SRF2015 - List of Authors (Posen, S.)

Paper	Title	Page
TUBA04	Nb3Sn Cavities: Material Characterization and Coating Process Optimization	501
	D.L. Hall, T. Gruber, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, S. Posen, B. Yu Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA Th. Proslier ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by DOE grant DE-SC0008431 and NSF grant PHY-141638. Use of CCMR via NSF MRSEC program (DMR-1120296) Recent progress on vapour diffusion coated Nb3Sn SRF cavities makes this material a very promising alternative for CW medium field SRF applications. In this paper we report on several systematic studies to determine the sources currently limiting the performance of Nb3Sn cavities to determine improved coating parameters to overcome these limitations. These include a detailed study of the sensitivity of Nb3Sn to trapped ambient magnetic flux, a first measurement of the field dependence of the energy gap in Nb3Sn and detailed measurements of the stoichiometry of the obtained Nb3Sn coatings with synchrotron x-ray diffraction and STEM. Initial results from a study on the impact of the coating process parameters on energy gap, Q-slope, and residual resistance, show clear dependencies, and thus directions for process optimization.
	Slides TUBA04 [3.872 MB]
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TUPB041	Testing Nb3Sn Coating Using muSR	651
	R.E. Laxdal, T.J. Buck TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada S. Gheidi UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada R. Kiefl UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada M. Liepe, S. Posen Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	The SRF group at TRIUMF has tested samples relevant for SRF application since 2010 using the TRIUMF μSR facility. In this study collaborators at Cornell coat a Nb coin and a Nb ellipsoid sample with Nb3Sn for characterization using μSR at TRIUMF. Field of first flux entry measurements are performed at M20 on both samples. Measurements include the vortex nucleation field Hnucleate and Tc of both Nb3Sn and Nb. Interestingly the Nb3Sn increases the vortex nucleation field at 2K over standard Nb samples.
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FRAA04	Performance of the Cornell ERL Main Linac Prototype Cryomodule	1437
	F. Furuta, B. Clasby, R.G. Eichhorn, B. Elmore, G.M. Ge, D. Gonnella, D.L. Hall, G.H. Hoffstaetter, R.P.K. Kaplan, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, T.I. O'Connell, S. Posen, P. Quigley, D.M. Sabol, J. Sears, E.N. Smith, V. Veshcherevich Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Cornell has designed, fabricated, and tested (by the time of the conference) a high current (100 mA) CW SRF prototype cryomodule for the Cornell ERL. This talk will report on the design and performance of this very high Q0 CW cryomodule including design issues and mitigation strategies.
	Slides FRAA04 [4.614 MB]
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MOPB015	Trapped Flux Surface Resistance Analysis for Different Surface Treatments	115
	M. Martinello, M. Checchin, A. Grassellino, O.S. Melnychuk, S. Posen, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M. Checchin Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA J. Zasadzinski IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics The trapped flux surface resistance is one of the main contributions on cavity losses which appears when cavities are cooled in presence of external magnetic field. The study is focused on the understanding of the different parameters which determine the trapped flux surface resistance, and how this change as a function of different surface treatments. The study is performed on 1.3 GHz niobium cavities processed with different surface treatments after the 800 C bake: electro-polishing (EP), 120 C baking, and N-doping varying the time of the Nitrogen exposure. The trapped flux surface resistance normalized for the trapped magnetic flux is then analyzed as a function of the mean free path in order to find the surface treatment which minimized the trapped flux sensitivity.
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MOPB028	Preservation of Very High Quality Factors of 1.3 GHz Nine Cell Cavities From Bare Vertical Test to Dressed Horizontal Test	149
	A. Grassellino, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, C.J. Grimm, A. Hocker, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, J.P. Ozelis, S. Posen, A.M. Rowe, D.A. Sergatskov, N. Solyak, R.P. Stanek, G. Wu Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA D. Gonnella Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA J.M. Köszegi HZB, Berlin, Germany M. Liepe Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	In this contribution we will report quality factor evolution of several different nine cell N doped cavities with very high Q. The evolution of the quality factor will be reported from bare to dressed in vertical test to dressed in horizontal test with unity coupling to dressed in horizontal test and CM-like environment/configuration (with RF ancillaries). Cooling studies and optimal cooling regimes will be discussed for both vertical and horizontal tests and comparisons will be drawn also for different styles titanium vessels. Studies of sensitivities to magnetic field in final horizontal configuration have been performed by applying a field around the dressed cavity and varying the cooling; parameters required for a very good flux expulsion will be presented.
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MOPB104	Flux Expulsion Variation in SRF Cavities	404
	S. Posen, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Treating a cavity with nitrogen doping significantly increases Q₀ at medium fields, reducing cryogenic costs for high duty factor linear accelerators such as LCLS II. N-doping also makes cavities more sensitive to increased residual resistance due to trapped magnetic flux, making it critical to either have extremely effective magnetic shielding, or to prevent flux from being trapped in the cavity during cooldown. In this paper, we report on results of a study of flux expulsion. We discuss possible ways in which flux can be pinned in the inner surface, outer surface, or bulk of a cavity, and we present experimental results studying these mechanisms. We show that grain structure appears to play a key role and that a cavity that expelled flux poorly changed to expelling flux well after a high temperature furnace treatment. We further show that after furnace treatment, this cavity exhibited a significant improvement in quality factor when cooled in an external magnetic field. We conclude with implications for SRF accelerators with high Q₀ requirements.
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TUPB048	Fermilab Nb3Sn R&D Program	678
	S. Posen, M. Merio, A. Romanenko, Y. Trenikhina Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	A substantial program has been initiated at FNAL for R&D on Nb3Sn coated cavities. Since early 2015, design, fabrication, and commissioning has been ongoing on a coating chamber, designed for deposition via vapor diffusion. The volume of the chamber will be large enough to accommodate not just R&D cavities, but full production-style cavities such as TeSLA 9-cells. In this contribution, we overview the development of the chamber and we introduce the R&D program planned for the coming years. We discuss research paths that may yield increased maximum fields and reduced residual resistances as well as new applications that could be explored with larger coated cavities.
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TUPB049	Cutout Study of a Nb3Sn Cavity	681
	S. Posen, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov, Y. Trenikhina Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA D.L. Hall, M. Liepe Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	The first 1.3 GHz single cell Nb₃Sn cavity coated at Cornell was shown in RF measurements at Cornell and FNAL to have poor RF performance. Though subsequent cavities showed much higher quality factors, this cavity exhibited Q₀ on the order of 10⁹ caused by strong heating concentrated in one of the half cells. This paper presents an investigation into the source of this excess heating, for the purpose of process improvement, so that similar degradation can be avoided in future coatings. Through the use of temperature mapping both at Cornell and at FNAL, locations with high and low surface resistance were located, cut out from the cavity, and studied with microscopic tools. We present the RF measurements and temperature maps as well as the microscopic analyses, then conclude with plans for continued studies.
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TUPB056	Characterization of Nb3Sn Coated Nb Samples	708
	Y. Trenikhina, S. Posen, A. Romanenko Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA D.L. Hall Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA M. Liepe Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Nb3Sn has a great potential to replace traditional Nb for the fabrication of SRF cavities. The higher critical temperature of Nb3Sn potentially allows for an increased operational temperature for SRF cavities, which promises cryogenic cost savings. We present preliminary characterization of Nb3Sn layer grown on flat Nb sample prepared by the same chemical vapor deposition method that is used for the cavity coating. SEM, TEM/EDS, TEM imaging and diffraction characterization was used in order to evaluate any chemical and structural defects that could be responsible for the limited quench field and high residual resistance. Variation of local stoichiometry was found in the Nb3Sn layer, which is in line with previous studies. Regions of decreased Sn content can have a lower Tc in comparison to the stoichiometric composition, which may be responsible for the limited performance. AES investigations of the Nb3Sn surface before and after HF-rinse were done in order to explore the mechanism that is responsible for the performance degradation of HF-rinsed Nb3Sn coated cavities.
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FRBA03	SRF, Compact Accelerators for Industry & Society	1467
	R.D. Kephart, B.E. Chase, I.V. Gonin, A. Grassellino, S. Kazakov, T.N. Khabiboulline, S. Nagaitsev, R.J. Pasquinelli, S. Posen, O.V. Pronitchev, A. Romanenko, V.P. Yakovlev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA S. Biedron, S.V. Milton, N. Sipahi CSU, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA S. Chattopadhyay Northern Illinois Univerity, Dekalb, Illinois, USA P. Piot Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
	Accelerators developed for Science now are used broadly for industrial, medical, and security applications. Over 30,000 accelerators touch over $500B/yr in products producing a major impact on our economy, health, and well being. Industrial accelerators must be cost effective, simple, versatile, efficient, and robust. Many industrial applications require high average beam power. Exploiting recent advances in Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities and RF power sources as well as innovative solutions for the SRF gun and cathode system, a collaboration of Fermilab-CSU-NIU has developed a design for a compact SRF high-average power electron linac. Capable of 5-50 kW average power and continuous wave operation this accelerator will produce electron beam energies up to 10 MeV and small and light enough to mount on mobile platforms, such accelerators will enable new in-situ environmental remediation methods and new applications involving in-situ crosslinking of materials. More importantly, we believe this accelerator will be the first of a new class of simple, turn-key SRF accelerators that will find broad application in industry, medicine, security, and science.
	Slides FRBA03 [2.342 MB]
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Paper

Title

Page

Nb3Sn Cavities: Material Characterization and Coating Process Optimization

501

D.L. Hall, T. Gruber, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, S. Posen, B. Yu
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
Th. Proslier
ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by DOE grant DE-SC0008431 and NSF grant PHY-141638. Use of CCMR via NSF MRSEC program (DMR-1120296)
Recent progress on vapour diffusion coated Nb3Sn SRF cavities makes this material a very promising alternative for CW medium field SRF applications. In this paper we report on several systematic studies to determine the sources currently limiting the performance of Nb3Sn cavities to determine improved coating parameters to overcome these limitations. These include a detailed study of the sensitivity of Nb3Sn to trapped ambient magnetic flux, a first measurement of the field dependence of the energy gap in Nb3Sn and detailed measurements of the stoichiometry of the obtained Nb3Sn coatings with synchrotron x-ray diffraction and STEM. Initial results from a study on the impact of the coating process parameters on energy gap, Q-slope, and residual resistance, show clear dependencies, and thus directions for process optimization.

Slides TUBA04 [3.872 MB]

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TUPB041

Testing Nb3Sn Coating Using muSR

651

R.E. Laxdal, T.J. Buck
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
S. Gheidi
UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
R. Kiefl
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
M. Liepe, S. Posen
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

The SRF group at TRIUMF has tested samples relevant for SRF application since 2010 using the TRIUMF μSR facility. In this study collaborators at Cornell coat a Nb coin and a Nb ellipsoid sample with Nb3Sn for characterization using μSR at TRIUMF. Field of first flux entry measurements are performed at M20 on both samples. Measurements include the vortex nucleation field Hnucleate and Tc of both Nb3Sn and Nb. Interestingly the Nb3Sn increases the vortex nucleation field at 2K over standard Nb samples.

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FRAA04

Performance of the Cornell ERL Main Linac Prototype Cryomodule

1437

F. Furuta, B. Clasby, R.G. Eichhorn, B. Elmore, G.M. Ge, D. Gonnella, D.L. Hall, G.H. Hoffstaetter, R.P.K. Kaplan, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, T.I. O'Connell, S. Posen, P. Quigley, D.M. Sabol, J. Sears, E.N. Smith, V. Veshcherevich
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Cornell has designed, fabricated, and tested (by the time of the conference) a high current (100 mA) CW SRF prototype cryomodule for the Cornell ERL. This talk will report on the design and performance of this very high Q0 CW cryomodule including design issues and mitigation strategies.

Slides FRAA04 [4.614 MB]

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MOPB015

Trapped Flux Surface Resistance Analysis for Different Surface Treatments

115

M. Martinello, M. Checchin, A. Grassellino, O.S. Melnychuk, S. Posen, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M. Checchin
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illlinois, USA
J. Zasadzinski
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics
The trapped flux surface resistance is one of the main contributions on cavity losses which appears when cavities are cooled in presence of external magnetic field. The study is focused on the understanding of the different parameters which determine the trapped flux surface resistance, and how this change as a function of different surface treatments. The study is performed on 1.3 GHz niobium cavities processed with different surface treatments after the 800 C bake: electro-polishing (EP), 120 C baking, and N-doping varying the time of the Nitrogen exposure. The trapped flux surface resistance normalized for the trapped magnetic flux is then analyzed as a function of the mean free path in order to find the surface treatment which minimized the trapped flux sensitivity.

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MOPB028

Preservation of Very High Quality Factors of 1.3 GHz Nine Cell Cavities From Bare Vertical Test to Dressed Horizontal Test

149

A. Grassellino, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, C.J. Grimm, A. Hocker, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, J.P. Ozelis, S. Posen, A.M. Rowe, D.A. Sergatskov, N. Solyak, R.P. Stanek, G. Wu
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
D. Gonnella
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
J.M. Köszegi
HZB, Berlin, Germany
M. Liepe
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

In this contribution we will report quality factor evolution of several different nine cell N doped cavities with very high Q. The evolution of the quality factor will be reported from bare to dressed in vertical test to dressed in horizontal test with unity coupling to dressed in horizontal test and CM-like environment/configuration (with RF ancillaries). Cooling studies and optimal cooling regimes will be discussed for both vertical and horizontal tests and comparisons will be drawn also for different styles titanium vessels. Studies of sensitivities to magnetic field in final horizontal configuration have been performed by applying a field around the dressed cavity and varying the cooling; parameters required for a very good flux expulsion will be presented.

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MOPB104

Flux Expulsion Variation in SRF Cavities

404

S. Posen, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Treating a cavity with nitrogen doping significantly increases Q₀ at medium fields, reducing cryogenic costs for high duty factor linear accelerators such as LCLS II. N-doping also makes cavities more sensitive to increased residual resistance due to trapped magnetic flux, making it critical to either have extremely effective magnetic shielding, or to prevent flux from being trapped in the cavity during cooldown. In this paper, we report on results of a study of flux expulsion. We discuss possible ways in which flux can be pinned in the inner surface, outer surface, or bulk of a cavity, and we present experimental results studying these mechanisms. We show that grain structure appears to play a key role and that a cavity that expelled flux poorly changed to expelling flux well after a high temperature furnace treatment. We further show that after furnace treatment, this cavity exhibited a significant improvement in quality factor when cooled in an external magnetic field. We conclude with implications for SRF accelerators with high Q₀ requirements.

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TUPB048

Fermilab Nb3Sn R&D Program

678

S. Posen, M. Merio, A. Romanenko, Y. Trenikhina
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A substantial program has been initiated at FNAL for R&D on Nb3Sn coated cavities. Since early 2015, design, fabrication, and commissioning has been ongoing on a coating chamber, designed for deposition via vapor diffusion. The volume of the chamber will be large enough to accommodate not just R&D cavities, but full production-style cavities such as TeSLA 9-cells. In this contribution, we overview the development of the chamber and we introduce the R&D program planned for the coming years. We discuss research paths that may yield increased maximum fields and reduced residual resistances as well as new applications that could be explored with larger coated cavities.

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TUPB049

Cutout Study of a Nb3Sn Cavity

681

S. Posen, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov, Y. Trenikhina
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
D.L. Hall, M. Liepe
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

The first 1.3 GHz single cell Nb₃Sn cavity coated at Cornell was shown in RF measurements at Cornell and FNAL to have poor RF performance. Though subsequent cavities showed much higher quality factors, this cavity exhibited Q₀ on the order of 10⁹ caused by strong heating concentrated in one of the half cells. This paper presents an investigation into the source of this excess heating, for the purpose of process improvement, so that similar degradation can be avoided in future coatings. Through the use of temperature mapping both at Cornell and at FNAL, locations with high and low surface resistance were located, cut out from the cavity, and studied with microscopic tools. We present the RF measurements and temperature maps as well as the microscopic analyses, then conclude with plans for continued studies.

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TUPB056

Characterization of Nb3Sn Coated Nb Samples

708

Y. Trenikhina, S. Posen, A. Romanenko
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
D.L. Hall
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
M. Liepe
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Nb3Sn has a great potential to replace traditional Nb for the fabrication of SRF cavities. The higher critical temperature of Nb3Sn potentially allows for an increased operational temperature for SRF cavities, which promises cryogenic cost savings. We present preliminary characterization of Nb3Sn layer grown on flat Nb sample prepared by the same chemical vapor deposition method that is used for the cavity coating. SEM, TEM/EDS, TEM imaging and diffraction characterization was used in order to evaluate any chemical and structural defects that could be responsible for the limited quench field and high residual resistance. Variation of local stoichiometry was found in the Nb3Sn layer, which is in line with previous studies. Regions of decreased Sn content can have a lower Tc in comparison to the stoichiometric composition, which may be responsible for the limited performance. AES investigations of the Nb3Sn surface before and after HF-rinse were done in order to explore the mechanism that is responsible for the performance degradation of HF-rinsed Nb3Sn coated cavities.

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FRBA03

SRF, Compact Accelerators for Industry & Society

1467

R.D. Kephart, B.E. Chase, I.V. Gonin, A. Grassellino, S. Kazakov, T.N. Khabiboulline, S. Nagaitsev, R.J. Pasquinelli, S. Posen, O.V. Pronitchev, A. Romanenko, V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S. Biedron, S.V. Milton, N. Sipahi
CSU, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
S. Chattopadhyay
Northern Illinois Univerity, Dekalb, Illinois, USA
P. Piot
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA

Accelerators developed for Science now are used broadly for industrial, medical, and security applications. Over 30,000 accelerators touch over $500B/yr in products producing a major impact on our economy, health, and well being. Industrial accelerators must be cost effective, simple, versatile, efficient, and robust. Many industrial applications require high average beam power. Exploiting recent advances in Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities and RF power sources as well as innovative solutions for the SRF gun and cathode system, a collaboration of Fermilab-CSU-NIU has developed a design for a compact SRF high-average power electron linac. Capable of 5-50 kW average power and continuous wave operation this accelerator will produce electron beam energies up to 10 MeV and small and light enough to mount on mobile platforms, such accelerators will enable new in-situ environmental remediation methods and new applications involving in-situ crosslinking of materials. More importantly, we believe this accelerator will be the first of a new class of simple, turn-key SRF accelerators that will find broad application in industry, medicine, security, and science.

Slides FRBA03 [2.342 MB]

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