IPAC2014 - Classification: 08 Applications of Accelerators / U01 Medical Applications

Paper	Title	Page
WEPRO081	Status of MedAustron – The Austrian Ion Therapy and Research Centre	2146
	F. Osmić, A. Koschik, P. Urschütz EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria M. Benedikt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	MedAustron is the Austrian centre for hadron therapy and non-clinical research. The accelerator design is based on the PIMMS study * and features proton beams of up to 800 MeV and carbon ion beams of up to 400 MeV/n. The accelerator is currently being installed and the beam commissioning has started early 2013. The injector comprising three ECR sources, an RFQ and an IH-mode structure has already been qualified; the synchrotron commissioning shall start in March 2014. Certification of the therapy accelerator following the European Medical Device Directive (MDD) is well under way with strong partners from industry involved in the process. The status of the overall facility including an overview of the recent commissioning results will be presented in this paper. * P. J. Bryant et al., “Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS), 2,” Aug 2000.
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WEPRO082	A Multi-leaf Faraday Cup Especially for the Therapy of Ocular Tumors with Protons	2149
SUSPSNE109	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker HZB, Berlin, Germany A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and Land Berlin The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) and the University Hospital Charité in Berlin provide a treatment of ocular tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by the isochronous HZB-cyclotron as main accelerator. Very important in tumor irradiation treatments is the positioning of the radiation field. For the treatment of eye tumors it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Therefore, because of the well-defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve very constrained fields of dose delivery. Especially the knowledge of the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy is crucial, due to the small critical structures in the eye. A possible solution for a quick and precise measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC adapted to the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. An overview of the progress of this work regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization and results will be given.
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WEPRO083	Implementation of a Superconducting Electron Beam Ion Source into the HIT Ion Source Test Bench	2153
	E. Ritter, A. Silze, G.H. Zschornack DREEBIT GmbH, Dresden, Germany R. Cee, Th. Haberer, A. Peters, T.W. Winkelmann HIT, Heidelberg, Germany G. Zschornack TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
	Cancer therapy with light heavy ions is now a well proven technology. Almost all facilities are running Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) to produce carbon ions and protons as well. In the 1990’s the idea of using a Electron Beam Ion Source was proposed (EBIS) [1]. Some proof of principle measurements were carried out [2] but the application of EBIS ion sources in radiation facilities has not been established. We present results from the implementation of a superconducting EBIS, the Dresden EBIS-SC, at an RFQ accelerator at the testbench of the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT). First results from C 4+ ions produced by the Dresden EBIS-SC [3] and injection in an RFQ accelerator at the HIT testbench are shown. Furthermore, emittance measurements as well as investigations of the ion energy and the transmission through the RFQ were done. The emittance of the EBIS source is lower by a factor of nine compared to an ECRIS, which improves the transmission through the RFQ. With the current setup the ion output from the EBIS-SC is lower by a factor of 7 compared to an ECRIS to fulfill the requirements of the highest irradiation level. Further improvements are discussed. * erik.ritter@dreebit.com
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WEPRO086	Experimental Activity in the ENEA-Frascati Irradiation Facility with 3-7 MeV Protons	2156
	M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, F. Bonfigli, M.C. Carpanese, F. Marracino, R.M. Montereali, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, M. Piccinini, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M.A. Vincenti ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy F. Ambrosini URLS, Rome, Italy M. Balduzzi, C. Marino, C. Snels ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy M. Balucani, A. Klyshko University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy C. De Angelis, G. Esposito, M.A. Tabocchini ISS, Rome, Italy
	A variable energy (3-7 MeV) and pulsed current (0.1 – 100 μA) proton beam has been made available for different applications (radiobiology experiments, detectors development, material studies) in an irradiation facility at ENEA-Frascati based on the 7 MeV injector of the protontherapy linac under realization in the framework of the TOP-IMPLART Project. It is a 425 MHz linear accelerator consisting in a 3 MeV RFQ followed by a DTL up to 7 MeV (PL-7 ACCSYS-HITACHI model) followed by an horizontal and a vertical beam transport line. The latter one is particularly suitable for radiobiology in vitro studies allowing to irradiate besides cell monolayes also cell growing in suspension culture. The paper describes the facility and the recent results of the experimental activity.
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WEPRO087	Magnetic-field Measurements of Superconducting Magnets for a Heavy-ion Rotating-gantry and Beam-tracking Simulations	2159
	S.S. Suzuki, T. Furukawa, Y. Hara, Y. Iwata, K. Mizushima, S. Mori, K. Noda, T. Shirai, K. Shoda NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan N. Amemiya Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan H. Arai, T. Fujimoto AEC, Chiba, Japan T.F. Fujita National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan Y. Nagamoto, T. Orikasa, S. Takayama, T. Yazawa Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan T. Obana NIFS, Gifu, Japan T. Ogitsu KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Manufacture of superconducting rotating-gantry for heavy-ion radiotherapy is currently in progress. This rotating gantry can transport heavy ions having 430 MeV/nucleon to an isocenter with irradiation angles of over 0-360 degrees, and enable advanced radiation-therapy. The three-dimensional scanning-irradiation method is performed in this rotating gantry. Therefore, uniformity of magnetic field is quite important since scanned beams traverse through these superconducting magnets before reaching to the isocenter. In the present work, we precisely measured the magnetic-field distributions of the superconducting magnets for the rotating gantry. We used Hall probes to measure the magnetic field. The magnetic-field distributions were determined by measuring Hall voltage, while moving the Hall probes on a rail, which has the same curvature as a center trajectory of beams. The measured-field distributions were compared with calculated distributions with a three-dimensional electromagnetic-field solver, the OPERA-3D code. Furthermore, beam-tracking simulations were performed by using the measured magnetic-field distributions to verify the design of the superconducting magnets.
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WEPRO088	Design of Beam Transport Lines for Radioisotope Production Systems in NIRS Cyclotron Facility	2162
	K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura, K. Suzuki NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
	A new beam transport and a irradiation system were designed for radionuclides production with heat damageable targets. The incident beam is swept along a circle on the irradiation target with fast steering magnets. The width and the sweeping radius of the incident beams were optimized to achieve high production efficiency and avoid the heat damages. Based on those optimized parameters, beam optics of the new beam transport lines was optimized. To obtain initial conditions for the optical calculations, the beam emittance and the Twiss parameters were measured at the upper stream of the new beam transport lines. In this paper, we present the results of the calculations and the optimized beam transport lines.
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WEPRO089	Latest Developments of a C-band 2MeV Accelerator	2165
	W. Bai, M. Li, L.J. Shan, X.M. Shen, Z. Xu CAEP/IAE, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
	A C-band 2MeV accelerator is developped at CAEP in China. This research is aimmed at developing an compact accelerator used as X ray source for industrial useage. At present, the C-band accelerator has been developed successfully. we have carried out a lot of research work based on the accelerator, including test of X ray energy, focus and dose rate etc. This paper shows the latest experimental results and application research status on the C-band accelerator.
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WEPRO090	Status of KAERI 6 MeV 9.3 GHz X-Band Electron Linac for Cancer Treatment System	2168
	B.N. Lee, B.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, S. Lee, H.D. Park, K.B. Song KAERI, Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea P. Buaphad, Y. Kim ISU, Pocatello, Idaho, USA S.S. Cha UST, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the (NRF funded by the MSIFP, Korea (No.2013M2A2A4023350) and the Industrial Strategic technology development program, 10043897, funded By the MOTIE, Korea. The X-band RF linear accelerators (LINAC’s) are popular for medical application due to its compactness. To increase the precision of treatment accuracy under circumstance in which the LINAC is mounted on an apparatus such as gantry frame or robot-arm; this is an advantage as the weight and size are more reduced. It is a 9.3 GHz magnetron with the most readily available RF generator in the X-band frequencies from 8 GHz to 12 GHz and the magnetron is mainly used for the source of the RF power in a compact LINAC. The average power of the magnetron at 9.3~GHz is generally a few MW and this amount could provide a sufficient radiation dose-rate for tumour therapy. KAERI has been developing a new compact 9.3 GHz X-band electron LINAC for a cancer treatment system. The maximum energy of the electron beam is 6 MeV and the average beam power at the tungsten target is about 1 kW. In this paper, we describe the status of development of the 6 MeV X-band LINAC at KAERI.
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WEPRO091	Development of Acceleration Technique for Hadron Therapy in JINR	2171
	E. Syresin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Development of accelerators for hadron therapy is one of JINR activities in the field of acceleration technique. The JINR-IBA collaboration has developed and constructed the C235-V3 cyclotron for Dimitrovgrad hospital center of the proton therapy. Proton transmission in C235-V3 from radius 0.3m to 1.03 m is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms, the extraction efficiency is 62%. The cyclotron was delivered in this center in 2012. The project of the medical carbon synchrotron together with superconducting gantry was developed in JINR. Carbon ion beams are effectively used for cancer treatment. The PET is the most effective way of tumor diagnostics. The radioactive carbon ion beam could allow both these advantages to be combined. JINR-NIRS collaboration develops formation of a primary radioactive ion beam for the scanning radiation and on line PET diagnostic. A superconducting cyclotron C400 was designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. This cyclotron will be used for therapy with proton, helium and carbon ions.
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WEPRO092	Comparisons and Simulations of Superconducting Dipole Magnets for JINR Carbon Ion Gantry	2174
	E. Syresin, N.A. Morozov, D. Shvidkiy JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	A medical complex for carbon ion therapy has been developed in the JINR based on the own technology of the superconducting ion synchrotron - Nuclotron. One important feature of this project is related to the application of superconducting gantry. In the project, two schemes of superconducting gantries have been considered. In the first scheme, the last gantry element is supposed to be represented by a superconducting magnet with a scan region in it of 20 × 20 cm. In the second scheme the gantry consists of four 45°bending sections, each including two similar dipole magnets of a low aperture (about 120 mm). Such gantries are intended for multiple raster scanning with a wide carbon beam and the technique of layer wise irradiation with a spread out Bragg peak of several mm. The comparison and simulation of superconducting dipole magnet for JINR carbon ion gantry is under discussion.
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WEPRO095	Development of Beam Line for Medical Application at ITEP-TWAC Complex	2183
	M.M. Kats ITEP, Moscow, Russia
	Possibilities of beam lines improvement for medical application at ITEP Accelerator Complex were observed. Existing beam lines were constructed for transport fast extracted proton beam with energy <230MeV from synchrotron U10 to three treatment rooms with fixed horizontal direction of targets irradiation. Scattering and collimation were used to distribute irradiation dose to the target volume. New beam lines are developed for transport of slow extracted proton (E<230MeV) or carbon (E<400MeV/n) beams from synchrotron UK to the same three treatment rooms and to experimental building. They will be equipped with scanning magnets. The fixed horizontal directions will be used in two rooms for treatment of special localizations in eye or head. To treat any targets from different directions compact “planar system” is developed covering irradiation directions of ±45 degrees to horizontal plane. Planar system can be used in two rooms. Main features of proposed beam lines are compared with existing and planned centers of therapy by proton and ion beams.
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WEPRO096	X-ray Radiation Source for Low Dose Angiography based on Channeling Radiation	2186
	S.M. Polozov, T.V. Bondarenko MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
	Angiography is one of the most reliable and contemporary procedure of the vascular system imaging. X-ray spectrums provided by all modern medical angiographs are too broad to acquire high contrast images and provide low radiation dose at the same time. The new method of narrow X-ray spectrum achieving is based on the idea of channelling radiation application. The X-ray filters used in this method allows eliminating the high energy part of the spectrum and providing dramatic dose reduction. The scheme of the facility including the X-ray filter is discussed. The results of the spectrum analysis for the channelling radiation source and typical angiography X-ray tube are discussed. Doses obtained by the water phantom and contrast of the iodine agent image are also provided for both cases.
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WEPRO097	The Base Parameters of the Compact 27 GHz Electron Linac for Medical Application	2189
	S.M. Polozov, T.V. Bondarenko, Yu.D. Kliuchevskaia, V.I. Rashchikov MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
	A compact and light-weight electron linac is attractive for a number of medical applications including intra-operational and cyber-knife systems. The design of such an accelerator can nowadays be based on using of a powerful high-voltage high-frequency gyrotron which can provide now in pulsed regime a peak power up to 15 MW at the frequency about of 30 GHz. Taking into account this possibility, the paper presents the results of design and numerical simulations for the electron beam dynamics in a linac with the operating frequency of 27 GHz. Designed linac consists of two parts: gentle buncher and main accelerating section. The beam bunching is complicated at 1 cm wavelength because high energy about 2 MeV is necessary for beam injection into the main stage with v/c=1. Beam dynamics simulations are held using BEAMDULAC-BL code. The electrodynamics of accelerating structure based on biperiodic structure is presented. The electron gun simulation is also discussed. The RF feeding is planned to be realized using a gyrotron to be designed in IAP RAS. The gyrotron is capable to produce 2 MW peak RF power in pulses with pulse duration 400 μs and repetition rate 10 Hz. T.V. Bondarenko, E.S. Masunov, S.M. Polozov. BEAMDULAC-BL code for 3D simulation of electron beam dynamics taking into account beam loading and coulomb field. PAST, 2014 (in press).*
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WEPRO098	Producing Two-photon Planar Sources at an Electron Accelerator	2192
	V.L. Uvarov, N.P. Dikiy, A.N. Dovbnya, Yu.V. Lyashko, Yu.V. Rogov, V.A. Shevchenko, A.Eh. Tenishev NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
	Gamma-sources with two-energy spectrum are used in industrial and medical diagnostics for quantitative introscopy (tomography). Commonly, such sources are obtained by a reactor technology (153Gd) or using an ultrastable X-ray tube with properly shaped spectrum of radiation. We suggested utilize the 179Ta isotope (Ex~ 55 keV, T1/2= 665 day) in combination with 57Co (Eγ=122 keV, T1/2=273 day). A soft technology for producing planar sealed 179Ta/57Co sources at an electron accelerator by X-ray irradiation of a target from natural tantalum and nickel was developed. The isotope yield and absorbed power of radiation in the target device vs electron beam energy were calculated using a modified transport code PENELOPE-2008. The results of experiment conducted to determine the yields of the target isotopes and by-products are in good agreement with the simulation data.
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WEPRO099	A Study of the Production of Neutrons for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy using a Proton Accelerator	2195
	T.R. Edgecock University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom J.R.J. Bennett STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom S. Green University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom B. Phoenix, M.C. Scott Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer therapy particularly well-suited to treating aggressive tumours that exhibit a high degree of infiltration of the surrounding healthy tissue. Such tumours, for example of the brain and lung, provide some of the most challenging problems in oncology. The first element of the therapy is boron-10 which is preferentially introduced into the cancerous cells using a carrier compound. Boron-10 has a very high capture cross-section with the other element of the therapy, thermal neutrons, resulting in the production of a lithium nucleus and an alpha particle which destroy the cell they are created in. However, a large flux of neutrons is required and until recently the only source used was a nuclear reactor. In Birmingham, studies of an existing BNCT facility using a 2.8 MeV proton beam and a solid lithium target have found a way to increase the beam power to a sufficient level to allow clinical trials, while maintaining the target solid. In this paper, we will introduce BNCT, describe the work in Birmingham and compare with other accelerator-driven BNCT projects around the World.
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WEPRO100	NORMA - The Normal-Conducting, Scaling Racetrack FFAG	2198
	R. Appleby, J.M. Garland, H.L. Owen, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom K.M. Hock Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: Research supported by STFC grant number ST/K002503/1 "Racetrack FFAGs for medical, PRISM and energy applications". We present a design for a 30~-~350~MeV scaling racetrack FFAG accelerator for medical application - NORMA (NOrmal-conducting Racetrack Medical Accelerator) - which utilises normal-conducting magnets. NORMA consists of 12 FDF triplet cells with a maximum drift length of ∼ 2~m; an additional drift space inserted into two places forms a racetrack lattice with enough space for injection/extraction. Optimisation routines in PyZgoubi are used to find optimum cell parameters and working point.
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WEPRO101	A Compact Superconducting 330 MeV Proton Gantry for Radiotherapy and Computed Tomography	2202
	D.J. Holder Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom A.F. Green, H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Funding: Work supported by STFC Cockcroft Institute Grant No. ST/G008248/1 The primary advantage of proton beam therapy as a cancer treatment is its ability to maximize the radiation dose delivered to the target volume and minimize the dose to surrounding healthy tissue, due to the inherently narrow Bragg peak at the end of the proton range. This can be further enhanced by imaging the target volume and surrounding tissues using proton Computed Tomography (pCT), which directly measures the energy loss from individual protons to infer the tissue density. Proton energies up to 330 MeV are required for pCT. We describe a superconducting gantry design which can deliver protons for both therapy and pCT with a similar size to existing treatment gantries. The use of ten identical combined-function superconducting dipole magnets minimizes the weight and technical development required. Based on experience with superconducting magnets for carbon gantries it should be possible to change the magnetic field sufficiently quickly to perform spot-scanning over successive layers without inducing quenching. It is envisaged that a combination of cryogenic cooling and cryogen-free cooling will be used to achieve the required operating temperature for the magnet windings.
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WEPRI090	Cyclotron C235-V3 for Dimitrovgrad Hospital Center of the Proton Therapy	2703
	S.A. Kostromin, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, M.Y. Kazarinov, S.A. Korovkin, S.P. Mokrenko, N.A. Morozov, A.G. Olshevsky, V.M. Romanov, E. Samsonov, N.G. Shakun, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, E. Syresin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia P. Cahay, Y. Jongen, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	JINR-IBA C235-V3 isochronous cyclotron for 1st Russian hospital center of the proton therapy has been assembled and tested. Shimming of the magnetic field, optimization of the acceleration modes and testing with the extracted proton beam were done in frame of this work. The paper presents experimental results of the beam dynamics in the accelerator. Proton transmission from radius 30cm to 103cm is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms. The extraction efficiency is 62%. This cyclotron is a substantially modified version C235-V3 of the IBA C235 serial cyclotron. C235-V3 has the improved extraction system which was constructed and tested. This system allows raise the extraction efficiency up to 77% from 50% in comparison with serial C235. Special mapping system (for Br-component) of the magnetic field was developed and constructed by JINR for the shimming of the Br-field in the middle plane of the cyclotron. Total efficiency of the machine is 45%. Further improvement of the parameters expected after final tuning of the cyclotron in Dimitrovgrad.
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THXB01	Accelerators for Medical Application: what is so special?	2807
	J.M. Schippers, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The specific requirements of accelerators for radiation therapy will be discussed. The focus will be on accelerator and beam transport design, but also on operational and formal aspects. We will discuss the special requirements to reach a high reliability for patient treatments as well as an accurate delivery of the dose at the correct position in the patient using modern techniques like pencil beam scanning. The requirements of the beam are quite different from those in a nuclear physics laboratory, such as a special matching of the emittance of the accelerated beam, requirements on beam intensity and stability and prevention of activation. The way of operating a medical device requires not only operators, but also the possibility to have a safe machine operation by non accelerator specialists at different operating sites. Size, weight and price are important for a in a hospital based facility. This is encouraging the application of new developments in superconductivity and has stimulated novel accelerator types and beam sharing schemes. Since certification and legal aspects play an important role in a medical device, these topics will also be discussed.
	Slides THXB01 [2.017 MB]
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THOAB01	Recent Progress and Future Plan of Heavy-ion Radiotherapy Facility, HIMAC	2812
	K. Noda, T. Furukawa, Y. Hara, Y. Iwata, N. Kanematsu, K. Katagiri, A. Kitagawa, K. Mizushima, S. Mori, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, M. Nakao, A. Noda, S. Sato, T. Shirai, E. Takada, Y. Takei NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
	The first clinical trial with a carbon-ion beam generated from HIMAC was conducted in June 1994. Based on more than ten years of experience with HIMAC, a pilot facility of a standard carbon-ion radiotherapy facility in Japan, was constructed at Gunma University. Owing to the successfully operation of the pilot facility, Saga-HIMAT and i-ROCK in Kanagawa have been progressed. In addition, NIRS has developed the new treatment research project for the further development of radiotherapy with, based on the pencil-beam 3D scanning for both the static and moving targets. This treatment procedure has been successfully carried out with a pencil-beam 3D scanning since May 2011. Owing to the development of NIRS 3D scanning, the i-ROCK project decided to employ the NIRS 3D scanning. As a future plan, further, NIRS has developed a superconducting rotating gantry, and we are going to just start a study of a superconducting accelerator for the ion radiotherapy. The recent progress and the future plan of HIMAC for the heavy-ion cancer radiotherapy will be reported.
	Slides THOAB01 [10.523 MB]
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THOAB02	Options for UK Technetium-99m Production using Accelerators	2815
	H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J.R. Ballinger KCL, London, United Kingdom J. Buscombe Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom R.J. Clarke STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom E. Denton Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom B. Ellis Central Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom G.D. Flux Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom L. Fraser PHE, London, United Kingdom B.J. Neilly University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom A. Paterson The Society of Radiographers, London, United Kingdom A. Perkins University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom A.F. Scarsbrook Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
	Recent and ongoing shortages in reactor-based supplies of Molybdenum-99 for hospital production of the important medical radioisotope Technetium-99m have prompted the re-examination of the alternative production methods using conventional and laser-based particle accelerators. At present the UK has no domestic Technetium-99m production and relies exclusively on Technetium-99m generators manufactured overseas; the National Health Service, with professional partners, is therefore examining the options for domestic production to increase security of supply. In this paper we review the accelerator-based methods from a UK perspective, and outline the most promising methods for short- and medium-term supply, which include low-energy cyclotron and photonuclear reaction routes using enriched Molybdenum-100 targets.
	Slides THOAB02 [38.942 MB]
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Paper

Title

Page

Status of MedAustron – The Austrian Ion Therapy and Research Centre

2146

F. Osmić, A. Koschik, P. Urschütz
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
M. Benedikt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

MedAustron is the Austrian centre for hadron therapy and non-clinical research. The accelerator design is based on the PIMMS study * and features proton beams of up to 800 MeV and carbon ion beams of up to 400 MeV/n. The accelerator is currently being installed and the beam commissioning has started early 2013. The injector comprising three ECR sources, an RFQ and an IH-mode structure has already been qualified; the synchrotron commissioning shall start in March 2014. Certification of the therapy accelerator following the European Medical Device Directive (MDD) is well under way with strong partners from industry involved in the process. The status of the overall facility including an overview of the recent commissioning results will be presented in this paper.
* P. J. Bryant et al., “Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS), 2,” Aug 2000.

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WEPRO082

A Multi-leaf Faraday Cup Especially for the Therapy of Ocular Tumors with Protons

2149

SUSPSNE109

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker
HZB, Berlin, Germany
A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and Land Berlin
The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) and the University Hospital Charité in Berlin provide a treatment of ocular tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by the isochronous HZB-cyclotron as main accelerator. Very important in tumor irradiation treatments is the positioning of the radiation field. For the treatment of eye tumors it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Therefore, because of the well-defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve very constrained fields of dose delivery. Especially the knowledge of the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy is crucial, due to the small critical structures in the eye. A possible solution for a quick and precise measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC adapted to the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. An overview of the progress of this work regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization and results will be given.

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WEPRO083

Implementation of a Superconducting Electron Beam Ion Source into the HIT Ion Source Test Bench

2153

E. Ritter, A. Silze, G.H. Zschornack
DREEBIT GmbH, Dresden, Germany
R. Cee, Th. Haberer, A. Peters, T.W. Winkelmann
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany
G. Zschornack
TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Cancer therapy with light heavy ions is now a well proven technology. Almost all facilities are running Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) to produce carbon ions and protons as well. In the 1990’s the idea of using a Electron Beam Ion Source was proposed (EBIS) [1]. Some proof of principle measurements were carried out [2] but the application of EBIS ion sources in radiation facilities has not been established. We present results from the implementation of a superconducting EBIS, the Dresden EBIS-SC, at an RFQ accelerator at the testbench of the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT). First results from C 4+ ions produced by the Dresden EBIS-SC [3] and injection in an RFQ accelerator at the HIT testbench are shown. Furthermore, emittance measurements as well as investigations of the ion energy and the transmission through the RFQ were done. The emittance of the EBIS source is lower by a factor of nine compared to an ECRIS, which improves the transmission through the RFQ. With the current setup the ion output from the EBIS-SC is lower by a factor of 7 compared to an ECRIS to fulfill the requirements of the highest irradiation level. Further improvements are discussed.
* erik.ritter@dreebit.com

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WEPRO086

Experimental Activity in the ENEA-Frascati Irradiation Facility with 3-7 MeV Protons

2156

M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, F. Bonfigli, M.C. Carpanese, F. Marracino, R.M. Montereali, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, M. Piccinini, C. Ronsivalle, V. Surrenti, M.A. Vincenti
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
F. Ambrosini
URLS, Rome, Italy
M. Balduzzi, C. Marino, C. Snels
ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy
M. Balucani, A. Klyshko
University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
C. De Angelis, G. Esposito, M.A. Tabocchini
ISS, Rome, Italy

A variable energy (3-7 MeV) and pulsed current (0.1 – 100 μA) proton beam has been made available for different applications (radiobiology experiments, detectors development, material studies) in an irradiation facility at ENEA-Frascati based on the 7 MeV injector of the protontherapy linac under realization in the framework of the TOP-IMPLART Project. It is a 425 MHz linear accelerator consisting in a 3 MeV RFQ followed by a DTL up to 7 MeV (PL-7 ACCSYS-HITACHI model) followed by an horizontal and a vertical beam transport line. The latter one is particularly suitable for radiobiology in vitro studies allowing to irradiate besides cell monolayes also cell growing in suspension culture. The paper describes the facility and the recent results of the experimental activity.

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WEPRO087

Magnetic-field Measurements of Superconducting Magnets for a Heavy-ion Rotating-gantry and Beam-tracking Simulations

2159

S.S. Suzuki, T. Furukawa, Y. Hara, Y. Iwata, K. Mizushima, S. Mori, K. Noda, T. Shirai, K. Shoda
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
N. Amemiya
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
H. Arai, T. Fujimoto
AEC, Chiba, Japan
T.F. Fujita
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
Y. Nagamoto, T. Orikasa, S. Takayama, T. Yazawa
Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan
T. Obana
NIFS, Gifu, Japan
T. Ogitsu
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Manufacture of superconducting rotating-gantry for heavy-ion radiotherapy is currently in progress. This rotating gantry can transport heavy ions having 430 MeV/nucleon to an isocenter with irradiation angles of over 0-360 degrees, and enable advanced radiation-therapy. The three-dimensional scanning-irradiation method is performed in this rotating gantry. Therefore, uniformity of magnetic field is quite important since scanned beams traverse through these superconducting magnets before reaching to the isocenter. In the present work, we precisely measured the magnetic-field distributions of the superconducting magnets for the rotating gantry. We used Hall probes to measure the magnetic field. The magnetic-field distributions were determined by measuring Hall voltage, while moving the Hall probes on a rail, which has the same curvature as a center trajectory of beams. The measured-field distributions were compared with calculated distributions with a three-dimensional electromagnetic-field solver, the OPERA-3D code. Furthermore, beam-tracking simulations were performed by using the measured magnetic-field distributions to verify the design of the superconducting magnets.

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WEPRO088

Design of Beam Transport Lines for Radioisotope Production Systems in NIRS Cyclotron Facility

2162

K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura, K. Suzuki
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan

A new beam transport and a irradiation system were designed for radionuclides production with heat damageable targets. The incident beam is swept along a circle on the irradiation target with fast steering magnets. The width and the sweeping radius of the incident beams were optimized to achieve high production efficiency and avoid the heat damages. Based on those optimized parameters, beam optics of the new beam transport lines was optimized. To obtain initial conditions for the optical calculations, the beam emittance and the Twiss parameters were measured at the upper stream of the new beam transport lines. In this paper, we present the results of the calculations and the optimized beam transport lines.

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WEPRO089

Latest Developments of a C-band 2MeV Accelerator

2165

W. Bai, M. Li, L.J. Shan, X.M. Shen, Z. Xu
CAEP/IAE, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China

A C-band 2MeV accelerator is developped at CAEP in China. This research is aimmed at developing an compact accelerator used as X ray source for industrial useage. At present, the C-band accelerator has been developed successfully. we have carried out a lot of research work based on the accelerator, including test of X ray energy, focus and dose rate etc. This paper shows the latest experimental results and application research status on the C-band accelerator.

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WEPRO090

Status of KAERI 6 MeV 9.3 GHz X-Band Electron Linac for Cancer Treatment System

2168

B.N. Lee, B.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, S. Lee, H.D. Park, K.B. Song
KAERI, Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea
P. Buaphad, Y. Kim
ISU, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
S.S. Cha
UST, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the (NRF funded by the MSIFP, Korea (No.2013M2A2A4023350) and the Industrial Strategic technology development program, 10043897, funded By the MOTIE, Korea.
The X-band RF linear accelerators (LINAC’s) are popular for medical application due to its compactness. To increase the precision of treatment accuracy under circumstance in which the LINAC is mounted on an apparatus such as gantry frame or robot-arm; this is an advantage as the weight and size are more reduced. It is a 9.3 GHz magnetron with the most readily available RF generator in the X-band frequencies from 8 GHz to 12 GHz and the magnetron is mainly used for the source of the RF power in a compact LINAC. The average power of the magnetron at 9.3~GHz is generally a few MW and this amount could provide a sufficient radiation dose-rate for tumour therapy. KAERI has been developing a new compact 9.3 GHz X-band electron LINAC for a cancer treatment system. The maximum energy of the electron beam is 6 MeV and the average beam power at the tungsten target is about 1 kW. In this paper, we describe the status of development of the 6 MeV X-band LINAC at KAERI.

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WEPRO091

Development of Acceleration Technique for Hadron Therapy in JINR

2171

E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Development of accelerators for hadron therapy is one of JINR activities in the field of acceleration technique. The JINR-IBA collaboration has developed and constructed the C235-V3 cyclotron for Dimitrovgrad hospital center of the proton therapy. Proton transmission in C235-V3 from radius 0.3m to 1.03 m is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms, the extraction efficiency is 62%. The cyclotron was delivered in this center in 2012. The project of the medical carbon synchrotron together with superconducting gantry was developed in JINR. Carbon ion beams are effectively used for cancer treatment. The PET is the most effective way of tumor diagnostics. The radioactive carbon ion beam could allow both these advantages to be combined. JINR-NIRS collaboration develops formation of a primary radioactive ion beam for the scanning radiation and on line PET diagnostic. A superconducting cyclotron C400 was designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. This cyclotron will be used for therapy with proton, helium and carbon ions.

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WEPRO092

Comparisons and Simulations of Superconducting Dipole Magnets for JINR Carbon Ion Gantry

2174

E. Syresin, N.A. Morozov, D. Shvidkiy
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

A medical complex for carbon ion therapy has been developed in the JINR based on the own technology of the superconducting ion synchrotron - Nuclotron. One important feature of this project is related to the application of superconducting gantry. In the project, two schemes of superconducting gantries have been considered. In the first scheme, the last gantry element is supposed to be represented by a superconducting magnet with a scan region in it of 20 × 20 cm. In the second scheme the gantry consists of four 45°bending sections, each including two similar dipole magnets of a low aperture (about 120 mm). Such gantries are intended for multiple raster scanning with a wide carbon beam and the technique of layer wise irradiation with a spread out Bragg peak of several mm. The comparison and simulation of superconducting dipole magnet for JINR carbon ion gantry is under discussion.

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WEPRO095

Development of Beam Line for Medical Application at ITEP-TWAC Complex

2183

M.M. Kats
ITEP, Moscow, Russia

Possibilities of beam lines improvement for medical application at ITEP Accelerator Complex were observed. Existing beam lines were constructed for transport fast extracted proton beam with energy <230MeV from synchrotron U10 to three treatment rooms with fixed horizontal direction of targets irradiation. Scattering and collimation were used to distribute irradiation dose to the target volume. New beam lines are developed for transport of slow extracted proton (E<230MeV) or carbon (E<400MeV/n) beams from synchrotron UK to the same three treatment rooms and to experimental building. They will be equipped with scanning magnets. The fixed horizontal directions will be used in two rooms for treatment of special localizations in eye or head. To treat any targets from different directions compact “planar system” is developed covering irradiation directions of ±45 degrees to horizontal plane. Planar system can be used in two rooms. Main features of proposed beam lines are compared with existing and planned centers of therapy by proton and ion beams.

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WEPRO096

X-ray Radiation Source for Low Dose Angiography based on Channeling Radiation

2186

S.M. Polozov, T.V. Bondarenko
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

Angiography is one of the most reliable and contemporary procedure of the vascular system imaging. X-ray spectrums provided by all modern medical angiographs are too broad to acquire high contrast images and provide low radiation dose at the same time. The new method of narrow X-ray spectrum achieving is based on the idea of channelling radiation application. The X-ray filters used in this method allows eliminating the high energy part of the spectrum and providing dramatic dose reduction. The scheme of the facility including the X-ray filter is discussed. The results of the spectrum analysis for the channelling radiation source and typical angiography X-ray tube are discussed. Doses obtained by the water phantom and contrast of the iodine agent image are also provided for both cases.

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WEPRO097

The Base Parameters of the Compact 27 GHz Electron Linac for Medical Application

2189

S.M. Polozov, T.V. Bondarenko, Yu.D. Kliuchevskaia, V.I. Rashchikov
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

A compact and light-weight electron linac is attractive for a number of medical applications including intra-operational and cyber-knife systems. The design of such an accelerator can nowadays be based on using of a powerful high-voltage high-frequency gyrotron which can provide now in pulsed regime a peak power up to 15 MW at the frequency about of 30 GHz. Taking into account this possibility, the paper presents the results of design and numerical simulations for the electron beam dynamics in a linac with the operating frequency of 27 GHz. Designed linac consists of two parts: gentle buncher and main accelerating section. The beam bunching is complicated at 1 cm wavelength because high energy about 2 MeV is necessary for beam injection into the main stage with v/c=1. Beam dynamics simulations are held using BEAMDULAC-BL code*. The electrodynamics of accelerating structure based on biperiodic structure is presented. The electron gun simulation is also discussed. The RF feeding is planned to be realized using a gyrotron to be designed in IAP RAS. The gyrotron is capable to produce 2 MW peak RF power in pulses with pulse duration 400 μs and repetition rate 10 Hz.
T.V. Bondarenko, E.S. Masunov, S.M. Polozov. BEAMDULAC-BL code for 3D simulation of electron beam dynamics taking into account beam loading and coulomb field. PAST, 2014 (in press).

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WEPRO098

Producing Two-photon Planar Sources at an Electron Accelerator

2192

V.L. Uvarov, N.P. Dikiy, A.N. Dovbnya, Yu.V. Lyashko, Yu.V. Rogov, V.A. Shevchenko, A.Eh. Tenishev
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine

Gamma-sources with two-energy spectrum are used in industrial and medical diagnostics for quantitative introscopy (tomography). Commonly, such sources are obtained by a reactor technology (153Gd) or using an ultrastable X-ray tube with properly shaped spectrum of radiation. We suggested utilize the 179Ta isotope (Ex~ 55 keV, T1/2= 665 day) in combination with 57Co (Eγ=122 keV, T1/2=273 day). A soft technology for producing planar sealed 179Ta/57Co sources at an electron accelerator by X-ray irradiation of a target from natural tantalum and nickel was developed. The isotope yield and absorbed power of radiation in the target device vs electron beam energy were calculated using a modified transport code PENELOPE-2008. The results of experiment conducted to determine the yields of the target isotopes and by-products are in good agreement with the simulation data.

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WEPRO099

A Study of the Production of Neutrons for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy using a Proton Accelerator

2195

T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
J.R.J. Bennett
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
S. Green
University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
B. Phoenix, M.C. Scott
Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer therapy particularly well-suited to treating aggressive tumours that exhibit a high degree of infiltration of the surrounding healthy tissue. Such tumours, for example of the brain and lung, provide some of the most challenging problems in oncology. The first element of the therapy is boron-10 which is preferentially introduced into the cancerous cells using a carrier compound. Boron-10 has a very high capture cross-section with the other element of the therapy, thermal neutrons, resulting in the production of a lithium nucleus and an alpha particle which destroy the cell they are created in. However, a large flux of neutrons is required and until recently the only source used was a nuclear reactor. In Birmingham, studies of an existing BNCT facility using a 2.8 MeV proton beam and a solid lithium target have found a way to increase the beam power to a sufficient level to allow clinical trials, while maintaining the target solid. In this paper, we will introduce BNCT, describe the work in Birmingham and compare with other accelerator-driven BNCT projects around the World.

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WEPRO100

NORMA - The Normal-Conducting, Scaling Racetrack FFAG

2198

R. Appleby, J.M. Garland, H.L. Owen, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
K.M. Hock
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: Research supported by STFC grant number ST/K002503/1 "Racetrack FFAGs for medical, PRISM and energy applications".
We present a design for a 30~-~350~MeV scaling racetrack FFAG accelerator for medical application - NORMA (NOrmal-conducting Racetrack Medical Accelerator) - which utilises normal-conducting magnets. NORMA consists of 12 FDF triplet cells with a maximum drift length of ∼ 2~m; an additional drift space inserted into two places forms a racetrack lattice with enough space for injection/extraction. Optimisation routines in PyZgoubi are used to find optimum cell parameters and working point.

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WEPRO101

A Compact Superconducting 330 MeV Proton Gantry for Radiotherapy and Computed Tomography

2202

D.J. Holder
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A.F. Green, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by STFC Cockcroft Institute Grant No. ST/G008248/1
The primary advantage of proton beam therapy as a cancer treatment is its ability to maximize the radiation dose delivered to the target volume and minimize the dose to surrounding healthy tissue, due to the inherently narrow Bragg peak at the end of the proton range. This can be further enhanced by imaging the target volume and surrounding tissues using proton Computed Tomography (pCT), which directly measures the energy loss from individual protons to infer the tissue density. Proton energies up to 330 MeV are required for pCT. We describe a superconducting gantry design which can deliver protons for both therapy and pCT with a similar size to existing treatment gantries. The use of ten identical combined-function superconducting dipole magnets minimizes the weight and technical development required. Based on experience with superconducting magnets for carbon gantries it should be possible to change the magnetic field sufficiently quickly to perform spot-scanning over successive layers without inducing quenching. It is envisaged that a combination of cryogenic cooling and cryogen-free cooling will be used to achieve the required operating temperature for the magnet windings.

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WEPRI090

Cyclotron C235-V3 for Dimitrovgrad Hospital Center of the Proton Therapy

2703

S.A. Kostromin, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, M.Y. Kazarinov, S.A. Korovkin, S.P. Mokrenko, N.A. Morozov, A.G. Olshevsky, V.M. Romanov, E. Samsonov, N.G. Shakun, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
P. Cahay, Y. Jongen, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

JINR-IBA C235-V3 isochronous cyclotron for 1st Russian hospital center of the proton therapy has been assembled and tested. Shimming of the magnetic field, optimization of the acceleration modes and testing with the extracted proton beam were done in frame of this work. The paper presents experimental results of the beam dynamics in the accelerator. Proton transmission from radius 30cm to 103cm is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms. The extraction efficiency is 62%. This cyclotron is a substantially modified version C235-V3 of the IBA C235 serial cyclotron. C235-V3 has the improved extraction system which was constructed and tested. This system allows raise the extraction efficiency up to 77% from 50% in comparison with serial C235. Special mapping system (for Br-component) of the magnetic field was developed and constructed by JINR for the shimming of the Br-field in the middle plane of the cyclotron. Total efficiency of the machine is 45%. Further improvement of the parameters expected after final tuning of the cyclotron in Dimitrovgrad.

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THXB01

Accelerators for Medical Application: what is so special?

2807

J.M. Schippers, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The specific requirements of accelerators for radiation therapy will be discussed. The focus will be on accelerator and beam transport design, but also on operational and formal aspects. We will discuss the special requirements to reach a high reliability for patient treatments as well as an accurate delivery of the dose at the correct position in the patient using modern techniques like pencil beam scanning. The requirements of the beam are quite different from those in a nuclear physics laboratory, such as a special matching of the emittance of the accelerated beam, requirements on beam intensity and stability and prevention of activation. The way of operating a medical device requires not only operators, but also the possibility to have a safe machine operation by non accelerator specialists at different operating sites. Size, weight and price are important for a in a hospital based facility. This is encouraging the application of new developments in superconductivity and has stimulated novel accelerator types and beam sharing schemes. Since certification and legal aspects play an important role in a medical device, these topics will also be discussed.

Slides THXB01 [2.017 MB]

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THOAB01

Recent Progress and Future Plan of Heavy-ion Radiotherapy Facility, HIMAC

2812

K. Noda, T. Furukawa, Y. Hara, Y. Iwata, N. Kanematsu, K. Katagiri, A. Kitagawa, K. Mizushima, S. Mori, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, M. Nakao, A. Noda, S. Sato, T. Shirai, E. Takada, Y. Takei
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan

The first clinical trial with a carbon-ion beam generated from HIMAC was conducted in June 1994. Based on more than ten years of experience with HIMAC, a pilot facility of a standard carbon-ion radiotherapy facility in Japan, was constructed at Gunma University. Owing to the successfully operation of the pilot facility, Saga-HIMAT and i-ROCK in Kanagawa have been progressed. In addition, NIRS has developed the new treatment research project for the further development of radiotherapy with, based on the pencil-beam 3D scanning for both the static and moving targets. This treatment procedure has been successfully carried out with a pencil-beam 3D scanning since May 2011. Owing to the development of NIRS 3D scanning, the i-ROCK project decided to employ the NIRS 3D scanning. As a future plan, further, NIRS has developed a superconducting rotating gantry, and we are going to just start a study of a superconducting accelerator for the ion radiotherapy. The recent progress and the future plan of HIMAC for the heavy-ion cancer radiotherapy will be reported.

Slides THOAB01 [10.523 MB]

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THOAB02

Options for UK Technetium-99m Production using Accelerators

2815

H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J.R. Ballinger
KCL, London, United Kingdom
J. Buscombe
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
R.J. Clarke
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
E. Denton
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
B. Ellis
Central Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
G.D. Flux
Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
L. Fraser
PHE, London, United Kingdom
B.J. Neilly
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
A. Paterson
The Society of Radiographers, London, United Kingdom
A. Perkins
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
A.F. Scarsbrook
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom

Recent and ongoing shortages in reactor-based supplies of Molybdenum-99 for hospital production of the important medical radioisotope Technetium-99m have prompted the re-examination of the alternative production methods using conventional and laser-based particle accelerators. At present the UK has no domestic Technetium-99m production and relies exclusively on Technetium-99m generators manufactured overseas; the National Health Service, with professional partners, is therefore examining the options for domestic production to increase security of supply. In this paper we review the accelerator-based methods from a UK perspective, and outline the most promising methods for short- and medium-term supply, which include low-energy cyclotron and photonuclear reaction routes using enriched Molybdenum-100 targets.

Slides THOAB02 [38.942 MB]

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