Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
Enhanced field emission (EFE) from particulates and surface defects is one of the main field limitations of superconducting Nb cavities required for XFEL and ILC. The activation field Eact of such emitters and the emitter number density N at a given Eact is strongly influenced by the thickness of the Nb oxide layer*. Combination of this effect with surface cleaning techniques, e.g. dry ice cleaning (DIC), potentially shifts the onset of EFE to even higher Eact. Therefore, we have started to investigate a single crystal Nb sample after thermal oxidation (TO) by a heat treatment (HT) in air (T = 360°C, t = 40 min). Field emission maps showed a first emitter at 100 MV/m, and N = 30/cm² at 225 MV/m. SEM analysis of the 10 strongest emitters revealed mainly surface defects and one particulate. Subsequent removal of the oxide by a HT (T = 400°C, t = 1 h) under UHV resulted in an EFE onset at 75 MV/m and increased N to 60/cm² at 225 MV/m. In a second step the TO as well as the measurement was repeated after DIC of the surface. The resulting field maps and the SEM analysis of selected emitters will be reported.
*A.T. Wu et al., MOPC118, IPAC11.
Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany
Actual and future SRF-accelerators require high accelerating gradient Eacc and quality factor Q0, which are often limited by enhanced field emission (EFE)* caused by surface roughness or particulates**. Various expensive surface preparation techniques (e.g. BCP, EP, HPR etc.) have been developed to obtain the required surface quality and remove the emitters. Recently, centrifugal barrel polishing (CBP) has been reconsidered to obtain a comparable surface roughness as EP with less effort***. We have started to investigate Nb samples, which were prepared as coupons in a single cell 1.3 GHz cavity by an optimized five step CBP process with a final dry ice cleaning. EFE maps showed the first emitter (1 nA) at 60 MV/m, and 32 emitters at 110 MV/m. SEM/EDX analysis of the emitting sites revealed many Al2O3 inclusions with sharp edges. Therefore, subsequent BCP (~20 μm removal) was applied to the sample. Surface analysis as well as EFE characterization of CBP treated Nb coupons with/without BCP step will be presented.
*D. Reschke et al., THPP021, LINAC14.
**A. Navitski et al., PRSTAB 16, 112001 (2013).
***C.A. Cooper, L.D. Cooley, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 015011 (2013).
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
ASML US Inc., Wilton, CT, USA
So-called electron loading is the primary cause for cavity performance limitations in modern RF accelerating cavities. In superconducting RF cavities in particular, the onset of parasitic electron effects may start at field levels as low as a few MV/m. Electron loading can be attributed to mainly three phenomena: field emission, multiple impact electron amplification, and RF electrical breakdown. Field emission has been a persistent issue despite advances in SRF technology, whereas RF electrical breakdown and multipacting can be controlled by appropriate cavity design choices. Field emission becomes a major concern when the electrons emitted are captured by the accelerating RF field and directed along the beam axis through a series of cavities or even entire cryomodules. Consequently, electrons can accumulate energy comparable to that of the main beam over similar distances. This can represent a considerable dark current, which can travel downstream or upstream depending on the field-emitting site of origin. In this paper, a method is presented that can significantly suppress the upstream field emission by design.
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
The LCLS-II project aims to build 35 accelerating cryomodules, which are based on the European XFEL design but modified for operation in CW mode. Each cryomodule houses eight TESLA-style nine-cell superconducting radio-frequency cavities. The activities to assemble the first two prototype cryomodules are ongoing at FNAL and JLab. 264 cavities worth of cavities for the remaining 33 cryomodules will be procured from two industrial vendors in similar quantity considering the option to produce spares. The assembly of cavities into the production cryomodules will be distributed among FNAL (16 cryomodules) and JLab (17 cryomodules). In this paper the cavity procurement and qualification plan for the LCLS-II project is detailed.
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
The potential for energy savings and for increased gradient continues to bring attention to Nb3Sn-coated niobium as a future SRF cavity technology. We prepared these materials by vapor diffusion coating on polycrystalline and single crystal niobium. The effect of changing substrate preparation, coating parameters and post-treatment were examined by AFM and SEM/EDS. The AFM data were analyzed in terms of power spectral density (PSD). We found little effect of pre-coating topography on the result. The PSD’s show some surprising kinship to those obtained from BCP-treated surfaces. SEM/EDS revealed no composition non-uniformities at the micron scale.