivering high charge, subpicosecond, low emittance electron bunches with a high repetition rate. The FEL is based on in the injection of High Harmonics in Gases in a High Gain Harmonic Generation scheme, leading to a rather compact solution. The produced radiation extending down to 0.8 nm with the Non Linear Harmonic reproduces the good longitudinal and transverse coherence of the harmonics in gas. Optional beam loops are foreseen to increase the beam current or the energy. They will accommodate fs synchrotron radiation sources in the IR, VUV and X ray ranges and a FEL oscillator in the 10 nm range. An important synergy is expected between accelerator and laser communities. Indeed, electron plasma acceleration will be tested for possible future compact electron beam sources for Xray FEL. Fs hard X ray can also be produced by Thomson Scattering. An overview of the user scientific case will also be given.

• G. De Ninno
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• W.M. Fawley
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• W. Graves
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts

The FERMI at ELETTRA project at Sincotrone Trieste involves two FEL's, each based upon the principle of a seeded harmonic cascade and using the existing ELETTRA injection linac at 1.2 GeV beam energy. Scheduled to be completed in 2008, FEL-1 will operate in the 40-100 nm wavelength range and will involve one stage of harmonic up-conversion. The second phase, FEL-2, will begin operation two years later in the 10^-40 nm wavelength range and will involve two cascade stages. FEL design assumes wavelength tunability over the full wavelength range and polarization tunability of the output radiation including helical polarization. The design considers focusing properties and segmentation of realizable undulators and available input seed lasers. We discuss how the interplay between various limitations and self-consistent accelerator simulations [1,2] have led to our current design. We present results of simulations using GENESIS and GINGER simulation codes including studies of various shot-to-shot fluctuations and undulator errors. Findings for the expected output radiation in terms of the power, transverse and longitudinal coherence for the short pulse (50-200 fs) and long pulse (~1 ps) modes of operation are reported.

[1] S. Lidia et al. in these proceedings. [2] S. Di Mitri et al. in these proceedings.

• R. Bonifacio, R. Bonifacio
  Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio
• M. Ferrario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• N. Piovella
  Universita' degli Studi di Milano, MILANO
• G.R.M. Robb
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow
• A. Schiavi
  Rome University La Sapienza, Roma
• L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano

Funding: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy

Quantum effects in high-gain FELs become relevant when ρ'=ρ(mcγ/ ћ k)<1. The quantum FEL parameter ρ' rules the maximum number of photons emitted per electrons. It has been shown that when ρ'<1 a "quantum purification" of the SASE regime occurs: in fact, the spectrum of the emitted radiation (randomly spiky in the usual classical SASE regime) shrinks to a very narrow single line, leading to a high degree of temporal coherence. From the definition of ρ it appears that in order to achieve the quantum regime, small values of ρ, beam energy and radiation wavelength are necessary. These requirements can be met only using a laser wiggler. In this work we state the scaling laws necessary to operate a SASE FEL in the Angstrom region. All physical quantities are expressed in terms of the normalized emittance and of two parameters: the ratio between laser and electron beam spot sizes and the ratio between Rayleigh range and electron β-function. The feasibility study of a Quantum SASE FEL experiment using parameters as those foreseen in the SPARC/PLASMONX projects in construction at the INFN Frascati is explicitly discussed.

• T. Tanaka
  RIKEN Spring-8, Hyogo
• Y. Asano
  JAEA, Ibaraki-ken
• H. Baba, T. Bizen, Z. Chao, H. Ego, S. Eguchi, S. Goto, T. Inagaki, S. Inoue, D. Iwaki, K. Kase, Y. Kawashima, H. Kimura, S. Kojima, T. Kudo, N. Kumagai, X. Marechal, S. Matsui, T. Ohata, K. Onoe, Y. Otake, T. Seike, K. Shirasawa, N. Shusuke, T. Takagi, T. Takashima, K. Tamasaku, R. Tanaka, K. Togawa, R. Tsuru, S. Wu, M. Yabashi, S. Yoshihiro
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• T. Fukui
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto
• T. Hara, T. Ishikawa, H. Kitamura, T. Shintake
  RIKEN Spring-8 Harima, Hyogo
• H. Matsumoto
  KEK, Ibaraki
• S. Takahashi
  LNS, Sendai

Funding: Representing the SCSS project team

SCSS, an acronym of "SPring-8 Compact SASE Source", is an X-ray FEL project under planning to be build at the SPring-8 site. R&Ds for accelerator components such as the pulsed-DC electron gun, C-band main linac, and in-vacuum short period undulator have been performed and almost completed. Before construction of the X-ray FEL facility, a prototype accelerator with the electron energy of 250 MeV is being built to demonstrate the concept of SCSS. In this presentation, status of the R&Ds for each accelerator component will be presented together with an overview of the 250-Mev prototype accelerator.

• G. Andonian, A.Y. Murokh, C. Pellegrini, S. Reiche, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, V. Litvinenko, V. Yakimenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• I. Boscolo, S. Cialdi, A.F. Flacco
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• M. Ferrario, L. Palumbo, C. Vicario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• J.Y. Huang
  POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk

The VISA II experiment entails use of a chirped beam to drive a high gain SASE FEL. The output radiation is diagnosed with a modified frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) technique. Sextupoles are implemented to correct the lonigtudinal aberrations affecting the high energy spread chirped beam during transport to the undulator. The double differential energy spectrum is measured with a pair of slits and a set of gratings. In this paper, we report on start-to-end simulations, radiation diagnostics, as well as intial experimental results; experimental methods are described.

• C. Sung, C. Joshi, C. Pellegrini, J.E. Ralph, S. Reiche, J.B. Rosenzweig, S. Tochitsky
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

The lack of a high-power, relatively low-cost and compact terahertz (THz) source in the range 0.3-3x10(12) Hz is the major obstacle in progressing on biomedical and material studies at these wavelengths. A high-gain, single pass seeded FEL technique allows to obtain high power THz pulses of a high spectral brightness. We describe an ongoing project at the Neptune laboratory where a ~ 1kW seed pulse generated by difference frequency mixing of CO2 laser lines in a GaAs nonlinear crystal is injected into a waveguide FEL amplifier. The FEL is driven by a 5 ps (r.m.s) long electron pulse with a peak current up to 100A provided by a regular S-band photoinjector. According to 3-D, time dependent simulations, up to ~ 10 MW THz power can be generated using a 2 meter long planar undulator. By mixing different pairs of CO2 laser lines and matching resonant energy of the electron beam, tunability in the 100-400 mm range is expected. A tunable Fabri-Perot interferometer will be used to select a high-power 5ps THz pulse. This pulse is synchronized both with 1mm (photoinjector driver) and 10 mm lasers allowing time resolved pump-probe measurements.

• S. Krinsky
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Funding: Work supported by DOE contract number DE-AC02-98CH10886.

We consider three definitions of the number of temporal modes in SASE output. These are defined in terms of: (1) the number of minimum area phase space cells occupied by the radiation; (2) the pulse energy fluctuation; and (3) the Wigner function. The conditions under which these definitions are equivalent is discussed.

• T. Watanabe, D.F.L. Liu, J.B. Murphy, J. Rose, T.V. Shaftan, T. Tsang, X.J. Wang, L.-H. Yu
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• P. Sprangle
  NRL, Washington, DC

Funding: Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.

A laser seeded near IR FEL amplifier experiment was initiated at the BNL SDL [1] to explore various schemes of FEL efficiency improvement and generation of short Rayleigh length (SRL) FEL output. The FEL achieved first SASE lasing at 0.8 μm on May 6, 2005. The experimental characterization of the laser seeded FEL output power, spectrum and transverse mode structure evolution will be presented.

[1] A. Doyuran et al., PRSTAB, Vol. 7, 050701 (2004).

• P. Michel, P. Evtushenko, U. Lehnert, Ch. Schneider, R. Schurig, W. Seidel, J. Teichert, D. Wohlfarth
  FZR, Dresden

A FEL in the mid infrared range is one of the applications of the ELBE cw-electron accelerator. The successful operation of the lasing process for the different wavelength is mainly determined by the alignment of the optical cavities, the bunch length and the energy spread of the electron beam so as the transversal adjustment of the beam through the FEL. The energy spread and the bunch length of the electron beam have their minima at different phase conditions of the accelerator. For various energy settings of the accelerator a special adjustment of both parameters has to be found for the lasing process. The presentation describes the diagnostic tools used at ELBE for the correct alignment of the optical cavity, the steering of the electron beam through the FEL and the adjustment of the electron beam parameters with respect to energy spread and bunch length.

• L. Fröhlich, O. Grimm
  DESY, Hamburg

The longitudinal charge distribution of short electron bunches can be characterized by a measurement of their coherent far-infrared radiation spectrum. This paper will present the results obtained at the DESY VUV-FEL linear accelerator by observation of synchrotron radiation with a Martin-Puplett interferometer. The reconstructed bunch shapes are strongly asymmetric with a full width at half maximum of about 1 ps.

• H. Schlarb, V. Ayvazyan, F. Ludwig, D. Noelle, B. Schmidt, S. Simrock
  DESY, Hamburg
• F.X. Kaertner
  MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
• A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

The control and stabilization of the longitudinal beam profile and the bunch arrival time in linac driven VUV or X-ray Free-Electron Lasers require special effort and new developments in the fields of low level RF controls, global synchronization systems and longitudinal beam feedbacks. In this paper we describe the required upgrades for the VUV-FEL at DESY to synchronize the FEL pulse and optical lasers to the level of hundred femtoseconds (FWHM).

• K. Honkavaara, F. Loehl
  Uni HH, Hamburg
• M. Castellano, G. Di Pirro
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• L. Catani, A. Cianchi
  INFN-Roma II, Roma
• D. Noelle, S. Schreiber
  DESY, Hamburg
• M. Sachwitz, E.S. sombrowski
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen

The VUV-FEL is a new free electron laser user facility under commissioning at DESY. High demands on the electron beam quality require sophisticated beam diagnostics tools and methods. At the VUV-FEL, the transverse characterization of the electron beam is performed using optical transition radiation (OTR) monitors and wirescanners. This paper refers the concepts, analysis, and results of these measurements. The main emphasis is put on the emittance measurements, in which we have regularly observed small rms emittances around 1.4 mm mrad for 90% of a 1 nC bunch at 127 MeV beam energy.

• S. Di Mitri, P. Craievich
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• M. Cornacchia, P. Emma, Z. Huang, J. Wu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• D. Wang
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• A. Zholents
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

Funding: Sincrotrone Trieste and Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Design studies are in progress to use the existing FERMI@Elettra linear accelerator for a seeded harmonic cascade FEL facility [1]. This accelerator will be upgraded to 1.2 GeV and equipped with a low-emittance RF photocathode gun, laser heater, two bunch compressors, and beam delivery system. We present an optimization study for all the components following the gun, with the aim of achieving high peak current, low energy spread and low emittance electron beam necessary for the FEL. Various operational scenarios are discussed. Results of accelerator simulations including effects of space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, and wakefields are reported.

[1] C. Bocchetta, et al., FERMI@Elettra - A Seeded Harmonic Cascaded FEL for EUV and Soft X-rays, this conference.

• M. Ferianis
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• J.M. Byrd, J.W.  Staples, R.B. Wilcox
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• J. Chen, F.O. Ilday, F.X. Kaertner, J. Kim
  MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
• A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

Fermi is the fourth generation light source that is currently being designed at ELETTRA, in the frame of a collaboration that includes LBNL and MIT. The timing system will play a crucial role in achieving the expected performance of this and other Linac based FELs due to the sub-ps electron bunch length and the expanded use of fs-lasers as key components in future light sources. Furthermore, the requirements of the timing system are also tightly linked to the applications of the generated ultrafast x-ray pulses. In this paper we present the requirements for the FERMI timing system, which will be based on optical timing distribution concepts, currently seen to be the only technique to enable an RMS jitter at the 10fs level. The timing system, intended for a user facility that is operated on a 24-h, 7-d basis, must operate stable and reliable. The fundamental components of the system are analyzed, such as the optical reference oscillator, the fiber optic stabilized links and the local optical to electrical (O/E) converters, needed for the RF plant synchronization. Furthermore, solutions for the synchronization of the diagnostic tools for the Linac as well as user related synchronization issues are presented and discussed.

• H. Tomizawa, T. Asaka, H. Dewa, H. Hanaki, T. Kobayashi, A. Mizuno, S. Suzuki, T. Taniuchi, K. Yanagida
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• F. Matsui
  ,

We have been studying photocathode single-cell pillbox rf gun for future light sources since 1996. We achieved a rmaximum field gradient of 187 MV/m with chemical-etching processed cavity. We have been developed stable and highly qualified UV-laser source for the rf gun intensively last 3 years. The UV-laser pulse (10 Hz) energy is up to 850 uJ/pulse. The energy stability (rms) of laser has been improved down to 0.2~0.3 % at the fundamental and 0.7~1.3% at the third harmonic generation. This stability is held for two months continuously. In this improvement, we just passively stabilized the system in a humidity-controlled clean room. On the other hand, the ideal spatial and temporal profiles of a shot-by-shot single laser pulse are essential to suppress the emittance growth of the electron beam from the rf gun. We prepared a deformable mirror for spatial shaping, and a spatial light modulator based on fused-silica plates for temporal shaping. With a deformable mirror, we obtained an emittance of1.6<pi> mm mrad with beam energy of 28 MeV, holding its net charge to 0.1 nC/bunch. The both adaptive optics automatically optimize electron beam for lower emittance with a feedback routine.

• H. Hama, F. Hinode, M. Kawai, T. Tanaka
  LNS, Sendai

Funding: Supported partly by a Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, #17360035

As a result of simulation study so far, a specific feature has been found in the longitudinal dynamics in thermionic RF guns. At the beginning of beam extraction, the head of the electrons from a cathode is followed immediately by the electrons just behind, which is extracted by the higher electric field than that at the head of the beam train. Thus later electrons would get velocity faster than the head of the electrons, so that the electrons are expected to concentrates onto the head of the beam under certain conditions such as the gun geometry and the strength of the RF field. In order to investigate this velocity-bunching like effect, a prototype thermionic RF gun was designed and its characteristics have been studied by a 3-D simulation code based on a FDTD (finite difference time demain) method. The gun is consists of two independentlly power feeding S-band RF cavities, and can be operated at modes with different power ratio and phase between two RFs. This paper report the thermionic RF gun is expected to produce several hundreds femtosecond pulse containing approximately 0.1 nC, which may be a powerful tool to generate THz coherent radiation or FELs driver.

• J.Y. Huang, Y.S. Bae, M.-H. Chun, Y.J. Han, S.-H. Jeong, H.-S. Kang, D.T. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.-C. Kim, I.S. Ko, H.J. Park, I.-S. Park, S.J. Park, Y.J. Park, S.Y. Rah, J.-H. Suh
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• J.H. Hong, C. Kim
  POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Funding: Work supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

Beam diagnostics for PAL-XFEL physics calls for precision of femto-second in time structure and sub-micrometer in beam position measurement(BPM). Existing instruments can be used for standard diagnostics such as single bunch charge measurement, wire scanner or optical transition radiator for beam size measurement. Instead, major R&D efforts should be focused on the measurement of femto-second bunch structure using electro-optic crystal, coherent radiation and transverse deflecting cavity. Nanometer BPM technique being developed in collaboration with linear collider group will also be utilized for sub-micrometer BPM. Overall plan and the ongoing R&D activities will be presented.

• W.H. Hwang, J. Choi, Y.J. Han, J.Y. Huang, H.-G. Kim, W.W. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Funding: Work supported by MOST and POSCO.

In PALXFEL [1], the specification of the beam energy spread and rf phase is tighter than PLS Linac. We examined the rf performance in the present PLS 2.5GeV Linac. The beam energy is changed by cooling temperature, air condition, and modulator high voltage jitter. The main factor to change the beam energy is the rf phase drift by environmental conditions. We measured rf phase drift according to the variation of environmental condition and cooling temperature. We reduced the beam energy drift and the rf phase drift in long-term by improvement of cooling and air conditioning control system. Also, rf phase compensation system is needed for stable beam quality. This paper describes the microwave system for the PALXFEL the rf phase measurement and phase compensation system.

[1] Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 790-784, Korea

• M. Kim, Y.S. Bae, J. Choi, H.-S. Kang, T.-Y. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

PLS W-FEL (1.2 GeV) and X-FEL (3.7 GeV) are designed to have large angle about 30 degree and 20 degree totally because of geometric restriction. This results in severe emittance growth. So PLS FEL BTL Design is focused to adjust emittance growth. This paper talks simulation results of emittance growth and another beam dynamic parameters.

• G.M. wang, J.-E. Chen, Y.T. Ding, J. Hao, S.L. Huang, L. Lin, X.Y. Lu, S.W. Quan, L.F. Wang, R. Xiang, B.C. Zhang, K. Zhao, F. Jiao, D. Xie, L. Yang, F. Zhu, C. Liu, F. Wang, W. Xu, Z. Liu
  PKU/IHIP, Beijing
• Y.G. Wang
  Peking University, School of Physics, Beijing

Funding: NSFC, MOST of China

Beam loading experiments on DC-SC photoinjector test facility have been finished at 4.4 K. Upon the present experiments, the gradient of 6 MV/m is achieved. The maximum energy gain is 1.1 MeV at 4.4 K. With average beam current of 270 mA, the measured rms emittance is about 5 mm-mrad at the beam energy of 500 keV. Experiments on the test facility has validated that the DC-SC photoinjector is a good choice to provide moderate average current electron beams with low bunch charge and very high repetition rate.

• G.M. Kazakevich
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• Y.U. Jeong, B.C. Lee, S.-H. Park
  KAERI, Daejon
• G.I. Kuznetsov
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
• V. M. Pavlov
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow

Funding: Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics RAS, Academician Lavrentyev 11, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, P. O. Box 105, Yusong, Taejon, 305-600, South Korea.

A reliable injection system of the widely tunable microtron-based terahertz Free Electron Laser (FEL) has been developed and during last few years provides stable operation of the FEL for users. The system is based on the long-life thermionic cathode assembly using 2.5 mm-in diameter monocrystalline LaB6 emitter, heated by the tungsten cylindrical filament with the power consumption less than 50 W. The cathode emits the macro-pulse current in the range of 1-1.4 A providing operation of the terahertz FEL during more than 1000 h. The cathode assembly is installed on the cover of the I-type microtron accelerating cavity in location providing an efficient injection for the acceleration with variable number of orbits. This variation widely changes the energy of the electron beam and allows on-the-fly retuning of the FEL in the range of 1-3 THz. Pulse-signal system stabilizing the emission current prevents randomized break-downs in the accelerating cavity and decreases macro-pulse power fluctuations of the FEL radiation. The fluctuations were measured to be less than 10% during long-time operation.

• N.A. Moody, D.W. Feldman, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• A. Balter
  ,
• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC

Funding: We gratefully acknowledge our funding agencies, Joint Technology Office (JTO) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

Photoinjector performance is a limiting factor in the continued development of high powered FELs. Presently available photocathodes have limited efficiency and short lifetime in an RF-gun environment, due to contamination or evaporation of a photosensitive surface layer. An ideal photocathode should have high efficiency at visible wavelengths, long lifetime in practical vacuum environments, and prompt emission. High efficiency cathodes typically have limited lifetime, and the needs of the photocathode are generally at odds with those of the drive laser. A potential solution is the low work function dispenser cathode, where short lifetimes are overcome by periodic in situ regeneration that restores the photosensitive surface layer, analogous to methods used in the power tube industry. This work reports on the fabrication techniques and performance of cesiated metal photocathodes and cesiated dispenser cathodes, with a focus on understanding and improving quantum efficiency and lifetime, analyzing issues of emission uniformity, and optimizing the activation procedure needed to rejuvenate the cathode. The efficiency versus coverage behavior of cesiated metals is discussed and closely matches that predicted by recent theory.

• D. Dowell, F. King, R.E. Kirby, J.F. Schmerge
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: SLAC is operated by Stanford University for the Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Improving and maintaining the quantum efficiency (qe) of a metal photocathode in an s-band RF gun requires a process for cleaning the surface. In this type of gun, the cathode is typically installed and the system is vacuum baked to ~200&deg;C. If the qe is too low, the cathode is cleaned with the UV-drive laser. While laser cleaning does increase the cathode qe, it requires fluences close to the damage threshold and rastering the small diameter beam, both of which can produce non-uniform electron emission and potentially damage the cathode. This paper investigates the efficacy of a low-energy hydrogen ion beam to produce high-qe metal cathodes. Measurements of the qe vs. wavelength, surface contaminants using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface roughness were performed on copper samples, and the results showed a significant increase in qe after cleaning with a 1keV hydrogen ion beam. The H-ion beam cleans an area approximately 1cm in diameter and has no effect on the surface roughness while significantly increasing the qe. These results and a comparison with theory as well as a scheme for installing a H-ion cleaner on an s-band gun are presented.

• G.V. Stupakov, Z. Huang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: This work was supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Several ideas have been proposed in the past to "condition" an electron beam prior to the undulator of a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) by increasing each particle's energy in proportion to the square of its transverse betatron amplitude. This conditioning enhances FEL gain by reducing the axial velocity spread within the electron bunch. Nevertheless, a practical solution for beam conditioning remains difficult. In this paper we consider a new approach to condition the beam using nonlinear effects in the RF field. We demonstrate that such effects can generate a radial variation of the particle's energy in the beam, and and calculate the induced energy spread in the limit of weak field. Methods to minimize the emittance growth in such a beam conditioner are also discussed.

• O. Grimm, J. Feldhaus, J. Rossbach, E. Saldin, E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
  DESY, Hamburg

Funding: University of Hamburg

A special electromagnetic wiggler generating infrared radiation in the range 1-200 microns is planned to be installed at the DESY VUV-FEL in Hamburg by autumn 2006. The device is located after the FEL undulators, using the spent electron beam. The purpose is two-fold: first, it will serve longitudinal electron beam diagnostics, similar to other methods currently investigated using the coherent emission of radiation at wavelengths similar to the bunch length, and second it will be used as a powerful (100 MW peak) source for short (few ps) infrared radiation pulses. The natural, perfect synchronization with the VUV pulses will allow for pump-probe experiments with high timing precision. This paper will give an overview of the project, including the infrared beam transport line.

• G. Parisi, F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, L. Giannessi, G. K. V. Voykov
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)

In the framework of the SPARC FEL experiment, a 14-m long undulator divided into six sections is presently under construction (by ACCEL Instruments GmbH). In order to correct the phase difference between the electron beam and the radiation, a tunable device will be inserted at the end of each of the six sections of the undulator. In this paper a preliminary design of this device, performed with RADIA code, is proposed,. The phase shifter consists of two groups of a few permanent magnets, arranged as in the main undulator in a variable gap magnet assembly. Adjusting the gap allows to correct the electron-radiation phase difference. Results from beam dynamics simulation, performed with GENESIS code, show the impact of the phase shifter on the characteristics of the output laser field.

• Y. Tsunawaki
  OSU, Daito, Osaka
• M. Asakawa, N. Ohigashi
  Kansai University, Osaka
• K. Imasaki
  ILT, Suita, Osaka

We have been constructed a solenoid-induced helical wiggler for a compact free electron maser operated in a usual small laboratory which does not have electric source capacity available enough. It consists of two staggered-iron arrays inserted perpendicularly to each other in a solenoid electromagnet. In order to lead/extract an electron beam into/from the wiggler, adiabatic transition (AT) field is necessary at both ends of the wiggler. In this work the AT field was produced by setting staggered-nickel plates with different thickness in the five periods. The thickness of each nickel plate was decided by the field analysis using the MAGTZ computational code based on a magnetic moment method. Exact thickness was, however, found by the precise measurement of the field distribution with the greatest circumspection to obtain a homogeneous increment of the AT field. The change of AT field distribution was studied by referring to an equivalent electric circuit of the wiggler.

• T. Fukui, T. Kii, K. Kusukame, K. Masuda, Y. Nakai, H. Ohgaki, T. Yamazaki, K. Yoshikawa, H. Zen
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto

We have constructed system for 3~20μmeter FEL oscillation for bio/chemical energy researches which consists of a thermionic RF gun and a 3-meter accelerating tube at the Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University. [1] A 30 MeV electron beam has been successfully accelerated and studies on the beam characterization have also been carried out. [2] In parallel, evaluation of an FEL oscillation in KU-FEL has been performed. We will report our present expectations and future visions about undulators in KU-FEL. The former is the numerical studies on the expected FEL gain of the existing Halbach type undulator in KU-FEL based on experimental measurements of the undulator and beam parameters. The latter is the upgrade plan of the undulator and the design of a variable polarization undulator to obtain higher gain or circular polarized FEL. These undulator parameters are calculated by simulation code Radia and TDA3D.

[1] T. Kii, et al., Proceedings of the 2004 FEL conference, (2004) 447 [2] K. Masuda et al., Proceedings of the 2004 FEL conference, (2004) 450

• S. Kashiwagi, G. Isoyama, R. Kato, N. Noda
  ISIR, Osaka
• K. Tsuchiya, S. Yamamoto
  KEK, Ibaraki

We apply the edge-focusing scheme to the wiggler for FEL and SASE in the far-infrared region at ISIR, Osaka University in order to make the gain length of SASE shorter by keeping the beam size small along the wiggler. As the electron beam energy is 10^-30 MeV and the magnetic field of the wiggler is up to 0.4 T, the natural focusing force in the vertical direction is strong in the wiggler and it is strongly dependent on the electron energy and the wiggler gap. The focusing forces should be compatible to or higher than the strong natural focusing force, equally in the horizontal and vertical directions over the wide range of the electron beam energy and the wiggler gap. In order to meet this requirement, we adopt the strong focusing scheme using the EF wiggler. The wiggler consists of 4 FODO cells in the 1.938 m long (32 periods, period length: 60mm). A focusing element and defocusing element are incorporate with single wiggler periods with edge angles of +5 and -5 degrees, respectively, and they are separated by 3 normal wiggler periods. The strong focusing wiggler has been fabricated and magnetic field has been measured at KEK. We will report results of the magnetic field measurements of the strong focusing wiggler.

• C. Pellegrini
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

Funding: Work funded by the US Department of Energy, grant 4-444025-PG-57689

We study the use of Radio Frequency electromagnetic waves as undulators for short wavelength FELs and undulator radiation sources. Magnetostatic undulators have a gap much smaller than the period, limiting how short a period we can use. The relation between period and gap can be overcome using electromagnetic waves to produce the force wiggling the electrons. The wave frequency is chosen to optimize the system performance. In the case of centimeters or mm waves a waveguide is used to propagate the field over a long distance. We call an undulator based on a waveguide a TWU. In this paper we show that a TWU using X-band RF is a practical and convenient device for short wavelength FELs, and to produce sub-nanometer undulator radiation circularly or linearly polarized.The recent development of high power X-band microwave sources make it possible today to build TWUs of practical interest. In this paper we will discuss the characteristic of the TWU, how to control the effects of RF power losses in the waveguide walls, and how to optimize a TWU and the associated electron transport system for use in a synchrotron radiation source or FEL.

• S. Sasaki, I. Vasserman
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, BES-Office of Science, under Contract W-31-109-ENG-38.

Trajectory straightness through the undulator is critical for the success of the LCLS project. Environmental fields, including the earth’s field, will affect the trajectory. The earth’s field works as an external dipole field and, unless it is shielded or corrected, causes a bend in the electron trajectory through an undulator. We investigated the effects of the earth’s field and an iron plate which might be used as part of a girder. Modeling and calculation were performed using the code RADIA. A model with a large solenoid surrounding a seven-period undulator was used for the simulation. According to the calculations, the vertical component of the earth’s field at the undulator axis is enhanced by the undulator poles by a factor of 2.5. The horizontal on-axis component, however, is well shielded by the undulator poles and falls to less than 3% of its original strength. The effect of an iron plate located 200 mm below the undulator axis is negligibly small, so final Hall probe measurements can be done without the girder in place. However, the magnetic tuning of the undulator field must take into account the amplification of the vertical component of the environmental field in the LCLS tunnel.

• L. Giannessi, S. Spampinati
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
• P. Musumeci
  Universita di Roma I La Sapienza, Roma

The advances in laser technology have made available very short and intense laser pulses which can be used to seed a high gain single pass Free-Electron Laser (FEL) amplifier. With these seed pulses, a regime of the FEL interaction where the radiation evolution is simultaneously dominated by non-linear effects (saturation) and time-dependent effects (slippage) can be explored. This regime is characterized by the propagation of a solitary wave-like pulse where the power of the optical wave grows quadratically with time, its pulse length decreases and the spectral bandwidth increases. We analyze the interplay between the field and particles dynamics of this propagation regime which was studied before and termed superradiance. Furthermore we analyze the properties of the strong higher order harmonics emission from this wave and its behaviour when propagating in a cascade FEL. The superradiant pulse is indeed capable of passing through the stages of a cascade FEL and to regenerate itself at the wavelength of the higher order harmonic. The optical pulse obtained is shorter than a cooperation length and is strongly chirped in frequency, thus allowing further longitudinal compression down to the attosecond time-scale.

• T.V. Shaftan, S. Krinsky, D.F.L. Liu, J.B. Murphy, J. Rose, X.J. Wang, T. Watanabe, L.-H. Yu
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• H. Loos
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: The manuscript has been authored by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH1-886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.

We discuss analysis of an experiment with High-Gain Harmonic Generation Free Electron Laser at BNL (DUV FEL). The tunability concept [1] of a seeded FEL with a fixed seed wavelength has been verified experimentally. During the experiment we recorded about 200 radiation spectra corresponding to different energy chirps in the electron beam. We have analyzed this set of spectral data to obtain properties of HGHG radiation. Correlations and trends in the radiation spectrum at 266 nm have been observed and studied.

[1] T. Shaftan and L.H. Yu, Phys. Rev. E 71, 046501 (2005)

• E. Saldin, E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
  DESY, Hamburg

Present bunch compression scheme at the VUV FEL is essentially nonlinear and naturally results in a formation of a short high-current leading peak (spike) in the density distribution that produces FEL radiation. The main feature of the considered mode of operation is the production of short (15-50 fs FWHM) radiation pulses with GW-level peak power that are attractive for many users. In this paper we present main parameters of the SASE FEL radiation: temporal and spectral characteristics, intensity distributions, etc. We also analyze statistical properties of the radiation from a SASE FEL driven by short electron bunches. In the linear regime the radiation from a SASE FEL is a Gaussian random process. When approaching saturation point, statistical properties of the radiation change drastically on a scale of one field gain length. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of fluctuations of total energy in the radiation pulse and after a narrow-band monochromator. It is shown that fluctuations at saturation are significantly suppressed when electron pulse length becomes comparable with cooperation length.

• I. Ben-Zvi, D. Kayran, V. Litvinenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Historically, the first demonstration of the FEL was in an amplifier configuration at Stanford University. There were other notable instances of amplifying a seed laser, such as the LLNL amplifier and the BNL ATF High-Gain Harmonic Generation FEL. However, for the most part FELs are operated as oscillators or self amplified spontaneous emission devices. Yet, in wavelength regimes where a conventional laser seed can be used, the FEL can be used as an amplifier. One promising application is for very high average power generation, for instance a 100 kW average power FEL. The high electron beam power, high brightness and high efficiency that can be achieved with photoinjectors and superconducting energy recovery linacs combine well with the high-gain FEL amplifier to produce unprecedented average power FELs with some advantages. In addition to the general features of the high average power FEL amplifier, we will look at a 100 kW class FEL amplifier is being designed to operate on the 0.5 ampere Energy Recovery Linac which is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Collider-Accelerator Department.

• Y.-C. Huang, Y.-Y. Lin
  NTHU, Hsinchu

Funding: Center for Advanced Information System and Electronics Research(CAISER)

A Smith-Purcell radiator produces transversely asymmetric radiation modes due to the arrangement of a grating on one side of the electron beam. This asymmetric output could limit the usefulness of such a device in the THz spectrum where diffraction of waves is severe. It is possible to produce symmetric radiation from a double-grating waveguide driven by an electron beam traversing the waveguide gap. We derive a theory that describes the modes and small signal gain of this novel grating-waveguide free-electron laser. Our theory shows that extremely high laser gain is obtained when the electron beam is phase matched to the middle or edge of the radiation bands where the radiation modes have zero group velocity. In our calculation we obtained 66dB/mm gain at 298 &micro;m for a 5 mA, 30keV driving beam in a grating waveguide with a 50-micron, 40% duty-cycle grating period, a 60-micron groove depth, and a 150 micron waveguide gap. This extremely high gain indicates that this novel device establishes resonance without resonator mirrors in a one-dimensional photonic-crystal lattice or from distributed feedbacks in the grating pairs. Experimental progress will be reported in the conference.

• W. Decking
  DESY, Hamburg

X-ray Free-Electron Lasers facilities are planned or already under construction around the world. This talk covers the X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers LCLS (SLAC), European XFEL (DESY) and SCSS (Spring8). All aim for self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL radiation of approximately 0.1 nm wavelengths. The required excellent electron beam qualities pose challenges to the accelerator physicists. Space charge forces, coherent synchrotron radiation and wakefields can deteriorate the beam quality. The accelerator physics and technological challenges behind each of the projects will be reviewed, covering the critical components low-emittance electron gun, bunch-compressors, accelerating structures and undulator systems.

• G. Geloni, E. Saldin, E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
  DESY, Hamburg

Nonlinear generation of coherent harmonic radiation is an important option in the operation of a X-ray FEL facility since it broadens the spectral range of the facility itself, thus allowing for a wider scope of experimental applications. We found that up-to-date theoretical understanding of second harmonic generation is incorrect. Derivation of correct radiation characteristics will follow our criticism.

• E. Saldin, E. Schneidmiller, M.V. Yurkov
  DESY, Hamburg

Influence of a linear energy chirp, imposed on the electron beam, on SASE process is studied analytically and numerically.

• J.T. Donohue
  CENBG, Gradignan
• J. Gardelle
  CESTA, Le Barp

A simulation of the generation of Smith-Purcell (S-P) radiation at terahertz frequencies is performed using the two-dimensional particle-in-cell code MAGIC. The simulation supposes that a continuous, thin (but infinitely wide), mono-energetic electron beam passes over a diffraction grating, while a strong axial magnetic field constrains the electrons to essentially one-dimensional motion. We simulate two configurations, one similar to the Dartmouth S-P FEL [1], with a low energy continuous beam, and the other similar to the recent MIT experiment which uses a pre-bunched 15 MeV beam [2].

[1] A Bakhtyari, J. E. Walsh, and J. H. Brownell, Phys. Rev. Lett. E 65, 066503 (2002). [2] S. E. Korbly, A. S. Kesar, J. R. Sirigiri, and R. J. Temkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 054803 (2005)

• A. Yahalom, Yu. Lurie, Y. Pinhasi
  CJS, Ariel

In a recent paper [1] we have described a novel variational formulation for the propagation and generation of radiation in wave-guides. The formulation is based on the representation of all the involved quantities in the frequency domain and the decomposition of field and currents in terms of the wave-guide transversal Eigen function. In this work we present the utilization of this formalism to the derivation of a numerical scheme that is used to study the build up of radiation in free electron lasers in the linear approximation.

[1] Asher Yahalom, Yosef Pinhasi & Yuri Lurie "Spectral and Variational Principles of Electromagnetic Field Excitation in Wave Guides" submitted to Physics Letters A (2004).

• V. Kumar, K.-J. Kim
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Funding: Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38

We present a one-dimensional time-dependent analysis and simulation of Smith-Purcell (SP) free-electron lasers (FELs). The coupled Maxwell-Lorentz equations for SP-FELs are set up, and the details of numerical simulation are presented. For an SP-FEL based on low energy (~35 keV) DC (~1 mA) electron beam from a scanning electron microscope, we show that around 100 mW of power can be generated at THz. frequency in the form of a surface electromagnetic wave due to FEL interaction. We propose a two-grating configuration where the electron beam gets bunched in the first grating and radiates copiously in the second grating due to coherent spontaneous emission, if the parameters of the second grating are optimized suitably.

• H. Freund
  SAIC, McLean

Funding: Work supported by ONR, NAVSEA, and the JTO

Time-dependent FEL simulations use a variety of techniques. Most simulations use a slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA). One such technique assumes that the envelope varies only in z combined with a field representation as an ensemble of discrete harmonics, which is equivalent to a time-dependent simulation [1] but is computationally prohibitive. A second technique uses an SVEA in both in z and t [2]. The particles and fields are advanced in z using the same process as in steady-state simulations and then the time derivative describing slippage is applied. This is used in wiggler-averaged codes such as GINGER [3] and GENESIS [4]. We describe the inclusion of this technique in the non-wiggler-averaged code MEDUSA [5], which is applied to amplifiers and oscillators. MEDUSA differs from GINGER and GENESIS also in the way the field is treated. GINGER and GENESIS use a field solver and must explicitly propagate the field outside the wiggler oscillators. This is computationally intensive. MEDUSA uses a Gaussian mode ensemble; hence, there is no need to propagate the fields outside the wiggler, and MEDUSA is able to simulate FEL oscillators in 3-D using relatively modest computational resources.

[1] N. Piovella, Phys. Plasmas 6, 3358 (1999). [2] R. Bonifacio et al., Phys. Rev. A 40, 4467 (1989). [3] W. Fawley, LBID-2141, CBP Tech Note-104, UC-414, 1995. [4] S. Reiche, NIMA 429, 243 (1999). [5] H.P. Freund et al., IEEE JQE 36, 275 (2000).

• R. Tatchyn
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The unusually long insertion devices being prepared for Angstrom-wavelength Free Electron Lassers (FELs) will generate spectral-angular distributions in the proposed experimental areas substantially different from those conventionally calculated for the far field. In this paper we report on computational simulations of near vs. far field distributions for the SLAC linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) undulator, an insertion device approximateely 140 meters long. The properties of the coherent radiation as a limiting case of the near-field emission, for the special condition of a microbunched beam radiating along the undulator axis, are reviewed.

• U. Lehnert, P. Michel, W. Seidel, D. Stehr, J. Teichert, D. Wohlfarth, R. Wuensch
  FZR, Dresden

First lasing of the mid-infrared free-electron laser at ELBE was achieved on May 7, 2004. Since then stable lasing has been achieved in the IR range from 4 to 22~μm using electron beam energies from 15 to 35~MeV. At all wavelengths below 20~μm a cw optical power higher than 1~W can be produced with an electron beam of 50~pC bunch charge or less. The optical pulse width at its minimum (2.2~ps measured at 17~μm) resembles the typical electron bunch length of 2~ps without bunch compression but can be increased by detuning the optical cavity. The optical bandwidth was in all cases close to the fourier limit.

• W. Seidel, E. Grosse, U. Lehnert, P. Michel, R. Schlenk, U. Willkommen, D. Wohlfarth, R. Wuensch
  FZR, Dresden
• A. Wolf
  MPI-K, Heidelberg

After successfully commissioning the mid-infrared FEL (U27) and adjoining a second accelerator unit (up to 35 MeV) at ELBE we have modified our plan how to produce radiation in the far infrared.To ensure the continuous variation of the wavelength up to 150 microns we want to complement the U27 undulator by a permanent magnet undulator with a period of 100 mm (U100). The minimum gap of 24 mm and the hybrid construction consisting of Sm/Co magnets and soft iron poles ensures sufficient radiation resistance and allows rms undulator parameters up to 2.7. The large field variation allows us to cover the whole wavelength range by only two different electron energies (e.g. 20 and 35 MeV). To reduce the transverse beam size we use a partial waveguide which is 10 mm high and wide enough to allow free propagation in horizontal direction. It spans from the last quadrupole in front of the undulator up to the downstream mirror and is somewhat longer than 8 m. To minimize the coupling losses between free propagation and the waveguide mode appropriate bifocal resonator mirrors will be used. Detailed calculations and computer simulations predict an outcoupled laser power of roughly 35 W around 40 microns and 20 W at 150 microns.

• A. Yahalom, Yu. Lurie, Y. Pinhasi
  CJS, Ariel
• A. Eliran, A. Gover
  University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv

We have measured spontaneous FEL radiation in the Israeli Electrostatic Accelerator FEL (EA-FEL) . The measurements were repeated numerous times in order to get information of statistical significance. The distribution of the radiation power measurements and various statistical moments derived from this distribution contain information on the electron beam statistics and its interaction with the wiggler magnetic field and the resonator that contain the radiation. In this work we present both the measured radiation power statistical data and its connection to the statistics of the electron beam through numerical and analytical models.

• A. Gover, A. Faingersh, M. Kanter, B. Kapilevich, B. Litvak, S. Peleg, Y. Socol, M. Volshonok
  University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv
• M. Einat, Yu. Lurie, Y. Pinhasi, A. Yahalom
  CJS, Ariel

The Israeli Electrostatic Accelerator FEL (EA-FEL) is now being upgraded towards long pulse (1005s) operation and ultra-high resolution (10(-6)) single pulse coherent spectroscopy. We present quantitative estimations regarding the applications of controlled radiation chirp for spectroscopic applications with pulse-time Fourier Transform limited spectral resolution. Additionally, we describe a novel extraction-efficiency-improving scheme based on increase of accelerating voltage (boosting) after saturation is achieved. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is confirmed by theoretical and numerical calculations. The latter are performed using software, based on 3D space-frequency domain model. The presentation provides an overview of the upgrade status: the high-voltage terminal is being reconfigured to accept the accelerating voltage boost system; a new broad band low-loss resonator is being manufactured; multi-stage depressed collector is assembled.

• R. Hajima, H. Iijima, N. Kikuzawa, E.J. Minehara, R. Nagai, T. Nishitani, M. Sawamura
  JAEA/FEL, Ibaraki-ken
• S. Okuda
  Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai
• T. Takahashi
  KURRI, Osaka

An electron beam with high-average current and short bunch length can be accelerated by energy-recovery linac. Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) from such an electron beam will be a useful light source around millimeter wavelength. We report results from a preliminary measurement of CSR emitted from a bending magnet of JAERI-ERL. Possible enhancement of CSR power by FEL micro-bunching is also discussed.

• E.J. Minehara, R. Hajima, H. Iijima, N. Kikuzawa, R. Nagai, N. Nishimori, T. Nishitani, M. Sawamura, T. Yamauchi
  JAEA/FEL, Ibaraki-ken

The JAERI high power ERL-FEL has been extended to the more powerful and efficient free-electron laser (FEL) than 10kW for nuclear energy industries, and other heavy industries like defense, shipbuilding, chemical industries, environmental sciences, space-debris, and power beaming and so on. In order to realize such a tunable, highly-efficient, high average power, high peak power and ultra-short pulse FEL, we need the efficient and powerful FEL driven by the JAERI compact, stand-alone and zero boil-off super-conducting RF linac with an energy-recovery geometry. Our discussions on the ERL-FEL will cover the current status of the 10kW upgrading and its applications of non-thermal peeling, cutting, and drilling to decommission the nuclear power plants, and to demonstrate successfully the proof of principle prevention of cold-worked stress-corrosion cracking failures in nuclear power reactors under routine operation using small cubic low-Carbon stainless steel samples.

• D. Li, K. Imasaki
  ILT, Suita, Osaka
• G.S. Park, Y. Yang
  SNU, Seoul

A renewed interest of Smith-Purcell system has been raised since J. Urata et.al observed a possible exponential gain in their experiment using electron microscope beam. Several theories were presented to calculate the exponential gain. We analyzed this problem in the way of particle in cell simulation, which provides many details in understanding the physics of the radiation from a grating.

• J. Blau, O.E. Bowlin, W.B. Colson, R. Vigil, T. Voughs, B.W. Williams
  NPS, Monterey, California

Funding: JTO, ONR, NAVSEA

After successfully lasing at 10 kW of average power at a wavelength of 6 &mu;m, a new electromagnetic wiggler has been installed at Jefferson Lab, which will be used to achieve high power at shorter wavelengths. Wavefront propagation simulations are used to predict system performance for weak-field gain and steady-state extraction, as the bunch charge, pulse length, electron beam radius, Rayleigh length, and mirror output coupling are varied.

• T. Kanai, K. Awazu, S. Yoshihashi-Suzuki
  Osaka University, Suita

Free Electron Laser (FEL) at Osaka University can be continuously varied in the range of 5.0-20.0 &mu;m. A FEL has a double pulse structure. The structure consists of a train of macropulses of the pulse width 15 &mu;s, and each macropulse contains a train of 330 micropulses of the pulse width 5 ps. The tunability and short pulse afford new medical applications such as investigation of protein dynamics and ablation of soft tissues. Precise control of micropulse train is very important for medical applications using FEL because macropulse with long pulse duration sometimes leads to undesirable thermal effects. FEL pulse control system using an acousto optic modulators (AOM) was developed in order to investigate of non-thermal effect between the FEL and tissue. This system provide a very good efficiency (~60 %) and a fast switching speed (>200 ns). A phosphorylated protein was irradiated with FEL that controlled the pulse. These result confirmed that the thermal effect is controlled by pulse duration. This system will be expected as a novel tool for investigation of interaction between the FEL and normal tissue.

• D. Li
  ILT, Suita, Osaka

The conventional cavity for a free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator forms Gaussian optical beam, transversely spreading along the interaction region. The transverse divergence will induce reduction of the FEL gain by three aspects: degenerating filling factor, causing diffraction loss and limiting the effective interaction distance. Bessel optical beam has been experimentally demonstrated diffraction-free characteristic, providing a possibility of improvement of FEL gain. In this paper, we present a conceptual design of a Bessel beam cavity for the free-electron laser. This cavity generates nondiffracting optical beam in the wiggler, which can improve the filling factor, decrease the diffraction loss and elongate the effective interaction distance.

• A.I. Al-Shamma'a, J. Lucas, A. Shaw, R.A. Stuart, C.C. Wright, M. Houghton
  University of Liverpool, Liverpool
• P. van der Slot
  University of Twente
• J. Hamelin
  University of Rennes

The objectives of this European project are to use high frequency microwave technology to develop focused energy sources for industrial applications. The microwaves, generated in the 10GHz to 20GHz frequency range by using a table top FEM has been used to investigate novel solutions for material processing and material production, including microwave heating of substrates, microwave chemistry for increasing the speed of thermal reactions, microwave plasma chemistry for aiding gaseous reactions in the reduction of combustion pollutants and the production of UV/ozone for germicidal activities. In this paper we report unique results and analysis in using tuneable FEM system compared with the conventional magnetron 2.45 GHz system.

• H. Ogasawara, D. Nordlund
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• A. Nilsson
  New Affiliation Request Pending, Menlo Park, California

The microscopic understanding of surface chemistry requires a detailed understanding of the dynamics of elementary processes at surfaces. The ultrashort electron pulse obtained in the linear accelerator to feed the FEL can be used for generation of coherent synchrotron radiation in the low energy THz regime. With the current parameters for LCLS this corresponds to radiation with energy corresponding to excitations of low-energy vibrational modes of molecules on surfaces or phonons in substrates. The coherent radiation can coherently manipulate atoms or molecules on surfaces. In this respect a chemical reaction can be initiated by coherent atomic motion along a specific reaction coordinate. Since the THz radiation is generated from the same source as the FEL radiation full-time synchronization for pump-probe experiments will be possible. The possibility to perform time-resolved X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements as a probe of chemical dynamics is an exciting prospect. The combination of THz and soft x-ray spectroscopy could be a unique possibility for low repetition FEL facilities for ultrafast surface chemistry studies.

• R. Tatchyn
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The temporal resolution of pump-flash interactions in the ultrashort (fs-as) regime is limited by the characteristic time constants of the excited states in the detector material. If the relaxation time constant is appreciably longer that the time interval between the pump and probe signals the response of the detector material to the probe represents a temporal convolution of the pump and probe responses, setting a lower limit on the resolution to which the interval between the two pulses can be measured. In most of the solid state ultrafast detection schemes that are being considered for the ultra-short pulse x-ray sources under current development at SLAC and elsewhere the characteristic time constants are related to the bound states of the atoms comprising the material or to the relaxation times of phase transitions or charge carrier populations of the lattice, setting a probable lower limit on the attainable resolution on the order of ~0.1 ps. In this paper we consider a novel detection principle predicated on the excitation of specially prepared unbound states in an ionized plasma and estimate its potential for extending the lower limit of resolution into the as regime.

• W.B. Colson, R. Vigil, T. Voughs
  NPS, Monterey, California

Funding: JTO, ONR, NAVSEA

Twenty-eight years after the first operation of the short wavelength free electron laser (FEL) at Stanford University, there continue to be many important experiments, proposed experiments, and user facilities around the world. Properties of FELs in the infrared, visible, UV, and x-ray wavelength regimes are listed and discussed.

• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC
• A. Balter
  ,
• D.W. Feldman, N.A. Moody, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland

Funding: We gratefully acknowledge funding provided by the Joint Technology Office and the Office of Naval Research.

Photocathodes for FELs and accelerators will benefit from rugged and self-rejuvenating photocathodes with high QE at the longest possible wavelength. The needs of a high power FEL are not met at present by existing photocathode-drive laser combinations: requirements generally necessitate barrier-lowering coatings which are degraded by operation. We seek to develop a controlled porosity dispenser cathode, and shall report on our coordinated experimental and theoretical studies. Our models account for field, thermal, and surface effects of cesium monolayers on photoemission, and compare well with concurrent experiments examining the QE, patchiness, and evolution of the coatings. Field enhancement, thermal variation of specific heat and electron relaxation rates and their relation to high laser intensity and/or short pulse-to-pulse separation, variations in work function effects due to coating non-uniformity, and the dependence on the wavelength of the incident light are included. The status of methods by which the theory can be extended to semiconductor photocathodes and efforts to provide emission models to beam simulation codes is also treated.

• O. Williams, A. Doyuran, R.J. England, C. Joshi, J. Lim, J.B. Rosenzweig, S. Tochitsky, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

An Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) experiment investigating the polarized harmonic production in the nonlinear regime has begun which will utilize the existing terawatt CO2 laser system and 15 MeV photoinjector in the Neptune Laboratory at UCLA. A major motivation for a source of high brightness polarized x-rays is the production of polarized positrons for use in future linear collider experiments. Analytical calculations have been performed to predict the angular and frequency spectrums for various polarizations and different scattering angles. Currently, the experiment is running and we report the set-up and initial results. The advantages and limitations of using a high laser vector potential, ao, in an ICS-based polarized positron source are expected to be revealed with further measurement of the harmonic spectrum and angular characteristics.

• R. Bonifacio
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• N. Piovella
  Universita' degli Studi di Milano, MILANO

We formulate a quantum linear theory of the N-particle free-electron laser Hamiltonian model, quantizing both the radiation field and the electron motion, in the steady state regime. Quantum effects such as frequency shift, line narrowing, quantum limitation for bunching and energy spread and minimum uncertainty states are described. Using a second quantization formalism we demonstrate quantum entanglement between the recoiling electrons and the radiation field.

• R. Bonifacio
  INFN-Milano, Milano

We derive a simple analytical solution for the non linear regime in the quasi steady state situation of the high gain Free Electron Laser (FEL) and Collective Atomic Recoil Lasing (CARL) model which up to now have been described only numerically. We show that the system can be described by an exact reduced Hamiltonian which does not contain the field explicitly. We give simple analytical expressions for the field amplitude, frequency shift, bunching factor, particle average momentum and momentum spread, as well as the period of oscillations around the quasi steady state solution, in very good agreement with the numerical values.

• S.H. Kim
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38.

The peak fields on the beam axis and the maximum fields in the conductor of Nb3Sn superconducting undulators (SCUs) were calculated for an undulator period length of 16 mm. Using a simple scaling law for SCUs [1], the peak fields, as well as the conductor maximum fields and the current densities, were calculated for a period range of 8 to 32 mm. The critical current densities of commercially available Nb3Sn superconducting strands were used for the calculations. The achievable peak fields are limited mainly by the flux-jump instabilities at low fields. The possible or feasible peak field will also be compared with that achieved in prototype development of SCUs.

[1] S. H. Kim, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, accepted for publication.

• S. Bielawski, C. Bruni, C. Szwaj
  PhLAM/CERCLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
• M.-E. Couprie, D. Garzella
  CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Gif-sur-Yvette
• G. De Ninno, B. Diviacco, M. Trovo
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• D. Fanelli
  Universita di Firenze, Florence
• M. Hosaka, M. Katoh, A. Mochihashi
  UVSOR, Okazaki
• G.L. Orlandi
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
• Y. Takashima
  Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya

Dynamical instabilities lead to unwanted full-scale power oscillations in many classical lasers and FEL oscillators. For a long time, applications requiring stable operation were typically performed by working outside the problematic parameter regions. A breakthrough occurred in the nineties [1], when emphasis was made on the practical importance of unstable states (stationary or periodic) that coexist with unwanted oscillatory states. Indeed, although not observable in usual experiments, unstable states can be stabilized, using a feedback control involving arbitrarily small perturbations of a parameter. This observation stimulated a set of works leading to successful suppression of dynamical instabilities (initially chaos) in lasers, sometimes with surprisingly simple feedback devices [2]. We will review a set of key results, including in particular the recent works on the stabilization of mode-locked lasers, and of the super-ACO, ELETTRA and UVSOR FELs [3].

[1] Ott et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 1196 (1990). [2] Bielawski et al. Phys. Rev. A 47, 327 (1993). [3] Bielawski et al. Phys. Rev. E. 69, 045502 (2004), De Ninno & Fanelli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 094801 (2004), Bruni et al., proc. EPAC 2004.

• M. Hosaka, M. Katoh, A. Mochihashi
  UVSOR, Okazaki
• M.-E. Couprie, M. Labat
  CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette
• Y. Takashima
  Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya

In a Storage Ring Free Electron Laser (FEL), the saturation mechanism results from the so-called "bunch heating” phenomenon. The periodic interaction between the electron bunch and the laser pulse within the cavity is responsible of the enhancement of the energy spread of the bunch correlated with a bunch lengthening. Recently, new electron beam optics aiming at achieving low emittance with distributed dispersive function  revealed a particular interest for the FEL. In the undulator straight section, these optics lead also to an increase of the transverse sizes of the beam, and to a significant change of the Touschek lifetime. Experimental results obtained on the Super-ACO and UVSORII FELs illustrating the change of saturation process according to the chromatic or achromatic optics will be given. They will be compared with simulations performed with the LAS model, which has been modified to represent this new saturation process.

• K. Honkavaara
  Uni HH, Hamburg

The VUV-FEL being commissioned at DESY Hamburg is a user facility for SASE FEL radiation in the VUV wavelength range. The quality of the high brightness electron beam driving the VUV-FEL plays an important role for the performance of the facility. Prior to installation, the electron photo-injector of the VUV-FEL has been fully tested and characterized at the PITZ photo injector test facility at DESY Zeuthen, dedicated to develop high brightness electron sources for FEL projects like the VUV-FEL and the XFEL. We summarize the results on transverse emittance optimization at PITZ and report on the upgrade of the PITZ facility presently under construction. Results on transverse emittance optimization and measurements at the VUV-FEL are presented. Projected emittances around 1.4 mm mrad for 90% of a 1 nC bunch have been regularly measured. In addition, recent measurements of the longitudinal bunch profile after compression using a transverse deflecting cavity are presented.

• M. Goldstein, S.H. Lee, Y.A. Shroff, P.J. Silverman, D. Williams
  Intel, Santa Clara, California
• R. Pantell
  Stanford University, Stanford, Califormia
• H. Park, M.A. Piestrup
  Adelphi Technology, Inc., San Carlos, California

Funding: Intel Research

Semiconductor industry growth has largely been made possible by regular improvements in lithography. State of the art lithographic tools cost upwards of twenty five million dollars and use 0.93 numerical aperture projection optics with 193nm wavelengths to pattern features for 45 nm node development. Scaling beyond the 32 nm feature size node is expected to require extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength light. EUV source requirements and equipment industry plasma source development efforts are reviewed. Exploratory research on a novel hybrid klystron and high gain harmonic generation FEL with oblique laser seeding will be disclosed. The opportunity and challenges for FELs to serve as a second generation (year 2011-2013) source technology in the semiconductor industry are presented.

• S. Reiche, C. Joshi, C. Pellegrini, J.B. Rosenzweig, S. Tochitsky
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• G. Shvets
  The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

Funding: The work was supported by the DOE Contract No. DE-FG03-92ER40727.

Free-Electron Laser in the THz range can be used to generate high output power radiation or to modulate the electron beam longitudinally on the radiation wavelength scale. Microbunching on the scale of 1-5 THz is of particular importance for potential phase-locking of a modulated electron beam to a laser-driven plasma accelerating structure. However the lack of a seeding source for the FEL at this spectral range limits operation to a SASE FEL only, which denies a subpicosecond synchronization of the current modulation or radiation with an external laser source. One possibility to overcome this problem is to seed the FEL with two external laser beams, which difference (beatwave) frequency is matched to the resonant FEL frequency in the THz range. In this presentation we study feasibility of an experiment on laser beat-wave injection in the THz FEL considered at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory, where both a high brightness photoinjector and a two-wavelength, TW-class CO₂ laser system exist. By incorporating the energy modulation of the electron beam by the ponderomotive force of the beat-wave in a modified version of the time-dependent FEL code Genesis 1.3, the performance of a FEL at Neptune is simulated and analyzed.

• B.W. Adams
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract W-31-109-ENG-38

A way is proposed to obtain intense infrared/visible light from an electron bunch in an x-ray free-electron laser in femtosecond synchronism with the x-rays themselves. It combines the recently proposed technique of emittance slicing in a free-electron laser with transition undulator radiation (TUR). The part of the electron bunch that is left unspoiled in the emittance slicing process is the source of both coherent x-rays and of coherent TUR at near-infrared wavelengths. An extension of the concept also exploits the fact that the electrons that participate in the free-electron lasing process lose a significant part of their energy.

• B.W.J. McNeil, G.R.M. Robb
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow
• M.W. Poole, N. Thompson
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

Funding: We acknowledge the support of the European Framework Programme 6 EUROFEL Design Study, CCLRC, and the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance.

Recent proof-of-principle simulations have demonstrated a method that allows a planar undulator FEL to lase so that the interaction with an odd harmonic of the radiation field dominates that of the fundamental [1]. This harmonic lasing of the FEL is achieved by disrupting the interaction between the fundamental radiation field and electrons as they propagate through the undulator while allowing the n-th harmonic interaction to evolve unhindered. The disruption of the interaction at the fundamental is achieved by a series of relative phase changes between electrons and the fundamental ponderomotive potential of 2k pi/n (k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; k not equal to n). The corresponding phase change with the ponderomotive potential of the n-th harmonic is then 2k pi which, at least in a simple steady-state FEL model, will have no deleterious effect upon the harmonic interaction. Such phase changes are relatively easy to implement and indeed some current FEL designs would not require any structural modification. We present a more detailed analysis of harmonic lasing and use this to discuss potential benefits and applications in extending the operational bandwidth of FELs to shorter wavelengths.

[1] B.W.J. McNeil, G.R.M. Robb and M.W. Poole, Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference, Knoxville, USA (2005)

• C. Pellegrini, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• V.A. Dolgashev, C.D. Nantista, S.G. Tantawi
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: US Department of Energy

We describe a proposed high-gain FEL using an X-band microwave undulator and operating at a wavelength of about 0.5 μm. The FEL electron beam energy is 65 MeV. The beam is produced by the NLCTA X-band linac at SLAC, using an S-band high-brightness photoinjector. The undulator consists of a circular waveguide with an rf wave counter-propagating with respect to the electron beam. The undulator is powered with two high-power X-band klystrons and a dual-moded pulse compressor recently developed at SLAC. This system is capable of delivering flat-top rf pulses of up to 400 ns and a few hundred megawatts. The equivalent undulator period is 1.4 cm, the radius of the circular pipe is 1 cm, and the undulator parameter is about 0.4 for a helical undulator configuration, obtained using two cross-polarized TE modes, or larger for a planar configuration, using one rf polarization. The undulator is about four meters long. The FEL will reach saturation within this distance when operated in a SASE mode. We describe the FEL performance parameters, the undulator characteristics and tolerances. One main goal of the experiment is to demonstrate the feasibility of an rf undulator for high gain FELs.

• D. Garzella
  CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette
• C. Bruni
  PhLAM/CERCLA, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
• M.-E. Couprie
  CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Gif-sur-Yvette
• G. De Ninno, B. Diviacco, M. Marsi, M. Trovo
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste

The ELETTRA Storage Ring FEL succeded in operating in the Ultraviolet range, around 350 nm, with an etalon Fabry Perot inserted in the optical cavity. The high vacuum vessel, integrating a totally motorized control system for the principal degrees of freedom of the silica plate, allowed to obtain the laser oscillation, showing a reduction of the spectral linewidth by more than an order of magnitude. Temporal analysis by a double sweep streak camera showed also a broadening of the temporal pulse width. These major results are here exposed and compared with a numerical analysis and the Storage Ring FEL dynamics theory.

• M. Labat, M.-E. Couprie
  CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Gif-sur-Yvette
• M. Hosaka, M. Katoh, A. Mochihashi
  UVSOR, Okazaki
• Y. Takashima
  Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya

Storage Ring Free-Electron Laser dynamics and behaviour can be explored versus the detuning, i.e. a small difference between the frequencies of revolution of the electron bunches, and of the optical pulse circulating into the optical cavity. In fact, it provides situations ranging from the maximum initial gain over losses conditions to threshold ones. Systematic measurements of the UVSOR2 detuning curves have been performed. A complete detuning curve gives the intensity of the FEL versus the detuning. On such a plot, one can distinguish five distinct zones: three corresponding to continuous modes of emission for the FEL, and two pulsed modes. Each zone can then be described with its width and period for the pulsed modes. Streak camera also provides a full characterisation of the FEL versus detuning: position of the centre of mass of the laser, bunch lengthening. The energy spread is deduced from the electron beam transverse sizes. The analysis of the FEL behaviour versus detuning is compared with simulations performed with LAS. The detuning behaviour is then illustrated under different cases (current, control of the pulsed zone, chromatic or achromatic electron-beam optics).

• E. Allaria, G. De Ninno
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• A. Antoniazzi, D. Fanelli
  Universita di Firenze, Florence
• F.T. Arecchi
  UNIFI, Sesto Fiorentino (FI)
• R. Meucci
  INOA, Firenze

We numerically investigate the effect of a delayed control method on the stabilization of the dynamics of the Elettra storage-ring free-electron laser in Trieste (Italy). Simulations give evidence of a significant reduction of the typical large oscillations of the laser intensity. Results are compared with numerical and experimental data obtained with a derivative feedback. The possibility of an experimental implementation of the proposed method is also discussed.

• F. Curbis, F. Curbis
  Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste
• G. De Ninno
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste

Coherent harmonic generation can be obtained by means of frequency up-conversion of a high-power external laser focused into the first undulator of an optical klystron. The standard configuration is based on a single-pass device, where the seed laser is synchronized with an electron beam entering the first undulator of the optical klystron after being accelerated using a linear accelerator. As an alternative, the optical klystron may be installed on a storage ring, where it is normally used as interaction region for an oscillator free-electron laser. In this case, removing the optical cavity and using an external seed, one obtains a configuration which is similar to the standard one but also presents some peculiar characteristics. In this paper we investigate the possibility of harmonic generation using the Elettra storage-ring optical klystron. We explore different experimental set-ups varying the beam energy, the seed characteristics and the strength of the optical-klystron dispersive section. We also study the performance sensitivity to fluctuations of some beam parameters and the coherent/incoherent signal ratio for different harmonics. Numerical simulations are performed using different 3-D numerical codes.

• K. Hayakawa, Y. Hayakawa, K. Nakao, K. Nogami, T. Sakai, I. Sato, T. Tanaka
  LEBRA, Funabashi

Funding: "Academic Frontier" Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from MEXT (Ministry of Educatin, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology), 2000-2004

In general, maximum gain and maximum power of a free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator are not simultaneously satisfied at an identical length of the optical resonator. Use of a short bunch electron beam, therefore, can cause a large fluctuation of gain and saturated power of the FEL due to only a small change in the resonator length. If the length of the resonator can be adjusted at the middle in the macropulse duration of the electron beam, both maximizing conditions will be satisfied simultaneously, which will result in a large FEL output power compared with a normal operation. Since it is difficult to change the length of the resonator during the macro pulse, modulation of the bunch interval has been attempted for the LEBRA FEL system by modulating the phase of the accelerating rf of the electron linac, which has an equivalent effect to change of the resonator length. The modulation of the rf phase has resulted in intensification of the output energy per macro pulse by approximately twice compared with that in normal operation, which is consistent with numerical simulation.

• H. Ogawa, N. Sei, K.W. Watanabe, K. Y. Yamada, M.Y. Yasumoto
  AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Funding: This study was financially supported by the Budget for Nuclear Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, based on the screening and counseling by the Atomic Energy Commission, Japan.

At AIST, we have been making an effort to obtain FELs with an ultra-wide wavelength range from the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to the infrared (IR) on a compact storage ring NIJI-IV. Recently, performance of the NIJI-IV FEL was improved at the deep UV (DUV) around 200 nm and it became possible to make real-time observation of chemical reactions on the transition metal surfaces using the photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) combined with the DUV FELs. To observe dynamic behavior of the chemical reactions in detail, the FEL-PEEM system is being improved by optimizing experimental conditions. The performance of the system and the experimental results will be presented.

• N. Sei, H. Ogawa, K.W. Watanabe, K. Y. Yamada, M.Y. Yasumoto
  AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Funding: This work was supported by the Budget for Nuclear Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

Free electron lasers (FELs) are being developed in a broad wavelength region from the VUV to the IR with the compact storage ring NIJI-IV at AIST. In the DUV and VUV regions, the FEL is used as an intense light source for real-time surface observation with the photoelectron emission microscopy. To extend the application field of the NIJI-IV FEL, for example to the structural analysis of proteins, experiments to obtain FEL oscillations at the wavelength below 195 nm are going on. In addition, a 3.6-m optical klystron, ETLOK-III, for developing infrared FELs has been installed in the north straight section of the NIJI-IV. Fundamental and higher harmonic spontaneous emissions from the ETLOK-III were observed in the visible and near-infrared regions. It was expected that the FEL gain for the 3rd harmonics exceed 5%. In the presentation, we will report the recent results of the VUV and IR FEL experiments.

• P.P. Crooker, R.L. Armstead, J. Blau, O.E. Bowlin, W.B. Colson, R. Vigil, T. Voughs, B.W. Williams
  NPS, Monterey, California

Funding: JTO, ONR, NAVSEA

The short-Rayleigh length FEL configuration leaves the optical resonator near the cold-cavity stability limit. Studies show that the electron beam interaction stabilizes the optical modes and establishes limits to the vibrations of mirrors and the electron beam. Several types of vibrations are considered.

• K.S.B. Li, A. Adelmann, A. Anghel, R.J. Bakker, M. Boge, A.E. Candel, M. Dehler, R. Ganter, C. Gough, G. Ingold, S.C. Leemann, M. Pedrozzi, J.-Y. Raguin, L. Rivkin, V. Schlott, A. Streun, A. Wrulich
  PSI, Villigen

The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland currently develops a Low-Emittance electron-Gun (LEG) based on field-emitter technology [1]. The target is a normalized transverse emittance of 5 10(-8) m rad or less. Such a source is particularly interesting for FELs that target wavelengths below 0.3 nm since it permits a reduction of the required beam-energy and hence, a reduction of the construction- and operational costs of X-ray FELs. That is, for the case that this initial low emittance can be maintained throughout the accelerator. Here we present a concept for a 0.1 nm X-FEL based on LEG, which can be located close to the Swiss Light Source (SLS). Special attention goes to the maintenance of the emittance during the process of acceleration and bunch-compression, in particular in the regimes where either space-charge forces or coherent-synchrotron radiation are of importance.

[1] R. Ganter et al, Proceedings of the 2004 FEL Conference, Trieste, Italy, p. 602 (2004)

• S.-H. Park, Y. Cha, Y.U. Jeong, B.C. Lee, K. Lee
  KAERI, Daejon
• S.V. Miginsky
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk

The KAERI SC RF linac with one 352 MHz cryomodule is routinely operating at 10 MeV. The maximum accelerating gradient achieved so far is about 7.7 MV/m and is expected to increase up to 9 MV/m, if thermal loss and/or vibration instability is sufficiently suppressed. As a next step, we plan to generate Compton X-rays using external lasers at the straight section, just after the SC linac. This beamline will be relocated to downstream next to undulator beamline for a FEL, when the recirculating beamline is built. In this presentation, we estimate the parameters of Compton X-rays at a given system and suggest the new scheme to increase the flux, or to generate fs X-ray pulses using electron beams with a few tens ps pulse duration, using an intense ultra-short laser. We discussed a coherent condition for Relativistic Nonlinear Thomson Scattered (RNTS) radiation (or Nonlinear Compton Scattered radiation).

• B.W.J. McNeil, G.R.M. Robb
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow
• C. Gerth
  DESY, Hamburg
• J.K. Jones, M.W. Poole, N. Thompson
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

Funding: We acknowledge the support of the European Framework Programme 6 EUROFEL Design Study, CCLRC, and the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance.

An XUV Free-Electron Laser operating in the photon energy range 10-100eV is a key component of the proposed 4th Generation Light Source (4GLS) at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. The current design proposal is an amplifier FEL seeded by a Higher Harmonic Generation (HHG) source. In this paper we present and discuss the considerations that led to the current design. We also present 3D simulation results that illustrate the potential radiation output characteristics.

• K. Lee, Y. Cha, Y.U. Jeong, B.C. Lee, S.-H. Park
  KAERI, Daejon

In contrast to some recent experimental results, which state that the Nonlinear Thomson Scattered (NTS) radiation is incoherent, a coherent condition under which the scattered radiation of an incident laser pulse by a bunch of electrons can be coherently superposed has been investigated. The Coherent Relativistic Nonlinear Thomson Scattered (C-RNTS) radiation makes it possible utilizing the ultra-short pulse nature of NTS radiation with a bunch of electrons, such as plasma or electron beams. A numerical simulation shows that a 25 attosecond X-ray pulse can be generated by irradiating an ultra-intense laser pulse of 4x10(19) W/cm2 on an ultra-thin solid target of 50 nm thickness, which is commercially available. The coherent condition can be easily extended to an electron beam from accelerators. Different from the solid target, much narrower electron beam is required for the generation of an attosecond pulse. Instead, this condition could be applied for the generation of intense Compton scattered X-rays with a modulated electron beam.

• T. Watanabe, D.F.L. Liu, J.B. Murphy, J. Rose, T.V. Shaftan, Y. Shen, T. Tsang, X.J. Wang, L.-H. Yu
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• L. Giannessi, S. Spampinati
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
• P. Musumeci
  Universita di Roma I La Sapienza, Roma
• S. Reiche
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

Funding: Work suppoted by the Brookhaven National Lab and Office of Naval Research

The SDL facility at BNL[1] is an excellent platform to explore some of the recent ideas related to superradiance in a seeded single pass FEL. At the SDL facility there is an operating FEL with a Ti:Sapphire seed laser and a high brightness e-beam with an energy up to 250 MeV. Seeding may be realized with pulses shorter than the e-beam bunch length to induce the superradiant regime. A status report concerning this experiment will be presented.

[1] A. Doyuran et al., PRSTAB, Vol. 7, 050701 (2004).

• T.  Kamps, V. Duerr, K. Goldammer, D. Kraemer, P. Kuske, J. Kuszynski, D. Lipka, F. Marhauser, T. Quast, R. Richter
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin
• P. Evtushenko
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• U. Lehnert, P. Michel, J. Teichert
  FZR, Dresden
• I. Will
  MBI, Berlin

Funding: Funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, the State of Berlin and the Zukunftsfonds Berlin

A superconducting rf photo electron injector (SRF gun) is currently under construction by a collaboration between BESSY, DESY, FZR and MBI. The project aims at the design and setup of an CW SRF gun including a diagnostics beamline for the ELBE FEL and to address R&D issues on low emittance injectors for future light sources such as the BESSY FEL. Of critical importance for the injector performance is the control of the electron beam parameters. For this reason a compact diagnostics beamline is under development serving a multitude of operation settings ranging from low-charge (77pC), low-emittance (1 pi mm mrad) mode to high-charge (2.5nC) operation of the gun. For these operation modes beam dynamics simulations are resulting in boundary conditions for the beam instrumentation. Proven and mature technology is projected wherever possible, for example for current and beam position monitoring. The layout of the beam profile and emittance measurement systems is described. For the bunch length, which varies between 5 and 50 ps, two schemes using Electro-optical sampling and Cherenkov radiation are detailed. The beam energy and energy spread is measured with an especially designed 180 degree spectrometer.

• B. Steffen, S. Casalbuoni, E.-A. Knabbe, B. Schmidt
  DESY, Hamburg
• P. Schmuser, A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

For the operation of a SASE FEL, the longitudinal bunch profile is one of the most critical parameters. At the superconducting linac of the VUV-FEL at DESY, we have installed an electro optic spectral decoding (EOSD) experiment to probe the time structure of the electric field of the bunches to better than 200 fs rms. The field induced birefringence of a ZnTe crystal is detected by a 30 femtosecond laser pulse (TiSa) and the time structure is measured by encoding it on the spectrum of the chirped TiSa pulse. First results on jitter measurements and for the bunch length as function of the linac parameters are presented.

• V. Miltchev
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen

Funding: This work has partly been supported by the European Community, contract numbers RII3-CT-2004-506008 and 011935, and by the 'Impuls- und Vernetzungsfonds' of the Helmholtz Assciation, contract number VH-FZ-005

The high electron beam quality needed for SASE FEL processes requires considerable effort in characterisation and improvement of the electron source. The Photo Injector Test Facility at Zeuthen (PITZ) was built to study the production of minimum transverse emittance electron beams for Free Electron Lasers. In this work we present a study on the detailed reconstruction of the transverse phase space density distribution of electron beams at various operating conditions at PITZ. Transverse emittance values containing only a certain fraction of all particles in the distribution (core emittance) will be estimated for different operating conditions and the results will be compared with simulations.

• V. Miltchev, J.W. Baehr, H.-J. Grabosch, J.H. Han, M. Krasilnikov, A. Oppelt, B. Petrosyan, L. Staykov, F. Stephan
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen
• M.V. Hartrott
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

Funding: This work has partly been supported by the European Community, contract numbers RII3-CT-2004-506008 and 011935, and by the 'Impuls- und Vernetzungsfonds' of the Helmholtz Assciation, contract number VH-FZ-005

The thermal emittance determines the lower emittance limit and its measurement is of high importance to understand the ultimate injector performance. In this contribution we present results of thermal emittance measurements under rf operation conditions for various Cs2Te cathodes and different accelerating gradients. Measurements of thermal emittance scaling with the cathode laser spot size are presented and analysed. The significance of the Schottky effect in the emittance formation process is discussed.

• F. Banfi, G. Ferrini, P.G. Galimberti, C. Giannetti, S. Pagliara, F. Parmigiani, E. Pedersoli
  Universita Cattolica-Brescia, Brescia
• J.N. Corlett, S.M. Lidia
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• B. Ressel
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste

Funding: U.S. DOE, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098

A Monte Carlo study of electron transport in Cs2Te films is performed to investigate the transverse emittance epsilon at the cathode surface. We find the photoemitted electron angular distribution and explain the physical mechanism involved in the process, a mechanism hindered by the statistical nature of the Monte Carlo method. The effects of electron-phonon scattering are discussed. The transverse emittance is calculated for different radiation wavelengths and a laser spot size of 1.5*10(-3) m. For a laser radiation at 265 nm we find epsilon = 0.56 mm-mrad. The dependence of epsilon and the quantum yield on the electron affinity Ea is also investigated. The data shows the importance of aging/contamination on the material.

• G.L. Orlandi
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)

In the electromagnetic radiative phenomena originated by relativistic charged beams, angular distortions as well as variations of the photon flux are commonly observed as a function of the ratio between the beam transverse size and the observed wavelength, even at a wavelength shorter than the longitudinal bunch length. In the framework of a single particle theory of the transition radiation, diffractive alterations of the spectrum due, for instance, to the finite size of the radiator screen are already known. For relativistic three-dimensional charged beams, it could be interesting to check if the transition radiation emission undergoes modifications depending on the finite value of the beam transverse size with respect to the observed wavelength. Taking into account the beam diagnostics applications of the transition radiation in a linear accelerator, such an experimental check can offer promising perspectives. The theoretical background and physical basis of the spatial coherence effects affecting the spectral distribution of the transition radiation intensity in conditions of temporal incoherence will be presented. The main beam diagnostics applications will be also contoured.

• V. Petrillo, C. Maroli
  Universita' degli Studi di Milano, MILANO
• A. Bacci, L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• M. Ferrario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

Funding: Universit&agrave; degli Studi di MIlano-INFN Via Celoria,16 MIlano (Italy)

Collective effects in the radiation emission process via Thomson back-scattering of an intense optical laser pulse by high brightness electron beams are analyzed. The micro-bunching of the electron beam on the scale of the emitted radiation wavelength and the consequent free-electron-laser instability may enhance significantly the total number of emitted photons. Scalings of the radiation properties, both in the collective and in the incoherent spontaneous regime, versus laser and electron beam parameters are discussed. Transverse effects due to radiation diffraction, finite emittance of the beam, and transverse distribution of the laser energy are studied.

• T. Kii, T. Fukui, K. Kusukame, K. Masuda, Y. Nakai, H. Ohgaki, T. Yamazaki, K. Yoshikawa, H. Zen
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto

We have studied on improvement of electron beam macropulse properties from a thermionic RF gun. Though a thermionic RF gun has many salient features, there is a serious problem that back-bombardment effect worsens quality of the beam. To reduce beam energy degradation by this effect, we tried to feed non-flat RF power into the gun. As a result, we successfully obtained about 1.5 times longer macropulse and two times larger total charge per macropulse. On the other hand, we calculated transient evolution of RF power considering non-constant beam loading. The beam loading is evaluated from time evolution of cathode temperature, by use of one dimensional heat conduction model and electron trajectories' calculations by a particle simulation code. Then we found good agreement between the experimental and calculation results. Furthermore, with the same way, we studied the electron beam output dependence on the cathode radius.

• K. Kusukame, T. Fukui, T. Kii, K. Masuda, Y. Nakai, H. Ohgaki, T. Yamazaki, K. Yoshikawa, H. Zen
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto

Funding: Kyoto University,Institute of Advanced Energy

Thermionic RF guns show advantageous features compared with photocathode ones such as easy operation and much higher repetition rate of micropulses, both of which are suitable for their application to high average power FELs. They however suffer from the back-bombardment effect [1], i.e., in conventional RF guns, electrons are extracted from cathode also in the latter half of accelerating phase and tend to back-stream to hit the cathode, and as a result the macropulse duration is limited down to severalμsec Against this adverse effect in thermionic RF guns, introduction of the triode structure has been proposed [2], where the accelerating phase and amplitude nearby the cathode can be controlled regardless of the phase of the first accelerating cell in the conventional RF gun. Our one-dimensional particle simulation results predict that the back-bombardment power can be reduced by 99 % only with 30-40 kW RF power fed to the grid in the present triode structure with an optimal phase difference from the RF induced in the main accelerating cavities. We also carried out two-dimensional particle simulations to evaluate emittance of the refined RF gun.

[1] T.Kii et al.,Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 507 (2003) 340-344. [2] E. Tanabe et al., Proc. of 27th Linear Accelerator Meeting in Japan, Aug 7-9, 2002, Kyoto, Japan (in Japanese).

• R. Kuroda
  AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
• H. Hayano, J.U. Urakawa
  KEK, Ibaraki
• K. Hidume, M. Kawaguchi, S. Minamiguchi, R. Moriyama, T. Saito, K. Sakaue, M. Washio
  RISE, Tokyo
• S. Kashiwagi
  ISIR, Osaka

Funding: This research was partially supported by a High Tech Research Project of MECSST 707, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 16340079, a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 16760049.

A compact soft X-ray source is required in various research fields such as material and biological science. The laser undulator based on Compton backward scattering has been developed as a compact soft X-ray source for the biological observation at Waseda University. It is performed in a water window region (250eV - 500 eV) using the interaction between 1047 nm Nd:YLF laser (10ps FWHM) and about 5 MeV high quality electron beam (10ps FWHM) generated from rf gun system. The range of X-ray energy in the water window region has K-shell absorption edges of Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen, which mainly constitute of living body. Since the absorption coefficient of water is much smaller than the protein's coefficient in this range, a dehydration of the specimens is not necessary. To generate the soft X-ray pulse stably, the electron beam diagnostics have been developed such as the emittance measurement using double slit scan technique, the bunch length measurement using two frequency analysis technique. In this conference, we will report results of beam beamdiagnostics experiments, soft X-ray generation and our future plan.

• S.J. Park, J.Y. Huang, I.S. Ko, J.-S. Oh, Y.W. Parc, P.C.D. Park, J.H. Park
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• C. Kim
  POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• X.J. Wang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D. Xiang
  TUB, Beijing

Funding: Work supported by the MOST and the POSCO.

The PAL XFEL, an X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) project based on the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE), is under progress at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). Successful completion of the project is expected to impose stringent requirements on the beam qualities such as the normalized emittance (< 1.2 mm-mrad) and the un-correlated energy spread (~10(-5)). This requires careful and systematic planning for ensuring the generation and the preservation of high-brightness beams in the whole machine. The PPI (Pohang Photo-Injector) is to achieve these requirements with high reliability and stability. In this article, we discuss various physics and engineering issues involved in the design and construction of the PPI. We also report on the R&D status of photo-cathode RF gun at the PAL.

• A.H. Lumpkin, W. Berg, N. Sereno, B.X. Yang, C. Yao
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• D.W. Rule
  NSWC, West Bethesda, Maryland

Funding: Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38.

The challenge of providing nonintercepting beam diagnostics that address transverse parameters such as beam size and divergence in a linear transport line has been met. We have successfully used near-field imaging of optical diffraction radiation (ODR) from a 7-GeV electron beam passing near a single edge of a conducting screen to obtain beam size for the first time [1]. In this case appreciable visible wavelength ODR is emitted for impact parameters of 1 to 2 mm, values that are close to gamma times the reduced observation wavelength. We have now upgraded our imaging system to include an intensified camera; selectable bandpass filters, neutral density filters, and polarizers; a steering mirror; and an optical lens setup that provides either near-field or far-field imaging. The ODR has been obtained in both the single-edge mode and aperture mode with a single pulse of 3.3 nC. Beam-size resolution in the 20-50 micron regime is projected while beam position resolution to 10 microns with a smaller beam and higher optical magnification should be feasible with near-field imaging. Applications to high-energy accelerators that drive x-ray FELs or energy recovering linacs for light sources should be possible.

[1] A.H. Lumpkin et al., "First Near-Field Imaging of Optical Diffraction Radiation Generated by a 7-GeV Electron Beam,” submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., May 4, 2005.

• M. Trovo, M.B. Danailov, G. Penco
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• W. Graves
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• S.M. Lidia
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

In the framework of the FERMI@ELETTRA project, aimed to build an X-ray FEL source, a crucial role is played by the electron source, which has to produce a very high quality bunch, in terms of low emittance and uncorrelated energy spread. We have investigated the effects of low- (100-300 5m) and high- ( 10^-50 5m) frequency modulation of the beam charge deriving from intensity modulation of the laser pulse incident on the photocathode on the downstream beam distribution. Following other proposals, we have investigated the use of a short laser 'heater' to increase the effective incoherent energy spread and reduce the gain in the longitudinal density modulation instability. We present results from simulation of the beam generation at the photocathode, and transport through the photoinjector, initial acceleration modules and the laser heater.

• D.R. Gillingham, T. M. Antonsen
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland

Funding: Work supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Joint Technology Office.

High power Free Electron Laser (FEL) designs require high-brightness beams. These beams may suffer beam quality degradation during transport through bending sections from effects that were previously insignificant at low bunch charges. Potential mechanisms include microbunching from longitudinal space-charge and transverse emittance dilution from coherent synchrotron radiation. The effects are not well-understood in the transient state, in the presence of conducting boundaries or when these effects operate together and in conjunction with the beam dynamics. A simulation method applicable under the conditions of a MW-class average power FEL driver has been developed that accounts for radiation, space-charge and boundary conditions in a self-consistent manner. This simulation may be useful in evaluating design concepts under consideration including chicane bunch compressors and energy recovery bending arcs.

• J.R. Harris
  University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
• J.G. Neumann
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• P.G. O'Shea
  University Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Funding: Department of Energy, Office of Naval Research, Army Research Laboratory, and Directed Energy Professional Society

All beams are dominated by space charge forces when first created. After a beam is accelerated, space charge directly plays a less important role. However, at low energy space charge will drive changes in the beam which will become "frozen in" as the beam is accelerated, and may have adverse consequences even at high energy. In this paper, we report on the generation and evolution of modulated beams in the University of Maryland Electron Ring, a low energy (10 keV), high current (100 mA) electron recirculator for the study of beams in the extreme space charge dominated regime. Such intense, modulated beams have application to future high power FELs and novel light sources.

• H. Loos, D. Dowell
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M. Boscolo, M. Ferrario, C. Vicario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• M. Petrarca
  INFN-Roma, Roma
• L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• B. Sheehy, Y. Shen, T. Tsang, X.J. Wang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Funding: Work supported by DOE contracts DE-AC02-76SF00515 and DE-AC02-98CH10886

The photoinjectors for future short wavelength high brightness accelerator driven light sources need to produce an electron beam with ultra-low emittance. At the DUV-FEL facility at BNL, we studied the effect of longitudinally shaping the photocathode laser pulses on the electron beam dynamics. We report on measurements of transverse and longitudinal electron beam emittance and comparisons of the experimental results with simulations.

• J. Wu, P. Emma, Z. Huang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Longitudinal space charge (LSC) force can be a main effect driving the microbunching instability in the linac for an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL). In this paper, the LSC-induced beam modulation is studied using an integral equation approach that takes into account the transverse (radial) variation of LSC field. Changes of beam energy and the transverse beam size can be also incorporated. We discuss the validity of this approach and compare it with other analyses as well as numerical simulations. We apply this approach to study the LSC effect in the LCLS accelerator

• S. Zhang, S.V. Benson, D. Douglas, D. Hardy, C. Hernandez-Garcia, K. Jordan, G. Neil, M.D. Shinn
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Funding: This work supported by the Office of Naval Research, the Joint Technology Office, the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Army Night Vision Laboratory, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and by DOE Contract DE-AC05-84ER40150.

The design and construction of an optical transport that brings synchrotron radiation from electron bunches to a fast streak camera in a remote area has become a useful tool for online observation of bunch length and stability. This paper will report on the temporal measurements we have done, comparison with simulations, and the on-going work for another imaging optical transport system that will make possible the direct measurement of the longitudinal phase space by measuring the bunch length as a function of energy.

• D. Kayran, V. Litvinenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Funding: Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy

Energy recovery linacs (ERLs) are potential candidates for the high power and high brightness electron beams sources. The main advantages of ERL are that electron beam is generated at relatively low energy, injected and accelerated to the operational energy in a linac, and after the use is decelerated in the same linac down to injection energy, and, finally, dumped. A merging system, i.e. a system merging together high energy and low energy beams, is an intrinsic part of any ERL loop. One of the challenges for generating high charge, high brightness electron beams in an ERL is development of a merging system, which provides achromatic condition for space charge dominated beam and which is compatible with the emittance compensation scheme. In this paper we present the theory, the principles of operation and some designs (including simulations) of such merging systems. We use a specific implementation for R&D ERL at Brookhaven as the illustration.

• L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi
  INFN-Roma II, Roma
• M. Castellano, G. Di Pirro, D. Filippetto, C. Vicario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• M.V. Hartrott
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin
• M. Krasilnikov, A. Oppelt, F. Stephan
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen

For the SPARC Project a novel diagnostic device, called "Emittance-meter", has been conceived and constructed to perform a detailed study of the emittance compensation process in the SPARC photo-injector and to optimize the RF-gun and the accelerator working point. It consists of a movable emittance measurement system, based on the 1D pepper-pot method, installed between two long bellows with the possibility to scan a region 1.5 m long downstream the RF-gun. The construction of the device was completed in the first part of this year and a series of laboratory tests, to evaluate its performances, were carried out in Spring 2005. At the beginning of the summer the complete system was moved to DESY at Zeuthen to be installed on the Photo Injector Test Facility PITZ. After the commissioning it will used for measurements of the PITZ electron beam in the framework of a collaboration between the SPARC and PITZ Projects aiming on studies and operations with photo injectors.

• Z. Huang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Funding: Work supported by US Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.

High-gain free electron lasers (FEL) are being developed as extremely bright x-ray sources of a next-generation radiation facility. In this paper, we review the basic theory and the recent progress in understanding the startup, the exponential growth and the saturation of the high-gain process, emphasizing the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). We will also discuss how the FEL performance may be affected by various errors and wakefield effects in the undulator.

In memory of the late scientist Ming Xie.

• R. Bonifacio, R. Bonifacio
  Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio
• N. Piovella
  Universita' degli Studi di Milano, MILANO
• G.R.M. Robb
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow

We present a proof of principle of the novel regime of quantum SASE with propagation effects. Using a self-consistent system of Schrodinger-Maxwell equations, we show that the dynamics of the system is determined by a properly defined "quantum FEL-parameter", ρ', which rules the number of photons emitted per electron, as well as the electron recoil in units of ћk. In the limit ρ'>>1 the quantum model reproduces the classical SASE regime with random spiking behavior and broad spectrum. In this limit we show that the equation for the Wigner function reduces to the classical Vlasov equation. In the opposite limit, ρ'<1, we demonstrate "quantum purification" of SASE: the classical spiking behavior disappears and the power spectrum becomes very narrow so that the temporal coherence of the SASE spectrum is dramatically improved. Photon statistics, electron-photon entangled states, minimum uncertainty states and quantum limitations on bunching and energy spread will be discussed.

• A. Gover
  University of Tel-Aviv, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv

A unified analysis for Superradiant emission from bunched electron beams in various kinds of radiation scheme is presented. Radiation schemes that can be described by the formulation include Pre-bunched FEL (PB-FEL), Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR), Smith-Purcell Radiation, Cerenkov-Radiation, Transition-Radiation and more. The theory is based on mode excitation formulation - either discrete or continuous (the latter - in open structures). The discrete mode formulation permits simple evaluation of the spatially coherent power and spectral power of the source. These figures of merit of the radiation source are useful for characterizing and comparing the performance of different radiation schemes. When the bunched electron beam emits superradiantly, these parameters scale like the square of the number of electrons, orders of magnitude more than spontaneous emission. The formulation applies to emission from single electron bunches, periodically bunched beams, or emission from a finite number of bunches in a macro-pulse. We have recently employed the formulation to calculate a ne kind of coherent radiation from electron beam: enhanced Electron Spin Resonance Emission from a polarized electron beam. Estimates of the characteristics and possible applications of this effect will be presented.

• C.A. Brau, H.L. Andrews, C.H. Boulware, J.D. Jarvis
  Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Funding: Medical Free Electron Laser Program of the Department of Defense under grant number F49620-01-1-0429.

In a SP-FEL, the electrons interact with an evanescent mode of the grating whose frequency is below the lowest frequency for SP radiation [1] and which travels along the grating with no losses except from dissipation. At low electron energy, the group velocity is negative and the SP-FEL operates on an absolute instability; no optical resonator is required. Due to the finite conductivity of the grating surface, dissipative losses attenuate the evanescent wave [2]. Computations for a lamellar grating show that attenuation is important at frequencies above 1 THz, and dominates when the group velocity is small. Due to the interaction with the evanescent wave, the electrons are bunched at the evanescent wave frequency. The superradiant emission from periodic bunches is characterized by spectral and angular narrowing at harmonics of the bunching frequency. Experiments are in progress to demonstrate these effects using a 40-keV electron beam photoemitted from a needle cathode in 5-ns pulses. The grating is 15 mm long, with a 250-micron period. We expect lasing at a wavelength near 1 mm, which will allow us to observe superradiant emission near 330 microns (third harmonic of the evanescent wave) on the second order of the SP radiation.

[1] H. L. Andrews and C. A. Brau, Phys. Rev. ST-AB 7, 070701 (2004). [2] H. L. Andrews, et al., Phys. Rev. ST-AB (in press).

• A. Winter, H. Schlarb
  DESY, Hamburg
• dc. Cheever, J. Chen, F.O. Ilday, F.X. Kaertner, J. Kim, D. Wang, T. Zwart
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• P. Schmuser
  Uni HH, Hamburg

X-ray pulses with a pulse duration of down to 30 fs FWHM or even sub-fs are desired for various experiments planned at next generation free electron lasers, such as the European XFEL. A synchronization of the probe system in the experimental area to the x-ray pulses with stability on the order of the pulse width is highly desirable for these experiments. This requirement translates to distributing an ultra-stable timing signal to various subsystems of the machine and the experimental area to provide synchronization at the fs level over distances of up to several kilometers. A few years ago, a timing and synchronization system providing stability to the fs level was unthinkable. Recent advances in the field of ultra-short pulse lasers have made optical synchronization systems with such a precision feasible. This talk will focus on an optical approach using a train of ultra-short pulses distributed through optical fiber links. The timing information is contained in the precise repetition rate. First results of such a system operating in an accelerator environment will be reported.

• C.J. Bocchetta, D. Bulfone, P. Craievich, G. D'Auria, M.B. Danailov, G. De Ninno, S. Di Mitri, B. Diviacco, M. Ferianis, A. Gomezel, F. Iazzourene, E. Karantzoulis, G. Penco, M. Trovo
  ELETTRA, Basovizza, Trieste
• J.N. Corlett, W.M. Fawley, S.M. Lidia, G. Penn, A. Ratti, J.W.  Staples, R.B. Wilcox, A. Zholents
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• M. Cornacchia, P. Emma, Z. Huang, J. Wu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• W. Graves, F.O. Ilday, F.X. Kaertner, D. Wang, T. Zwart
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• F. Parmigiani
  Universita Cattolica-Brescia, Brescia

We describe the machine layout and major performance parameters for the FERMI FEL project funded for construction at Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy. The project will be the first user facility based on seeded harmonic cascade FELs, providing controlled, high peak-power pulses. With a high-brightness rf photocathode gun, and using the existing 1.2 GeV S-band linac, the facility will provide tunable output over a range from ~100 nm to ~10 nm, with pulse duration from 40 fs to ~ 1ps, and with fully variable output polarization. Initially, two FEL cascades are planned; a single-stage harmonic generation to operate > 40 nm, and a two-stage cascade operating from ~40 nm to ~10 nm or shorter wavelength. The output is spatially and temporally coherent, with peak power in the GW range. Lasers provide modulation to the electron beam, as well as driving the photocathode and other systems, and the facility will integrate laser systems with the accelerator infrastructure, including a state-of-the-art optical timing system providing synchronization of rf signals, lasers, and x-ray pulses. Major systems and overall facility layout are described, and key performance parameters summarized.