IPAC2022 - Classification: MC8: Applications of Accelerators, Technology Transfer and Industrial Relations / U01: Medical Applications

Paper	Title	Page
TUOZGD2	A Compact Synchrotron for Advanced Cancer Therapy with Helium and Proton Beams	811
THPOMS021	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	M. Vretenar, M.E. Angoletta, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, L. Bottura, K. Paļskis, R.L. Taylor, G. Tranquille CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland E. Benedetto SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland G. Bisoffi INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy M. Sapinski PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Recent years have seen an increased interest in the use of helium for radiation therapy of cancer. Helium ions can be more precisely delivered to the tumour than protons or carbon ions, presently the only beams licensed for treatment, with a biological effectiveness between the two. The accelerator required for helium is considerably smaller than a standard carbon ion synchrotron. To exploit the potential of helium therapy and of other emerging particle therapy techniques, in the framework of the Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) at CERN the design of a compact synchrotron optimised for acceleration of proton and helium beams has been investigated. The synchrotron is based on a new magnet design, profits from a novel injector linac, and can provide both slow and fast extraction for conventional and FLASH therapy. Production of mini-beams, and operation with multiple ions for imaging and treatment are also considered. This accelerator is intended to become the main element of a facility devoted to a programme of cancer research and treatment with proton and helium beams, to both cure patients and contribute to the assessment of helium beams as a new tool to fight cancer.
	Slides TUOZGD2 [1.940 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZGD2
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUOZGD3	Rapid RF-Driven 3D Pencil Beam Scanning for Proton Therapy
	E.J.C. Snively, V.A. Dolgashev, G.P. Le Sage, Z. Li, E.A. Nanni, D.T. Palmer, S.G. Tantawi SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA B.A. Faddegon, J.R. Mendez UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA M. Pankuch Northwestern University, Northwester Medicine Proton Center, Warrenville, Illinois, USA R.W. Schulte LLU, Loma Linda, USA
	Funding: This research has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-C02-76SF00515. We report on the development of a 2.856 GHz accelerator system to provide energy modulation and RF-based steering for rapid 3-D beam scanning for proton therapy. Designs for the accelerator and deflector cavities have been modeled in ANSYS-HFSS and used to produce prototype structures. We present high power test results for a single cell energy modulator prototype and a three cell deflector prototype. Using General Particle Tracer, we simulate proton beam transport through the fully rendered accelerator and deflector beamline. System performance is optimized for the case of sub-relativistic protons with 230 MeV kinetic energy and covers an energy modulation range of ±30 MeV. We present simulated beam profile data after energy modulation and lateral steering, achieved using a combination of dynamic RF deflector cavities and static permanent magnet quadrupoles.
	Slides TUOZGD3 [2.148 MB]
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOST005	Tracking Dynamic Aperture in the iRCMS Hadrontherapy Synchrotron	2442
	F. Méot, P.N. Joshi, N. Tsoupas BNL, Upton, New York, USA J.P. Lidestri, M.R. Subramanian Best Medical International, Springfield, USA
	Funding: Work supported by a TSA between Best Medical International and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Dynamic aperture (DA) studies which are part of the ion Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron (iRCMS) lattice design have been undertaken. They are aimed at supporting on-going plans to launch the production of the six magnetic sectors which comprise the iRCMS racetrack arcs. The main bend magnetic gap is tight, so allowing smaller volume magnets and resulting in a compact ring. The DA happens to be commensurate with the mechanical aperture, thus tracking accuracy is in order. In that aim, DA tracking uses the OPERA field maps of the six 60 degree magnetic sectors of the arcs. Simulation outcomes are summarized here.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST005
About •	Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS001	TURBO: A Novel Beam Delivery System Enabling Rapid Depth Scanning for Charged Particle Therapy	2929
	J.S.L. Yap, S.L. Sheehy The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia R.B. Appleby, H.X.Q. Norman, A.F. Steinberg UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Charged particle therapy (CPT) is a well-established modality of cancer treatment and is increasing in worldwide presence due to improved accelerator technology and modern techniques. The beam delivery system (BDS) determines the overall timing and beam shaping capabilities, but is restricted by the energy variation speed: energy layer switching time (ELST). Existing treatment beamlines have a ±1% momentum acceptance range, needing time to change the magnetic fields as the beam is delivered in layers at various depths across the tumour volume. Minimising the ELST can enable the delivery of faster, more effective and advanced treatments but requires an improved BDS. A possibility for this could be achieved with a design using Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) optics, enabling a large energy acceptance to rapidly transport beams of varying energies. A scaled-down, novel system - Technology for Ultra Rapid Beam Operation (TURBO) - is being developed at the University of Melbourne, to explore the potential of rapid depth scanning. Initial simulation studies, beam and field measurements, project plans and clinical considerations are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS001
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS002	Gantry Beamline and Rotator Commissioning at the Medaustron Ion Therapy Center	2933
	M.T.F. Pivi, L. Adler, G. Guidoboni, G. Kowarik, C. Kurfürst, C. Maderböck, D.A. Prokopovich, I. Strašík EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria G. Kowarik GKMT Consulting, Consulting and Project Management, Vienna, Austria M. Pavlovič STU, Bratislava, Slovak Republic M.G. Pullia CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy V. Rizzoglio PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator located in Austria, delivers proton beams in the energy range 60-250 MeV/n and carbon ions 120-400 MeV/n for medical treatment in two irradiation rooms, clinically used for tumor therapy. Proton beams up to 800 MeV/n are also provided to a room dedicated to scientific research. Over the last two years, in parallel to clinical operations, we have completed the installation and commissioning of the gantry beam line in a dedicated room, ready for the first patient treatment in early 2022. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the MedAustron gantry beam commissioning including the world-wide first ’rotator’ system, a rotating beamline located upstream of the gantry and used to match the slowly extracted non-symmetric beams into the coordinate system of the gantry. Using the rotator, all beam parameters at the location of the patient become independent of the gantry rotation angle. Furthermore, both the gantry and the high energy transfer line optics had to be redesigned and adapted to the rotator-mode of operation. A review of the beam commissioning including technical solutions, main results and reference measurements is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS002
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS003	Upgrade of a Proton Therapy Eye Treatment Nozzle Using a Cylindrical Beam Stopping Device for Enhanced Dose Rate Performances	2937
SUSPMF124	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, E. Ramoisiaux, R. Tesse, M. Vanwelde ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium C. Hernalsteens CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Proton therapy is a well established treatment method for ocular cancerous diseases. General-purpose multi-room systems which comprise eye-treatment beamlines must be thoroughly optimized to achieve the performances of fully dedicated systems in terms of depth-dose distal fall-off, lateral penumbra, and dose rate. For eye-treatment beamlines, the dose rate is one of the most critical clinical performances, as it directly defines the delivery time of a given treatment session. This delivery time must be kept as low as possible to reduce uncertainties due to undesired patient movement. We propose an alternative design of the Ion Beam Applications (IBA) Proteus Plus (P+) eye treatment beamline, which combines a beam-stopping device with the already existing scattering features of the beamline. The design is modelled with Beam Delivery SIMulation (BDSIM), a Geant4-based particle tracking and beam-matter interactions Monte-Carlo code, to demonstrate that it increases the maximum achievable dose rate by up to a factor §I{3} compared to the baseline configuration. An in-depth study of the system is performed and the resulting dosimetric properties are discussed in detail.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS003
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS004	Achromatic Gantry Design Using Fixed-Field Spiral Combined-Function Magnets	2941
	R. Tesse, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, E. Ramoisiaux, M. Vanwelde ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium C. Hernalsteens CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Arc-therapy and flash therapy are promising proton therapy treatment modalities as they enable further sparing of the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor site. They impose strong constraints on the beam delivery system and rotating gantry structure, in particular in providing high dose rate and fast energy scanning. Fixed-field achromatic transport lattices potentially satisfy both constraints in allowing instant energy modulation and sufficient transmission efficiency while providing a compact footprint. The presented design study uses fixed-field magnets with spiral edges respecting the FFA scaling law. The cell structure and the layout are studied in simulation and integrated in a compact gantry. Results and further optimizations are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS004
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS005	Lab-Industry Collaboration: Industrialisation of A Novel Non-Interceptive Turn-Key Diagnostic System for Medical Applications	2945
	S. Srinivasan, H. Bayle, E.T. Touzain BERGOZ Instrumentation, Saint Genis Pouilly, France D. Bisiach, M. Cargnelutti, K. Roskar I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia P.-A. Duperrex PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	A novel non-interceptive beam current monitor prototype was successfully developed to measure the ultra-low beam currents (0.1-10 nA) with a 1 Hz measurement bandwidth at the Paul Scherrer Institute’s (PSI’s) proton radiation therapy facility, PROSCAN. The monitor resonance frequency is tuned to a harmonic of the beam pulse repetition rate, enabling a larger signal-to-noise ratio compared to those of broadband systems. Since the tuned frequency certainly differs for other facilities, such a system requires customisation. To enhance the application of the monitor to a turn-key system, a fast digitiser solution allowing (1 kHz data rate) streaming of measurements to various Control Systems is of importance as well. In this paper, we report on the industrial challenges associated, such as quality, reliability, repeatability and customisability, online monitoring, turn-key system, etc. in manufacturing a working novel prototype from a research environment. A fruitful collaboration between PSI, Bergoz Instrumentation, and Instrumentation Technologies is foreseen to make it happen, from a first-of-a-kind industrialised product to be tested in the lab, to a product line in a catalogue.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS005
About •	Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS006	A Carbon Minibeam Irradiation Facility Concept	2947
	M. Mayerhofer, G. Dollinger, M.A. Sammer Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany V. Bencini CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	In minibeam therapy, the sparing of deep-seated normal tissue is limited by transverse beam spread caused by small-angle scattering. Contrary to proton minibeams, helium or carbon minibeams experience less deflection, which potentially reduces side effects. To verify this potential, an irradiation facility for preclinical and clinical studies is needed. This manuscript presents a concept for a carbon minibeam irradiation facility based on a LINAC design for conventional carbon therapy. A quadrupole triplet focuses the LINAC beam to submillimeter minibeams. A scanning and a dosimetry unit are provided to move the minibeam over the target and monitor the applied dose. The beamline was optimized by TRAVEL simulations. The interaction between beam and these components and the resulting beam parameters at the focal plane is evaluated by TOPAS simulations. A transverse beamwidth of < 100 µm (σ) and a peak-to-valley (energy) dose ratio of > 1000 results for carbon energies of 100 MeV/u and 430 MeV/u (about 3 cm and 30 cm range in water) whereby the average beam current is about 30 nA. Therefore, the presented irradiation facility exceeds the requirements for hadron minibeam therapy.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS006
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS007	Beam Diagnostics for FLASH RT in the Varian ProBeam System	2951
	M. Schedler, S. Busold VMS-PT, Troisdorf, Germany M. Bräuer Siemens Med, Erlangen, Germany
	FLASH RT is a novel ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy technique with the potential of sparing radiation induced damages to healthy tissue while keeping tumor control unchanged. Recent studies indicate that this so-called FLASH effect occurs when applying high doses of several Grays in a fraction of a second only, and thus significantly faster than with conventionally available radiation therapy systems today. Varian’s ProBeam system has been enabled to deliver ultra-high beam currents for FLASH treatments at 250 MeV beam energy. The first clinical trial is currently conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and all involved human patients have been successfully irradiated at FLASH dose rates, operating the system at cw cyclotron beam currents of up to 400 nA. With these modifications, treatment times could be reduced down to less than a second. First automated switching between conventional and FLASH operation modes has been demonstrated in non-clinical environment, including switching of the dose monitor system characteristics and all involved beam diagnostics. Furthermore, for an improved online beam current control system with full control over dose rate in addition to dose Varian has demonstrated first promising results that may improve future applications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS007
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS008	Physics Design of Electron Flash Radiation Therapy Bemaline at PITZ	2954
	X.-K. Li, Z. Aboulbanine, Z. Amirkhanyan, M. Groß, M. Krasilnikov, A. Lueangaramwong, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, S. Philipp, H.J. Qian, F. Stephan DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany G. Loisch, F. Obier, M. Schmitz DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) is preparing an R&D platform for electron FLASH radiotherapy, very high energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy and radiation biology based on its unique beam parameters: ps scale bunches with up to 5 nC bunch charge at MHz bunch repetition rate in bunch trains of up to 1 ms in length repeating at 10 Hz. This platform is called FLASHlab@PITZ. The PITZ beam is routinely accelerated to 22 MeV, with a possible upgrade to 250 MeV for VHEE radiotherapy in the future. The 22 MeV beam will be used for dosimetry experiments and studying biological effects in thin samples in the next years. A new beamline to extract and match the beam to the experimental station is under physics design. The main features include: an achromatic dogleg to extract the beam from the PITZ beamline; a sweeper to scan the beam across the sample within 1 ms for tumor painting studies; and an imaging system to keep the beam size small at the sample after scattering in the exit window while maintaining the scan range of the sweeper. In this paper, the beam dynamics with bunch charges from 10 pC to 5 nC in and the preparation of the new beamline will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS008
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS011	Beam Optics Studies for a Novel Gantry for Hadrontherapy	2962
	E. Felcini, G. Frisella, A. Mereghetti, M.G. Pullia, S. Savazzi CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy E. Benedetto SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland M.T.F. Pivi EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
	Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus). The design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4T. We performed parallel-to-point and point-to-point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS011
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS012	Explorative Studies of an Innovative Superconducting Gantry	2966
	M.G. Pullia, M. Donetti, E. Felcini, G. Frisella, A. Mereghetti, A. Mirandola, A. Pella, S. Savazzi CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy E. Benedetto SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland L. Dassa, M. Karppinen, D. Perini, D. Tommasini, M. Vretenar CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland E. De Matteis, L. Rossi INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy C. Kurfürst, M.T.F. Pivi, M. Stock EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria S. Mariotto, M. Prioli INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy L. Piacentini, A. Ratkus, T. Torims, J. Vilcans Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia L. Sabbatini, A. Vannozzi LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy S. Uberti Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
	Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus). The Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (HITRIplus) is a European project that aims to integrate and propel research and technologies related to cancer treatment with heavy ions beams. Among the ambitious goals of the project, a specific work package includes the design of a gantry for carbon ions, based on superconducting magnets. The first milestone to achieve is the choice of the fundamental gantry parameters, namely the beam optics layout, the superconducting magnet technology, and the main user requirements. Starting from a reference 3T design, the collaboration widely explored dozens of possible gantry configurations at 4T, aiming to find the best compromise in terms of footprint, capital cost, and required R&D. We present here a summary of these configurations, underlying the initial correlation between the beam optics, the mechanics, and the main superconducting dipoles design: the bending field (up to 4 T), combined function features (integrated quadrupole), magnet aperture (up to 90 mm), and angular length (30°-45°). The resulting main parameters are then listed, compared, and used to drive the choice of the best gantry layout to be developed in HITRIplus.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS012
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS013	Electron Gun System Design for FLASH Radiotherapy	2970
	H.-S. Lee, J.H. Jang, K.Y. Jang, J.C. Koo, H.S. Shin, D.H. Yu VITZRONEXTECH, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea D.H. An, S.H. Choi, K.U. Kang, G.B. Kim, J.H. Kim KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea Y.G. Son PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea
	An electron gun is a device that emits electron beams used in an electron accelerator, an electron beam welder, an x-ray generator, etc. This device can be broadly divided into three components: a cathode, a grid, and an anode. A medical electron gun, which is a sub-system of an electron accelerator for FLASH radiotherapy, requires a high current. The electron gun was designed to obtain a peak current up to 15A using EIMAC Y824 cathode. We would like to introduce the structure of the electron gun and the required power supply system. In this paper, we will describe the optimization process of the electron gun structure design, the Marx-type power supply providing 200 kV pulse voltage, and the grid pulse power supply ranging from 1ns to 1.5 ’s. Electron gun design, Accelerator, Radiotherapy, High Current
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS013
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS015	New Design of Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	2973
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. A design of 230 MeV proton cyclotron for proton therapy, using this approach is presented. The cyclotron is one of the line of cyclotrons from 15 to 230 MeV, that uses same magnet field level and RF frequency and utilises many identical solutions within the lineup to make it cheaper to produce and run.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS015
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS016	A New Design of PET Cyclotron	2977
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. 15 MeV cyclotron for PET (and other) isotopes production are widely used and in very high demand. In this paper a design of a very compact and cheap to build and to run cyclotron is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS016
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS017	MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	2981
	O. Karamyshev, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, G.A. Karamysheva, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Superconducting cyclotron MSC230 is dedicated for acceleration the proton beam to 230 MeV for medico-biological research. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Extraction is carried out by an electrostatic deflector located in the gap between sectors and two passive magnetic channels. The current status of the project is discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS017
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS018	Study of Coil Configuration and Local Optics Effects for the GaToroid Ion Gantry Design	2984
	E. Oponowicz, L. Bottura, Y. Dutheil, A. Gerbershagen, A. Haziot CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: Project co-funded by the CERN Budget for Knowledge Transfer to Medical Applications. GaToroid, a novel configuration for hadron therapy gantry, is based on superconducting coils that gen- erate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam onto the patient. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it is not limited to specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case in accelerator physics. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system. It automatically determines the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyses three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first- order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS018
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS019	Slow Extraction Modelling for NIMMS Hadron Therapy Synchrotrons	2988
SUSPMF125	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	R.L. Taylor CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland E. Benedetto, M. Sapinski SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland J. Pasternak Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
	Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus). The Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) is an umbrella R&D programme for CERN accelerator technologies targeting advanced accelerator options for proton and light ion therapy. In collaboration with the European program HITRIplus, one area of study is slow extraction which is required to deliver a uniform beam spill for radiotherapy treatment. Several techniques use the third-order resonance to extract hadrons; these include betatron core driven extraction and radiofrequency knock-out. Flexible simulations tools using these techniques were prepared and initially benchmarked with results from the literature that used the Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) design. The limits of the current PIMMS design were then pushed to evaluate its compatibility to deliver >10x higher intensity ion beams, and using increased extraction rates.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS019
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS020	Beam Optics Study for a Potential VHEE Beam Delivery System	2992
	C.S. Robertson, P. Burrows JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom M. Dosanjh, A. Gerbershagen, A. Latina CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	VHEE (Very High Energy Electron) therapy can be superior to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of deep seated tumours, whilst not necessarily requiring the space and cost of proton or heavy ion facilities. Developments in high gradient RF technology have allowed electrons to be accelerated to VHEE energies in a compact space, meaning that treatment could be possible with a shorter linac. A crucial component of VHEE treatment is the transfer of the beam from accelerator to patient. This is required to magnify the beam to cover the transverse extent of the tumour, whilst ensuring a uniform beam distribution. Two principle methodologies for the design of a compact transfer line are presented. The first of these is based upon a quadrupole lattice and optical magnification of beam size. A minimisation algorithm is used to enforce certain criteria on the beam distribution at the patient, defining the lattice through an automated routine. Separately, a dual scattering-foil based system is also presented, which uses similar algorithms for the optimisation of the foil geometry in order to achieve the desired beam shape at the patient location.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS020
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS022	Production of Radioisotopes for Cancer Imaging and Treatment with Compact Linear Accelerators	2996
	M. Vretenar, A. Mamaras CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland G. Bisoffi INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy P. Foka GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics. Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular those produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS022
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS023	Design of the 590 MeV Proton Beamline for the Proposed TATTOOS Isotope Production Target at PSI	3000
SUSPMF126	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	M. Hartmann, D.C. Kiselev, D. Reggiani, M. Seidel, J. Snuverink, H. Zhang PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target Technologies) is a proposed initiative envisaged for the high-intensity proton accelerator facility (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). As part of IMPACT, a radioisotope target station, TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions) will allow the production of terbium radionuclides for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The proposed TATTOOS beamline and target will be located near the UCN (Ultra Cold Neutron source) target area, branching off from the main UCN beamline. In particular, the beamline is intended to operate at a beam intensity of 100 µA, requiring a continuous splitting of the main beam via an electrostatic splitter. Realistic beam loss simulations to verify safe operation have been performed and optimised using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM), a Geant4 based tool enabling the simulation of beam transportation through magnets and particle passage through the accelerator. In this study, beam profiles, beam transmission and power deposits are generated and studied.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS023
About •	Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 31 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS024	A Novel Intensity Compensation Method to Achieve Energy Independent Beam Intensity at the Patient Location for Cyclotron Based Proton Therapy Facilities	3004
	V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross) In cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, an energy selection system is typically used to lower beam energy from the fixed value provided by the accelerator (250/230MeV) to the one needed for the treatment (230-70MeV). Such a system has drawback of introducing an energy-dependent beam current at the patient location, resulting in energy-dependent beam intensity ratios of about 10³ between high and low energies. This complicates treatment delivery and challenges patient safety systems. As such, we propose the use of a dual-energy degrader method that can reduce beam intensity for high-energy beams. The first degrader is made of high Z material and the second is made of low Z material and are placed next to each other. For high energies (230-180MeV), we use only first degrader to increase beam emittance after degrader and thus lose intensity in emittance selection collimators. For intermediate energy beams (180-100MeV) we use the combination of both degraders, whereas for low energy beams (100-70MeV), only the second degrader limits the increase in emittance. With this approach, energy-independent beam intensities can be achieved, whilst localizing beam losses around the degrader.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS024
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS025	A Novel Method of Emittance Matching to Increase Beam Transmission for Cyclotron Based Proton Therapy Facilities: Simulation Study	3007
SUSPMF127	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross) In proton therapy, high dose rates can reduce treatment delivery times, allowing for efficient mitigation of tumor motion and increased patient throughput. With cyclotrons, however, high dose rates are difficult to achieve for low-energies as, typically, the emittance after the degrader is matched in both transversal planes using circular collimators, which does not provide an optimal matching to the acceptance of the following beamline. Transmission can however be substantially improved by transporting maximum acceptable emittances in both orthogonal planes, but at the cost of gantry angle-dependent beam shapes at isocenter. Here we demonstrate that equal emittances in both planes can be recovered at the gantry entrance using a thin scattering foil, thus ensuring gantry angle-independent beam shapes at the isocenter. We demonstrate experimentally that low-energy beam transmission can be increased by a factor of 3 using this approach compared to the currently used beam optics, whilst gantry angle-independent beam shapes are preserved. We expect that this universal approach could also bring a similar transmission improvement in other cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS025
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS026	Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Beam in Phantom Water for Radiotherapy Application	3011
SUSPMF128	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	P. Apiwattanakul, C. Phueng-ngern, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand P. Lithanatudom IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand P. Nimmanpipug, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand
	Radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment that can control the growth of cancer cells. There is a hypothesis suggests that secondary electrons with an energy of a few eV produced from RT play an important role on cancer’s DNA strand break. In this study, the Monte Carlo simulation of electron beam irradiation in phantom water is performed to investigate the production of low-energy electrons. Electron beams produced from an radio-frequency linear accelerator (RF linac) are used in this study. The accelerator can generate the electron beam with adjustable energy of up to 4 MeV and adjustable repetition rate of up to 200 Hz. With these properties, the electron dose can be varied. We used ASTRA software to simulate the electron beam dynamics in the accelerator and GEANT4 toolkit for studying interactions of electrons in water. The energy of electrons decreases from MeV scale to keV-eV scale as they travel in the water. From simulations, the dose distribution and depth in phantom water were obtained for the electron dose of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, and 50 Gy. Further study on effect of low-energy electron beam with these dose values on cancer DNAs will be performed with GEANT4-DNA simulation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS026
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS028	Performance Study of the NIMMS Superconducting Compact Synchrotron for Ion Therapy with Strongly Curved Magnets	3014
SUSPMF129	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	H.X.Q. Norman, R.B. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom E. Benedetto SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland M. Karppinen CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland H.L. Owen STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom H.L. Owen Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom S.L. Sheehy The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
	Delivery of heavy ion therapy currently utilises normal conducting synchrotrons. For the future generation of clini- cal facilities, the accelerator footprint must be reduced while adopting beam intensities above 1 × 10¹⁰ particles per spill for more efficient, effective treatment. The Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) is investigating the feasibility of a compact (27 m circumference) superconducting synchrotron, based on 90° alternating-gradient, canted-cosine-theta mag- nets to meet these criteria. The understanding of the impact of the higher order multipole fields of these magnets on the beam dynamics of the ring is crucial for optimisation of the design and to assess its performance for treatment. We analyse the electromagnetic model of a curved superconducting magnet to extract its non-linear components. Preliminary as- sessment is performed using MADX/PTC. Further scope, involving cross-referencing with other particle tracking codes, is discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS028
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS029	Testing the Properties of Beam-Dose Monitors for VHEE-FLASH Radiation Therapy	3018
	J.J. Bateman, P. Burrows, L.A. Dyks JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom R. Corsini, M. Dosanjh, W. Farabolini, A. Gerbershagen, N. Heracleous, P. Korysko, S. Morales Vigo, V. Rieker, B. Salvachúa, M. Silari, G. Zorloni CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland F. Murtas LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
	Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) of 50 - 250 MeV are an attractive choice for FLASH radiation therapy (RT). Before VHEE-FLASH RT can be considered for clinical use, a reliable dosimetric and beam monitoring system needs to be developed, able to measure the dose delivered to the patient in real-time and cut off the beam in the event of a machine fault to prevent overdosing the patient. Ionisation chambers are the standard monitors in conventional RT; however, their response saturates at the high dose rates required for FLASH. Therefore, a new dosimetry method is needed that can provide reliable measurements of the delivered dose in these conditions. Experiments using 200 MeV electrons were done at the CLEAR facility at CERN to investigate the properties of detectors such as diamond beam loss detectors, GEM foil detectors, and Timepix3 ASIC chips. From the tests, the GEM foil proved to be the most promising.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS029
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS030	Updates, Status and Experiments of CLEAR, the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research	3022
	P. Korysko Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom J.J. Bateman, C.S. Robertson JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom R. Corsini, M. Dosanjh, L.A. Dyks, A. Gilardi, V. Rieker CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland W. Farabolini CEA-DRF-IRFU, France K.N. Sjobak University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
	The CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) at CERN is a test facility using a 200 MeV electron beam. In 2020 and 2021, a few hardware upgrades were done: comparators for position measurements were added on components, the in-air experimental area was re-arranged in order to provide more space, a robotic system was built to enable remote samples manipulations for irradiation studies, the BPM reading system was optimized and the laser double-bunch system implemented to allow for a doubling of the electron bunch frequency from 1.5 GHz to 3 GHz. In the paper, we describe such improvements, we outline the experimental activities during 2021 and illustrate the diverse program for the next 4 years, including high doses’ irradiation studies for medical applications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS030
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS031	VHEE High Dose Rate Dosimetry Studies in CLEAR	3026
	V. Rieker, R. Corsini, L.A. Dyks CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland J.J. Bateman JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom W. Farabolini CEA-DRF-IRFU, France P. Korysko Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
	The 200 MeV electron beam of the CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) user facility at CERN has been intensively used to study the potential use of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) in cancer radiotherapy. In particular, irradiation tests have been performed in the high dose rate regime, which has gained a lot of interest for the so called FLASH biological effect, in which cancer cells are damaged while healthy tissue is largely spared. High dose rate dosimetry, though, poses a number of challenges: to validate standard or new methods of passive dosimetry, like radiochromic films and alanine pellets, and especially to develop new methods for real-time dosimetry since the normally used ionization chambers suffer from non-linear effects at high dose rates. In this paper we describe the results of experimental activities at CLEAR aimed at developing solid, high-dose rate dosimetry standards adapted to VHEE beams.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS031
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS032	Advances in the Optimization of Medical Accelerators	3030
	C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 675265. Between 2016 and 2020, 15 Fellows have carried out collaborative research within the 4 Mâ¬ Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) EU-funded innovative train-ing network. Based at universities, research and clinical facilities, as well as industry partners in several European countries, the Fellows have successfully developed a range of beam and patient imaging techniques, improved biological and physical models in Monte Carlo codes, and also helped improve the design of existing and future clinical facilities. This contribution presents three selected OMA research highlights: the use of Medipix3 for dosimetry and real-time beam monitoring, studies into the technical challenges for FLASH proton therapy, recognized by the European Journal of Medical Physics’ 2021 Galileo Gali-lei Award, and research into novel monitors for in-vivo dosimetry that emerged on the back of the OMA network.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS032
About •	Received ※ 05 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS033	Design and Optimisation of a Stationary Chest Tomosynthesis System with Multiple Flat Panel Field Emitter Arrays: Monte Carlo Simulations and Computer Aided Designs	3034
	T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom T.G. Primidis King’s College London, London, United Kingdom V. Soloviev, S.G. Wells Adaptix Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
	Funding: Funded by the Accelerators for Security, Healthcare and Environment Centre for Doctoral Training of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ST/R002142/1 Digital tomosynthesis (DT) allows 3D imaging by using a ~30° range of projections instead of a full circle as in computed tomography (CT). Patient doses can be ~10 times lower than CT and similar to 2D radiography but diagnostic ability is significantly better than 2D radiography and can approach that of CT. Moreover, cold-cathode field emission technology allows the integration of 10s of X-ray sources into source arrays that are smaller and lighter than conventional X-ray tubes. The distributed source positions avoid the need for source movements and Adaptix Ltd has demonstrated stationary 3D imaging with this technology in dentistry, orthopaedics, veterinary medicine and non-destructive testing. In this work we present Monte Carlo simulations of an upgrade to the Adaptix technology to specifications suited for chest DT and we show computer aided designs for a system with various populations of these source arrays. We conclude that stationary arrays of cold-cathode X-ray sources could replace movable X-ray tubes for 3D imaging and different arrangements of many such arrays could be used to tailor the X-ray fields to different patient size and diagnostic objective.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS033
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS035	First Production of Astatine-211 at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at UC Davis	3038
	E. Prebys, D.A. Cebra, R.B. Kibbee, L.M. Korkeila, K.S. Stewart UCD, Davis, California, USA M.R. Backfish UC Davis, Davis, USA
	Funding: This work partially supported by the US DOE under contract DE-SC0020407 There is a great deal of interest in the medical community in the use of the alpha-emitter At-211 as a therapeutic isotope. Among other things, its 7.2 hour half life is long enough to allow for recovery and labeling, but short enough to avoid long term activity in patients. Unfortunately, the only practical technique for its production is to bombard a Bi-209 target with a ~29 MeV alpha beam, so it is not accessible to commercial isotope production facilities, which all use fixed energy proton beams. The US Department of Energy is therefore supporting the development of a "University Isotope Network" (UIN) to satisfy this need. As part of this effort, we have developed an At-211 production facility using the variable-energy, multi-species cyclotron at Crocker Nuclear Lab the University of California, Davis. This effort relies on a beam probe which has been modified to serve as an internal Bi-209 target, to avoid problems with alpha particle extraction efficiency. This poster will data on the first production and recovery of At-211 using this system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS035
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS049	Energy Comparison of Room Temperature and Superconducting Synchrotrons for Hadron Therapy	3080
	G. Bisoffi INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy E. Benedetto, M. Karppinen, M.R. Khalvati, M. Vretenar, R. van Weelderen CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland M.G. Pullia, G. Venchi CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy L. Rossi INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy M. Sapinski PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland M. Sorbi Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy R.U. Valente La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	The yearly energy requirements of normal conducting (NC) and superconducting (SC) magnet options of a new hadron therapy (HT) facility are compared. Special reference is made to the layouts considered for the proposed SEEIIST facility. Benchmarking with the NC CNAO HT centre in Pavia (Italy) was carried out. The energy comparison is centred on the different synchrotron solutions, assuming the same injector and lines in the designs. The beam current is more than a factor 10 higher with respect to present generation facilities. This allows efficient ’multi-energy extraction’ (MEE), which shortens the therapy treatment and is needed especially in the SC option, because of the slow magnet ramping time. Hence, power values of the facility in the traditional mode were converted into MEE ones, for the sake of a fair stepwise comparison between NC and SC magnets. The use of cryocoolers and a liquefier are also compared, for synchrotron refrigeration. This study shows that a NC facility operated in MEE mode requires the least average energy, followed by the SC synchrotron solution with a liquefier, while the most energy intensive solution is the SC one with cryocoolers.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS049
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

FRPLYGD2	Access to Effective Cancer Care in Low- Middle Income Countries Requires Sophisticated Linear Accelerator Based Radiotherapy	3147
	M. Dosanjh CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	There are substantial and growing gaps in cancer care for millions of people in Low- Middle- Income countries (LMICs) and for geographically remote settings in High-income countries (HICs), often indigenous populations. Assessing the cancer care shortfall led to understanding the essential gap, that of a radiation therapy machine that can reliably and effectively provide the appropriate first-rate cancer treatments within the challenging environments. More than 10,000 electron linear accelerators (linacs) are currently used worldwide to treat patients. However only 10% of patients in low-income and 40% in middle-income countries who need radiotherapy have access to it. The idea to address the need for a novel medical linac for challenging environments has led to the creation of the STELLA project (Smart Technology to Extend Lives with Linear Accelerators) project. STELLA is multidisciplinary international collaborative effort to design and develop an affordable and robust yet technically sophisticated linear accelerator-based radiation therapy treatment (RTT) in LMICs. Here we describe Project STELLA.
	Slides FRPLYGD2 [6.047 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FRPLYGD2
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Page

TUOZGD2

A Compact Synchrotron for Advanced Cancer Therapy with Helium and Proton Beams

811

THPOMS021

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

M. Vretenar, M.E. Angoletta, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, L. Bottura, K. Paļskis, R.L. Taylor, G. Tranquille
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
E. Benedetto
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
M. Sapinski
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Recent years have seen an increased interest in the use of helium for radiation therapy of cancer. Helium ions can be more precisely delivered to the tumour than protons or carbon ions, presently the only beams licensed for treatment, with a biological effectiveness between the two. The accelerator required for helium is considerably smaller than a standard carbon ion synchrotron. To exploit the potential of helium therapy and of other emerging particle therapy techniques, in the framework of the Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) at CERN the design of a compact synchrotron optimised for acceleration of proton and helium beams has been investigated. The synchrotron is based on a new magnet design, profits from a novel injector linac, and can provide both slow and fast extraction for conventional and FLASH therapy. Production of mini-beams, and operation with multiple ions for imaging and treatment are also considered. This accelerator is intended to become the main element of a facility devoted to a programme of cancer research and treatment with proton and helium beams, to both cure patients and contribute to the assessment of helium beams as a new tool to fight cancer.

Slides TUOZGD2 [1.940 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOZGD2

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUOZGD3

Rapid RF-Driven 3D Pencil Beam Scanning for Proton Therapy

E.J.C. Snively, V.A. Dolgashev, G.P. Le Sage, Z. Li, E.A. Nanni, D.T. Palmer, S.G. Tantawi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
B.A. Faddegon, J.R. Mendez
UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
M. Pankuch
Northwestern University, Northwester Medicine Proton Center, Warrenville, Illinois, USA
R.W. Schulte
LLU, Loma Linda, USA

Funding: This research has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-C02-76SF00515.
We report on the development of a 2.856 GHz accelerator system to provide energy modulation and RF-based steering for rapid 3-D beam scanning for proton therapy. Designs for the accelerator and deflector cavities have been modeled in ANSYS-HFSS and used to produce prototype structures. We present high power test results for a single cell energy modulator prototype and a three cell deflector prototype. Using General Particle Tracer, we simulate proton beam transport through the fully rendered accelerator and deflector beamline. System performance is optimized for the case of sub-relativistic protons with 230 MeV kinetic energy and covers an energy modulation range of ±30 MeV. We present simulated beam profile data after energy modulation and lateral steering, achieved using a combination of dynamic RF deflector cavities and static permanent magnet quadrupoles.

Slides TUOZGD3 [2.148 MB]

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOST005

Tracking Dynamic Aperture in the iRCMS Hadrontherapy Synchrotron

2442

F. Méot, P.N. Joshi, N. Tsoupas
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
J.P. Lidestri, M.R. Subramanian
Best Medical International, Springfield, USA

Funding: Work supported by a TSA between Best Medical International and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Dynamic aperture (DA) studies which are part of the ion Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron (iRCMS) lattice design have been undertaken. They are aimed at supporting on-going plans to launch the production of the six magnetic sectors which comprise the iRCMS racetrack arcs. The main bend magnetic gap is tight, so allowing smaller volume magnets and resulting in a compact ring. The DA happens to be commensurate with the mechanical aperture, thus tracking accuracy is in order. In that aim, DA tracking uses the OPERA field maps of the six 60 degree magnetic sectors of the arcs. Simulation outcomes are summarized here.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST005

About •

Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS001

TURBO: A Novel Beam Delivery System Enabling Rapid Depth Scanning for Charged Particle Therapy

2929

J.S.L. Yap, S.L. Sheehy
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
R.B. Appleby, H.X.Q. Norman, A.F. Steinberg
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Charged particle therapy (CPT) is a well-established modality of cancer treatment and is increasing in worldwide presence due to improved accelerator technology and modern techniques. The beam delivery system (BDS) determines the overall timing and beam shaping capabilities, but is restricted by the energy variation speed: energy layer switching time (ELST). Existing treatment beamlines have a ±1% momentum acceptance range, needing time to change the magnetic fields as the beam is delivered in layers at various depths across the tumour volume. Minimising the ELST can enable the delivery of faster, more effective and advanced treatments but requires an improved BDS. A possibility for this could be achieved with a design using Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) optics, enabling a large energy acceptance to rapidly transport beams of varying energies. A scaled-down, novel system - Technology for Ultra Rapid Beam Operation (TURBO) - is being developed at the University of Melbourne, to explore the potential of rapid depth scanning. Initial simulation studies, beam and field measurements, project plans and clinical considerations are discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS001

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS002

Gantry Beamline and Rotator Commissioning at the Medaustron Ion Therapy Center

2933

M.T.F. Pivi, L. Adler, G. Guidoboni, G. Kowarik, C. Kurfürst, C. Maderböck, D.A. Prokopovich, I. Strašík
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
G. Kowarik
GKMT Consulting, Consulting and Project Management, Vienna, Austria
M. Pavlovič
STU, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
M.G. Pullia
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
V. Rizzoglio
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator located in Austria, delivers proton beams in the energy range 60-250 MeV/n and carbon ions 120-400 MeV/n for medical treatment in two irradiation rooms, clinically used for tumor therapy. Proton beams up to 800 MeV/n are also provided to a room dedicated to scientific research. Over the last two years, in parallel to clinical operations, we have completed the installation and commissioning of the gantry beam line in a dedicated room, ready for the first patient treatment in early 2022. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the MedAustron gantry beam commissioning including the world-wide first ’rotator’ system, a rotating beamline located upstream of the gantry and used to match the slowly extracted non-symmetric beams into the coordinate system of the gantry. Using the rotator, all beam parameters at the location of the patient become independent of the gantry rotation angle. Furthermore, both the gantry and the high energy transfer line optics had to be redesigned and adapted to the rotator-mode of operation. A review of the beam commissioning including technical solutions, main results and reference measurements is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS002

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS003

Upgrade of a Proton Therapy Eye Treatment Nozzle Using a Cylindrical Beam Stopping Device for Enhanced Dose Rate Performances

2937

SUSPMF124

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, E. Ramoisiaux, R. Tesse, M. Vanwelde
ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
C. Hernalsteens
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Proton therapy is a well established treatment method for ocular cancerous diseases. General-purpose multi-room systems which comprise eye-treatment beamlines must be thoroughly optimized to achieve the performances of fully dedicated systems in terms of depth-dose distal fall-off, lateral penumbra, and dose rate. For eye-treatment beamlines, the dose rate is one of the most critical clinical performances, as it directly defines the delivery time of a given treatment session. This delivery time must be kept as low as possible to reduce uncertainties due to undesired patient movement. We propose an alternative design of the Ion Beam Applications (IBA) Proteus Plus (P+) eye treatment beamline, which combines a beam-stopping device with the already existing scattering features of the beamline. The design is modelled with Beam Delivery SIMulation (BDSIM), a Geant4-based particle tracking and beam-matter interactions Monte-Carlo code, to demonstrate that it increases the maximum achievable dose rate by up to a factor §I{3} compared to the baseline configuration. An in-depth study of the system is performed and the resulting dosimetric properties are discussed in detail.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS003

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS004

Achromatic Gantry Design Using Fixed-Field Spiral Combined-Function Magnets

2941

R. Tesse, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, N. Pauly, E. Ramoisiaux, M. Vanwelde
ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
C. Hernalsteens
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Arc-therapy and flash therapy are promising proton therapy treatment modalities as they enable further sparing of the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor site. They impose strong constraints on the beam delivery system and rotating gantry structure, in particular in providing high dose rate and fast energy scanning. Fixed-field achromatic transport lattices potentially satisfy both constraints in allowing instant energy modulation and sufficient transmission efficiency while providing a compact footprint. The presented design study uses fixed-field magnets with spiral edges respecting the FFA scaling law. The cell structure and the layout are studied in simulation and integrated in a compact gantry. Results and further optimizations are discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS004

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS005

Lab-Industry Collaboration: Industrialisation of A Novel Non-Interceptive Turn-Key Diagnostic System for Medical Applications

2945

S. Srinivasan, H. Bayle, E.T. Touzain
BERGOZ Instrumentation, Saint Genis Pouilly, France
D. Bisiach, M. Cargnelutti, K. Roskar
I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
P.-A. Duperrex
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A novel non-interceptive beam current monitor prototype was successfully developed to measure the ultra-low beam currents (0.1-10 nA) with a 1 Hz measurement bandwidth at the Paul Scherrer Institute’s (PSI’s) proton radiation therapy facility, PROSCAN. The monitor resonance frequency is tuned to a harmonic of the beam pulse repetition rate, enabling a larger signal-to-noise ratio compared to those of broadband systems. Since the tuned frequency certainly differs for other facilities, such a system requires customisation. To enhance the application of the monitor to a turn-key system, a fast digitiser solution allowing (1 kHz data rate) streaming of measurements to various Control Systems is of importance as well. In this paper, we report on the industrial challenges associated, such as quality, reliability, repeatability and customisability, online monitoring, turn-key system, etc. in manufacturing a working novel prototype from a research environment. A fruitful collaboration between PSI, Bergoz Instrumentation, and Instrumentation Technologies is foreseen to make it happen, from a first-of-a-kind industrialised product to be tested in the lab, to a product line in a catalogue.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS005

About •

Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS006

A Carbon Minibeam Irradiation Facility Concept

2947

M. Mayerhofer, G. Dollinger, M.A. Sammer
Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany
V. Bencini
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In minibeam therapy, the sparing of deep-seated normal tissue is limited by transverse beam spread caused by small-angle scattering. Contrary to proton minibeams, helium or carbon minibeams experience less deflection, which potentially reduces side effects. To verify this potential, an irradiation facility for preclinical and clinical studies is needed. This manuscript presents a concept for a carbon minibeam irradiation facility based on a LINAC design for conventional carbon therapy. A quadrupole triplet focuses the LINAC beam to submillimeter minibeams. A scanning and a dosimetry unit are provided to move the minibeam over the target and monitor the applied dose. The beamline was optimized by TRAVEL simulations. The interaction between beam and these components and the resulting beam parameters at the focal plane is evaluated by TOPAS simulations. A transverse beamwidth of < 100 µm (σ) and a peak-to-valley (energy) dose ratio of > 1000 results for carbon energies of 100 MeV/u and 430 MeV/u (about 3 cm and 30 cm range in water) whereby the average beam current is about 30 nA. Therefore, the presented irradiation facility exceeds the requirements for hadron minibeam therapy.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS006

About •

Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS007

Beam Diagnostics for FLASH RT in the Varian ProBeam System

2951

M. Schedler, S. Busold
VMS-PT, Troisdorf, Germany
M. Bräuer
Siemens Med, Erlangen, Germany

FLASH RT is a novel ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy technique with the potential of sparing radiation induced damages to healthy tissue while keeping tumor control unchanged. Recent studies indicate that this so-called FLASH effect occurs when applying high doses of several Grays in a fraction of a second only, and thus significantly faster than with conventionally available radiation therapy systems today. Varian’s ProBeam system has been enabled to deliver ultra-high beam currents for FLASH treatments at 250 MeV beam energy. The first clinical trial is currently conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and all involved human patients have been successfully irradiated at FLASH dose rates, operating the system at cw cyclotron beam currents of up to 400 nA. With these modifications, treatment times could be reduced down to less than a second. First automated switching between conventional and FLASH operation modes has been demonstrated in non-clinical environment, including switching of the dose monitor system characteristics and all involved beam diagnostics. Furthermore, for an improved online beam current control system with full control over dose rate in addition to dose Varian has demonstrated first promising results that may improve future applications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS007

About •

Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS008

Physics Design of Electron Flash Radiation Therapy Bemaline at PITZ

2954

X.-K. Li, Z. Aboulbanine, Z. Amirkhanyan, M. Groß, M. Krasilnikov, A. Lueangaramwong, R. Niemczyk, A. Oppelt, S. Philipp, H.J. Qian, F. Stephan
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
G. Loisch, F. Obier, M. Schmitz
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) is preparing an R&D platform for electron FLASH radiotherapy, very high energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy and radiation biology based on its unique beam parameters: ps scale bunches with up to 5 nC bunch charge at MHz bunch repetition rate in bunch trains of up to 1 ms in length repeating at 10 Hz. This platform is called FLASHlab@PITZ. The PITZ beam is routinely accelerated to 22 MeV, with a possible upgrade to 250 MeV for VHEE radiotherapy in the future. The 22 MeV beam will be used for dosimetry experiments and studying biological effects in thin samples in the next years. A new beamline to extract and match the beam to the experimental station is under physics design. The main features include: an achromatic dogleg to extract the beam from the PITZ beamline; a sweeper to scan the beam across the sample within 1 ms for tumor painting studies; and an imaging system to keep the beam size small at the sample after scattering in the exit window while maintaining the scan range of the sweeper. In this paper, the beam dynamics with bunch charges from 10 pC to 5 nC in and the preparation of the new beamline will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS008

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS011

Beam Optics Studies for a Novel Gantry for Hadrontherapy

2962

E. Felcini, G. Frisella, A. Mereghetti, M.G. Pullia, S. Savazzi
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
E. Benedetto
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
M.T.F. Pivi
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus).
The design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4T. We performed parallel-to-point and point-to-point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS011

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS012

Explorative Studies of an Innovative Superconducting Gantry

2966

M.G. Pullia, M. Donetti, E. Felcini, G. Frisella, A. Mereghetti, A. Mirandola, A. Pella, S. Savazzi
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
E. Benedetto
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Dassa, M. Karppinen, D. Perini, D. Tommasini, M. Vretenar
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
E. De Matteis, L. Rossi
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
C. Kurfürst, M.T.F. Pivi, M. Stock
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
S. Mariotto, M. Prioli
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
L. Piacentini, A. Ratkus, T. Torims, J. Vilcans
Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
L. Sabbatini, A. Vannozzi
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
S. Uberti
Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus).
The Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (HITRIplus) is a European project that aims to integrate and propel research and technologies related to cancer treatment with heavy ions beams. Among the ambitious goals of the project, a specific work package includes the design of a gantry for carbon ions, based on superconducting magnets. The first milestone to achieve is the choice of the fundamental gantry parameters, namely the beam optics layout, the superconducting magnet technology, and the main user requirements. Starting from a reference 3T design, the collaboration widely explored dozens of possible gantry configurations at 4T, aiming to find the best compromise in terms of footprint, capital cost, and required R&D. We present here a summary of these configurations, underlying the initial correlation between the beam optics, the mechanics, and the main superconducting dipoles design: the bending field (up to 4 T), combined function features (integrated quadrupole), magnet aperture (up to 90 mm), and angular length (30°-45°). The resulting main parameters are then listed, compared, and used to drive the choice of the best gantry layout to be developed in HITRIplus.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS012

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS013

Electron Gun System Design for FLASH Radiotherapy

2970

H.-S. Lee, J.H. Jang, K.Y. Jang, J.C. Koo, H.S. Shin, D.H. Yu
VITZRONEXTECH, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
D.H. An, S.H. Choi, K.U. Kang, G.B. Kim, J.H. Kim
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Y.G. Son
PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea

An electron gun is a device that emits electron beams used in an electron accelerator, an electron beam welder, an x-ray generator, etc. This device can be broadly divided into three components: a cathode, a grid, and an anode. A medical electron gun, which is a sub-system of an electron accelerator for FLASH radiotherapy, requires a high current. The electron gun was designed to obtain a peak current up to 15A using EIMAC Y824 cathode. We would like to introduce the structure of the electron gun and the required power supply system. In this paper, we will describe the optimization process of the electron gun structure design, the Marx-type power supply providing 200 kV pulse voltage, and the grid pulse power supply ranging from 1ns to 1.5 ’s.
Electron gun design, Accelerator, Radiotherapy, High Current

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS013

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS015

New Design of Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

2973

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. A design of 230 MeV proton cyclotron for proton therapy, using this approach is presented. The cyclotron is one of the line of cyclotrons from 15 to 230 MeV, that uses same magnet field level and RF frequency and utilises many identical solutions within the lineup to make it cheaper to produce and run.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS015

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS016

A New Design of PET Cyclotron

2977

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

An innovative approach to a design of cyclotron allows to produce cheaper and more power efficient cyclotrons for medical and industrial application. 15 MeV cyclotron for PET (and other) isotopes production are widely used and in very high demand. In this paper a design of a very compact and cheap to build and to run cyclotron is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS016

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS017

MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

2981

O. Karamyshev, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, G.A. Karamysheva, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Superconducting cyclotron MSC230 is dedicated for acceleration the proton beam to 230 MeV for medico-biological research. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Extraction is carried out by an electrostatic deflector located in the gap between sectors and two passive magnetic channels. The current status of the project is discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS017

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS018

Study of Coil Configuration and Local Optics Effects for the GaToroid Ion Gantry Design

2984

E. Oponowicz, L. Bottura, Y. Dutheil, A. Gerbershagen, A. Haziot
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: Project co-funded by the CERN Budget for Knowledge Transfer to Medical Applications.
GaToroid, a novel configuration for hadron therapy gantry, is based on superconducting coils that gen- erate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam onto the patient. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it is not limited to specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case in accelerator physics. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system. It automatically determines the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyses three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first- order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS018

About •

Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS019

Slow Extraction Modelling for NIMMS Hadron Therapy Synchrotrons

2988

SUSPMF125

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

R.L. Taylor
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
E. Benedetto, M. Sapinski
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Pasternak
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom

Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus).
The Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) is an umbrella R&D programme for CERN accelerator technologies targeting advanced accelerator options for proton and light ion therapy. In collaboration with the European program HITRIplus, one area of study is slow extraction which is required to deliver a uniform beam spill for radiotherapy treatment. Several techniques use the third-order resonance to extract hadrons; these include betatron core driven extraction and radiofrequency knock-out. Flexible simulations tools using these techniques were prepared and initially benchmarked with results from the literature that used the Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) design. The limits of the current PIMMS design were then pushed to evaluate its compatibility to deliver >10x higher intensity ion beams, and using increased extraction rates.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS019

About •

Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS020

Beam Optics Study for a Potential VHEE Beam Delivery System

2992

C.S. Robertson, P. Burrows
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
M. Dosanjh, A. Gerbershagen, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

VHEE (Very High Energy Electron) therapy can be superior to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of deep seated tumours, whilst not necessarily requiring the space and cost of proton or heavy ion facilities. Developments in high gradient RF technology have allowed electrons to be accelerated to VHEE energies in a compact space, meaning that treatment could be possible with a shorter linac. A crucial component of VHEE treatment is the transfer of the beam from accelerator to patient. This is required to magnify the beam to cover the transverse extent of the tumour, whilst ensuring a uniform beam distribution. Two principle methodologies for the design of a compact transfer line are presented. The first of these is based upon a quadrupole lattice and optical magnification of beam size. A minimisation algorithm is used to enforce certain criteria on the beam distribution at the patient, defining the lattice through an automated routine. Separately, a dual scattering-foil based system is also presented, which uses similar algorithms for the optimisation of the foil geometry in order to achieve the desired beam shape at the patient location.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS020

About •

Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS022

Production of Radioisotopes for Cancer Imaging and Treatment with Compact Linear Accelerators

2996

M. Vretenar, A. Mamaras
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
P. Foka
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics. Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular those produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS022

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS023

Design of the 590 MeV Proton Beamline for the Proposed TATTOOS Isotope Production Target at PSI

3000

SUSPMF126

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

M. Hartmann, D.C. Kiselev, D. Reggiani, M. Seidel, J. Snuverink, H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target Technologies) is a proposed initiative envisaged for the high-intensity proton accelerator facility (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). As part of IMPACT, a radioisotope target station, TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions) will allow the production of terbium radionuclides for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The proposed TATTOOS beamline and target will be located near the UCN (Ultra Cold Neutron source) target area, branching off from the main UCN beamline. In particular, the beamline is intended to operate at a beam intensity of 100 µA, requiring a continuous splitting of the main beam via an electrostatic splitter. Realistic beam loss simulations to verify safe operation have been performed and optimised using Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM), a Geant4 based tool enabling the simulation of beam transportation through magnets and particle passage through the accelerator. In this study, beam profiles, beam transmission and power deposits are generated and studied.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS023

About •

Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 31 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS024

A Novel Intensity Compensation Method to Achieve Energy Independent Beam Intensity at the Patient Location for Cyclotron Based Proton Therapy Facilities

3004

V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross)
In cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, an energy selection system is typically used to lower beam energy from the fixed value provided by the accelerator (250/230MeV) to the one needed for the treatment (230-70MeV). Such a system has drawback of introducing an energy-dependent beam current at the patient location, resulting in energy-dependent beam intensity ratios of about 10³ between high and low energies. This complicates treatment delivery and challenges patient safety systems. As such, we propose the use of a dual-energy degrader method that can reduce beam intensity for high-energy beams. The first degrader is made of high Z material and the second is made of low Z material and are placed next to each other. For high energies (230-180MeV), we use only first degrader to increase beam emittance after degrader and thus lose intensity in emittance selection collimators. For intermediate energy beams (180-100MeV) we use the combination of both degraders, whereas for low energy beams (100-70MeV), only the second degrader limits the increase in emittance. With this approach, energy-independent beam intensities can be achieved, whilst localizing beam losses around the degrader.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS024

About •

Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS025

A Novel Method of Emittance Matching to Increase Beam Transmission for Cyclotron Based Proton Therapy Facilities: Simulation Study

3007

SUSPMF127

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross)
In proton therapy, high dose rates can reduce treatment delivery times, allowing for efficient mitigation of tumor motion and increased patient throughput. With cyclotrons, however, high dose rates are difficult to achieve for low-energies as, typically, the emittance after the degrader is matched in both transversal planes using circular collimators, which does not provide an optimal matching to the acceptance of the following beamline. Transmission can however be substantially improved by transporting maximum acceptable emittances in both orthogonal planes, but at the cost of gantry angle-dependent beam shapes at isocenter. Here we demonstrate that equal emittances in both planes can be recovered at the gantry entrance using a thin scattering foil, thus ensuring gantry angle-independent beam shapes at the isocenter. We demonstrate experimentally that low-energy beam transmission can be increased by a factor of 3 using this approach compared to the currently used beam optics, whilst gantry angle-independent beam shapes are preserved. We expect that this universal approach could also bring a similar transmission improvement in other cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS025

About •

Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS026

Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Beam in Phantom Water for Radiotherapy Application

3011

SUSPMF128

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

P. Apiwattanakul, C. Phueng-ngern, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Lithanatudom
IST, Chiang Mai, Thailand
P. Nimmanpipug, S. Rimjaem, J. Saisut
ThEP Center, Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok, Thailand

Radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment that can control the growth of cancer cells. There is a hypothesis suggests that secondary electrons with an energy of a few eV produced from RT play an important role on cancer’s DNA strand break. In this study, the Monte Carlo simulation of electron beam irradiation in phantom water is performed to investigate the production of low-energy electrons. Electron beams produced from an radio-frequency linear accelerator (RF linac) are used in this study. The accelerator can generate the electron beam with adjustable energy of up to 4 MeV and adjustable repetition rate of up to 200 Hz. With these properties, the electron dose can be varied. We used ASTRA software to simulate the electron beam dynamics in the accelerator and GEANT4 toolkit for studying interactions of electrons in water. The energy of electrons decreases from MeV scale to keV-eV scale as they travel in the water. From simulations, the dose distribution and depth in phantom water were obtained for the electron dose of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, and 50 Gy. Further study on effect of low-energy electron beam with these dose values on cancer DNAs will be performed with GEANT4-DNA simulation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS026

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS028

Performance Study of the NIMMS Superconducting Compact Synchrotron for Ion Therapy with Strongly Curved Magnets

3014

SUSPMF129

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

H.X.Q. Norman, R.B. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
E. Benedetto
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Karppinen
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
H.L. Owen
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
H.L. Owen
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
S.L. Sheehy
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Delivery of heavy ion therapy currently utilises normal conducting synchrotrons. For the future generation of clini- cal facilities, the accelerator footprint must be reduced while adopting beam intensities above 1 × 10¹⁰ particles per spill for more efficient, effective treatment. The Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) is investigating the feasibility of a compact (27 m circumference) superconducting synchrotron, based on 90° alternating-gradient, canted-cosine-theta mag- nets to meet these criteria. The understanding of the impact of the higher order multipole fields of these magnets on the beam dynamics of the ring is crucial for optimisation of the design and to assess its performance for treatment. We analyse the electromagnetic model of a curved superconducting magnet to extract its non-linear components. Preliminary as- sessment is performed using MADX/PTC. Further scope, involving cross-referencing with other particle tracking codes, is discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS028

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS029

Testing the Properties of Beam-Dose Monitors for VHEE-FLASH Radiation Therapy

3018

J.J. Bateman, P. Burrows, L.A. Dyks
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
R. Corsini, M. Dosanjh, W. Farabolini, A. Gerbershagen, N. Heracleous, P. Korysko, S. Morales Vigo, V. Rieker, B. Salvachúa, M. Silari, G. Zorloni
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
F. Murtas
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy

Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) of 50 - 250 MeV are an attractive choice for FLASH radiation therapy (RT). Before VHEE-FLASH RT can be considered for clinical use, a reliable dosimetric and beam monitoring system needs to be developed, able to measure the dose delivered to the patient in real-time and cut off the beam in the event of a machine fault to prevent overdosing the patient. Ionisation chambers are the standard monitors in conventional RT; however, their response saturates at the high dose rates required for FLASH. Therefore, a new dosimetry method is needed that can provide reliable measurements of the delivered dose in these conditions. Experiments using 200 MeV electrons were done at the CLEAR facility at CERN to investigate the properties of detectors such as diamond beam loss detectors, GEM foil detectors, and Timepix3 ASIC chips. From the tests, the GEM foil proved to be the most promising.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS029

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS030

Updates, Status and Experiments of CLEAR, the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research

3022

P. Korysko
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
J.J. Bateman, C.S. Robertson
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
R. Corsini, M. Dosanjh, L.A. Dyks, A. Gilardi, V. Rieker
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
W. Farabolini
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
K.N. Sjobak
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

The CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) at CERN is a test facility using a 200 MeV electron beam. In 2020 and 2021, a few hardware upgrades were done: comparators for position measurements were added on components, the in-air experimental area was re-arranged in order to provide more space, a robotic system was built to enable remote samples manipulations for irradiation studies, the BPM reading system was optimized and the laser double-bunch system implemented to allow for a doubling of the electron bunch frequency from 1.5 GHz to 3 GHz. In the paper, we describe such improvements, we outline the experimental activities during 2021 and illustrate the diverse program for the next 4 years, including high doses’ irradiation studies for medical applications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS030

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS031

VHEE High Dose Rate Dosimetry Studies in CLEAR

3026

V. Rieker, R. Corsini, L.A. Dyks
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
J.J. Bateman
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
W. Farabolini
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
P. Korysko
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom

The 200 MeV electron beam of the CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) user facility at CERN has been intensively used to study the potential use of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) in cancer radiotherapy. In particular, irradiation tests have been performed in the high dose rate regime, which has gained a lot of interest for the so called FLASH biological effect, in which cancer cells are damaged while healthy tissue is largely spared. High dose rate dosimetry, though, poses a number of challenges: to validate standard or new methods of passive dosimetry, like radiochromic films and alanine pellets, and especially to develop new methods for real-time dosimetry since the normally used ionization chambers suffer from non-linear effects at high dose rates. In this paper we describe the results of experimental activities at CLEAR aimed at developing solid, high-dose rate dosimetry standards adapted to VHEE beams.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS031

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS032

Advances in the Optimization of Medical Accelerators

3030

C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 675265.
Between 2016 and 2020, 15 Fellows have carried out collaborative research within the 4 Mâ¬ Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) EU-funded innovative train-ing network. Based at universities, research and clinical facilities, as well as industry partners in several European countries, the Fellows have successfully developed a range of beam and patient imaging techniques, improved biological and physical models in Monte Carlo codes, and also helped improve the design of existing and future clinical facilities. This contribution presents three selected OMA research highlights: the use of Medipix3 for dosimetry and real-time beam monitoring, studies into the technical challenges for FLASH proton therapy, recognized by the European Journal of Medical Physics’ 2021 Galileo Gali-lei Award, and research into novel monitors for in-vivo dosimetry that emerged on the back of the OMA network.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS032

About •

Received ※ 05 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS033

Design and Optimisation of a Stationary Chest Tomosynthesis System with Multiple Flat Panel Field Emitter Arrays: Monte Carlo Simulations and Computer Aided Designs

3034

T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
T.G. Primidis, C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
T.G. Primidis
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
V. Soloviev, S.G. Wells
Adaptix Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom

Funding: Funded by the Accelerators for Security, Healthcare and Environment Centre for Doctoral Training of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ST/R002142/1
Digital tomosynthesis (DT) allows 3D imaging by using a ~30° range of projections instead of a full circle as in computed tomography (CT). Patient doses can be ~10 times lower than CT and similar to 2D radiography but diagnostic ability is significantly better than 2D radiography and can approach that of CT. Moreover, cold-cathode field emission technology allows the integration of 10s of X-ray sources into source arrays that are smaller and lighter than conventional X-ray tubes. The distributed source positions avoid the need for source movements and Adaptix Ltd has demonstrated stationary 3D imaging with this technology in dentistry, orthopaedics, veterinary medicine and non-destructive testing. In this work we present Monte Carlo simulations of an upgrade to the Adaptix technology to specifications suited for chest DT and we show computer aided designs for a system with various populations of these source arrays. We conclude that stationary arrays of cold-cathode X-ray sources could replace movable X-ray tubes for 3D imaging and different arrangements of many such arrays could be used to tailor the X-ray fields to different patient size and diagnostic objective.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS033

About •

Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS035

First Production of Astatine-211 at Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at UC Davis

3038

E. Prebys, D.A. Cebra, R.B. Kibbee, L.M. Korkeila, K.S. Stewart
UCD, Davis, California, USA
M.R. Backfish
UC Davis, Davis, USA

Funding: This work partially supported by the US DOE under contract DE-SC0020407
There is a great deal of interest in the medical community in the use of the alpha-emitter At-211 as a therapeutic isotope. Among other things, its 7.2 hour half life is long enough to allow for recovery and labeling, but short enough to avoid long term activity in patients. Unfortunately, the only practical technique for its production is to bombard a Bi-209 target with a ~29 MeV alpha beam, so it is not accessible to commercial isotope production facilities, which all use fixed energy proton beams. The US Department of Energy is therefore supporting the development of a "University Isotope Network" (UIN) to satisfy this need. As part of this effort, we have developed an At-211 production facility using the variable-energy, multi-species cyclotron at Crocker Nuclear Lab the University of California, Davis. This effort relies on a beam probe which has been modified to serve as an internal Bi-209 target, to avoid problems with alpha particle extraction efficiency. This poster will data on the first production and recovery of At-211 using this system.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS035

About •

Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPOMS049

Energy Comparison of Room Temperature and Superconducting Synchrotrons for Hadron Therapy

3080

G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
E. Benedetto, M. Karppinen, M.R. Khalvati, M. Vretenar, R. van Weelderen
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M.G. Pullia, G. Venchi
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
L. Rossi
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
M. Sapinski
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
M. Sorbi
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
R.U. Valente
La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

The yearly energy requirements of normal conducting (NC) and superconducting (SC) magnet options of a new hadron therapy (HT) facility are compared. Special reference is made to the layouts considered for the proposed SEEIIST facility. Benchmarking with the NC CNAO HT centre in Pavia (Italy) was carried out. The energy comparison is centred on the different synchrotron solutions, assuming the same injector and lines in the designs. The beam current is more than a factor 10 higher with respect to present generation facilities. This allows efficient ’multi-energy extraction’ (MEE), which shortens the therapy treatment and is needed especially in the SC option, because of the slow magnet ramping time. Hence, power values of the facility in the traditional mode were converted into MEE ones, for the sake of a fair stepwise comparison between NC and SC magnets. The use of cryocoolers and a liquefier are also compared, for synchrotron refrigeration. This study shows that a NC facility operated in MEE mode requires the least average energy, followed by the SC synchrotron solution with a liquefier, while the most energy intensive solution is the SC one with cryocoolers.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS049

About •

Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

FRPLYGD2

Access to Effective Cancer Care in Low- Middle Income Countries Requires Sophisticated Linear Accelerator Based Radiotherapy

3147

M. Dosanjh
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

There are substantial and growing gaps in cancer care for millions of people in Low- Middle- Income countries (LMICs) and for geographically remote settings in High-income countries (HICs), often indigenous populations. Assessing the cancer care shortfall led to understanding the essential gap, that of a radiation therapy machine that can reliably and effectively provide the appropriate first-rate cancer treatments within the challenging environments. More than 10,000 electron linear accelerators (linacs) are currently used worldwide to treat patients. However only 10% of patients in low-income and 40% in middle-income countries who need radiotherapy have access to it. The idea to address the need for a novel medical linac for challenging environments has led to the creation of the STELLA project (Smart Technology to Extend Lives with Linear Accelerators) project. STELLA is multidisciplinary international collaborative effort to design and develop an affordable and robust yet technically sophisticated linear accelerator-based radiation therapy treatment (RTT) in LMICs. Here we describe Project STELLA.

Slides FRPLYGD2 [6.047 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FRPLYGD2

About •

Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)