SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
AAI/ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
We present experimental studies of metamaterial (MTM) structures for wakefield acceleration. The MTM structure is an all-metal periodic structure with its period much smaller than the wavelength at X-band. The fundamental TM mode has a negative group velocity, so an electron beam traveling through the structure radiates by reversed Cherenkov radiation. Two experiments have been completed at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA), namely the Stage-I and Stage-II experiments. Differences between the two experiments include: (1) Structure length (Stage-I 8 cm, Stage-II 20 cm); (2) Bunch number used to excite the structure (Stage-I up to 2 bunches, Stage-II up to 8 bunches). In the Stage-I experiment, two bunches with a total charge of 85 nC generated 80 MW of RF power in a 2 ns long pulse. In the Stage-II experiment, the highest peak power reached 380 MW in a 10 ns long pulse from a train of 8 bunches with a total charge of 224 nC. Acceleration of a witness bunch has not been demonstrated yet, but the extracted power can be transferred to a separate accelerator for two-beam acceleration or directly applied to a trailing witness bunch in the same structure for collinear acceleration.
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
This work presents the development of the STARRE Lab, a facility at MIT for testing breakdown in high gradient accelerator structures at 110 GHz. The system utilizes a Laser-Driven Semiconductor Switch (LDSS) to modulate the output of a megawatt gyrotron, which generates 3 μs pulses at up to 6 Hz. The LDSS employs silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers to produce nanosecond-scale pulses at the megawatt level from the gyrotron output. Photoconductivity is induced in the wafers using a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser, which produces 6 ns, 230 mJ pulses. A single Si wafer produces 110 GHz RF pulses with 9 ns width, while under the same conditions, a single GaAs wafer produces 24 ns 110 GHz RF pulses. In dual-wafer operation, which uses two active wafers, pulses of variable length down to 3 ns duration can be created at power levels greater than 300 kW. The switch has been successfully tested at incident 110 GHz RF power levels up to 720 kW.* The facility has been used to successfully test an advanced 110 GHz accelerator structure built by SLAC to gradients in excess of 220 MV/m.
*J.F. Picard et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 164102 (2019); doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5093639
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Argonne National Laboratory is developing a 180 GHz wakefield structure that will house in a co-linear array of accelerators to produce free-electron laser-based X-rays. The proposed corrugated waveguide structure will be fabricated on the internal wall of 0.5m long and 2mm nominal diameter copper tube. The estimated dimensions of these parallel corrugations are 200 µm in pitch with 100 µm side length (height and width). The length scale of the structure and requirements of the magnetic field-driven dimensional tolerances have made the structure challenging to produce. We have employed several method such as optical lithography, electroforming, electron discharge machining, laser ablation, and stamping to produce the initial structure from a sheet form. The successive fabrication steps, such as bending, brazing, and welding, were performed to achieve the long tubular-structure. This paper discusses various fabrication techniques, characterization, and associated technical challenges in detail.
[1] A. Zholents et al., Proc. 9-th Intern. Part. Acc. Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada, p. 1266, (2018)
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
We present the design for a rapid proton energy modulator with radio-frequency (RF) accelerator cavities. The energy modulator is designed as a multi-cell one-meter long accelerator working at 2.856 GHz. We envision that each individual accelerator cavity is powered by a 400 kW low-voltage klystron to provide an accelerating / decelerating gradient of 30 MV/m. We have performed beam dynamics simulations showing that the modulator can provide ± 30MeV of beam energy change, with an energy spread of 3 MeV for a 7 mm long (full length) proton bunch. A prototype experiment of a single cell is in preparation at the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC.
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
On the ion accelerator, transverse emittance diagnostics usually happens at the low-energy transportation region, one device named "Allison Scanner" is commonly used to achieve this goal. In this contribution, we present the software development for both the high-level GUI application and the online data analysis, to help the users to get the beam transverse emittance information as precise and efficient as possible, meanwhile, the entire workflow including the UI interaction would be smooth and friendly enough. One soft-IOC application has been created for the device simulation and application development. A dedicated 2D image data visualization widget is also introduced for general-purposed PyQt GUI development.
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA
Beam halo includes the part of beam that ends up outside of the phase space of the main beam core. It can arise from field emission in the gun and accelerating structures (dark current) and be emitted independently in time and space from the photoelectric emission at the cathode generated by the drive laser. In order to fully understand and characterize the beam halo, Euclid is developing an iris diaphragm detector that allows the beam core to pass without interception, while the halo is collimated. The detector can also work for beam profile measurements. This paper discusses about the recent studies on the iris detector.
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA
Recently, gradients on the order of 1 GV/m level have been obtained in a form of single cycle (~1 ps) THz pulses produced by conversion of a high peak power laser radiation in nonlinear crystals (~1 mJ, 1 ps, up to 3% conversion efficiency). These pulses however are broadband (0.1-5 THz) and therefore a new accelerating structure type is required. For electron beam acceleration with such pulses we propose arrays of parabolic focusing micro-mirrors with common central. These novel structures could be produced by a femtosecond laser ablation system developed at Euclid Techlabs. This technology had already been tested for production of several millimeters long, multi-cell structure which has been testing with electron beam. We also propose using of structures where necessary GV/m E-fields are excited by a drive bunch travelling in the corrugated waveguide. The radiated by drive bunch sequence of short range delayed wakes are guided in this case by metallic disks and reflected back being focused exactly at time when the witness bunch arrives.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
SLAC’s ACE3P code suite is developed to harness the power of massively parallel computers to tackle large complex problems with increased memory and solve them at greater speed. ACE3P parallel multi-physics codes are based on higher-order finite elements for superior geometry fidelity and better solution accuracy. ACE3P consists of an integrated set of electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical solvers for accelerator modeling and virtual prototyping. The use of ACE3P has contributed to the design and optimization of existing and future accelerator projects around the world. Multi-physics analysis on high performance computing (HPC) platform enables thermal-mechanical simulations of largescale systems such as the LCLS-II cryomodule. Recently, new capabilities have been added to ACE3P including a nonlinear eigenvalue solver for calculating mode damping, a moving window for pulse propagation in the time domain to reduce computational cost, thin layer coating representation using a surface impedance model, and improved boundary conditions using perfectly matched layers (PML) to terminate wave propagation. These new developments are presented in this paper.
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA