BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
AES, Princeton, New Jersey
CLASSE, Ithaca
Stony Brook University, StonyBrook
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
In this paper we present status and plans for the 20-MeV R&D energy recovery linac, which is under construction at Collider Accelerator Department at BNL. The facility is based on high current (up to 0.5 A of average current) super-conducting 2.5 MeV RF gun, single-mode super-conducting 5-cell RF linac and about 20-m long return loop with very flexible lattice. The R&D ERL, which is planned for commissioning in 2008, aims to address many outstanding questions relevant for high current, high brightness energy-recovery linacs.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
AES, Princeton, New Jersey
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
The physics interest in a luminosity upgrade of RHIC requires the development of a cooling-frontier facility. Detailed cooling calculations have been made to determine the efficacy of electron cooling of the stored RHIC beams. This has been followed by beam dynamics simulations to establish the feasibility of creating the necessary electron beam. Electron cooling of RHIC at collisions requires electron beam energy up to about 54 MeV at an average current of between 50 to 100 mA and a particularly bright electron beam. The accelerator chosen to generate this electron beam is a superconducting Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) with a superconducting RF gun with a laser-photocathode. An intensive experimental R&D program engages the various elements of the accelerator: Photocathodes of novel design, superconducting RF electron gun of a particularly high current and low emittance, a very high-current ERL cavity and a demonstration ERL using these components.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
AMAC, Newport News, Virginia
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
CNU, Newport News
Currently available technology can only inspect flat sheets and allow the elimination of defective flat sheets before the expensive forming and machining of the SRF cavity half-cells, but it does not eliminate the problem of remaining or uncovered surface impurities after partial chemical etching of the half-cells, nor does it detect any defects that may have been added during the fabrication of the half-cells. AMAC has developed a SQUID scanning system based on eddy current technique that allows the scanning of curved Nb samples that are welded to make superconducting RF cavity half-cells. AMAC SQUID scanning system successfully located the defects (Ta macro particles about 100 mm diameter) in a flat Nb sample (top side) and was able to also locate the defects in a cylindrical surface sample (top side). It is more significant that the system successfully located the defects on the backside of the flat sample and curved sample or 3-mm from the top surface. The 3-D SQUID-based Nondestructive instrument will be further optimized and improved in making SRF cavities and allow inspection and detection during cavity manufacturing for achieving highest accelarating fields.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
One of the key components for the Energy Recovery Linac being built by the Electron cooling group in the Collider Accelerator Department is the 5 cell accelerating cavity which is designed to accelerate 2 MeV electrons from the gun up to 15-20 MeV, allow them to make one pass through the ring and then decelerate them back down to 2 MeV prior to sending them to the dump. This cavity was designed by BNL and fabricated by AES in Medford, NY. Following fabrication it was sent to Thomas Jefferson Lab in VA for chemical processing, testing and assembly into a string assembly suitable for shipment back to BNL and integration into the ERL. The steps involved in this processing sequence will be reviewed and the deviations from processing of similar SRF cavities will be discussed. The lessons learned from this process are documented to help future projects where the scope is different from that normally encountered.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
AES, Princeton, New Jersey
Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
The multipacting phenomena in accelerating structures and coaxial lines are well documented and methods of mitigating or suppressing it are understood. The multipacting that occurs in a quarter wave choke joint designed to mount a cathode insertion stalk into a superconducting RF photoinjector has been analyzed via calculations and experimental measurements and the effect of introducing multipacting suppression grooves into the structure is analyzed. Several alternative choke joint designs are analyzed and suggestions made regarding future choke joint development. Furthermore, the problems encountered in cleaning the choke joint surfaces, factors important in changes to the secondary electron yield, are discussed and evaluated. This design is being implemented on the BNL 1.3 GHz photoinjector, previously used for measurement of the quantum efficiency of bare Nb, to allow for the introduction of other cathode materials for study, and to verify the design functions properly prior to constructing our 703 MHz photoinjector with a similar choke joint design.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Acceleration of electrons up to 10 GeV for a future electron-ion collider eRHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) could be performed with the energy recovery linac with multiple passes. An energy recovery scheme is required if a superconducting linac is used for acceleration. We report on an attempt to make a combination of a multi-pass linac with non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS-FFAG) arcs. Two NS-FFAG arcs would allow electrons to pass through the same structure with different energies. The beam will be accelerated by the superconducting linac at the top of the sine function, and returned to the front of the linac by the non-scaling FFAG. This process is repeated until the total energy of 10 GeV is reached. After collisions the beam is brought back by the NS-FFAG and decelerated before being dumped.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
The design of the high-energy cooler for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) recently adopted a non-magnetized approach. To prevent recombination between the fully stripped gold ions and co-propagating electrons, a helical undulator magnet has been proposed. In addition, to counteract space-charge defocusing, weak solenoids are proposed every 10m. To understand the effect of these magnets on the cooling rate, numerical models of cooling in the presence of external fields are needed. We present an approach from first principles using the VORPAL parallel simulation code. We solve the n-body problem by exact calculation of pair-wise collisions. Simulations of the proposed RHIC cooler are discussed, including fringe field and finite interaction time effects.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
The work at Tech-X Corp. is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under a Phase I SBIR grant.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
The traditional electron cooling system used in low-energy coolers employs an electron beam immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field. In the first relativistic cooler, which was recently commissioned at Fermilab, the friction force is dominated by the non-magnetized collisions between electrons and antiprotons. The design of the higher-energy cooler for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) recently adopted a non-magnetized approach which requires a low temperature electron beam. However, to avoid significant loss of heavy ions due to recombination with electrons in the cooling section, the temperature of the electron beam should be very high. These two contradictory requirements are satisfied in the design of the RHIC cooler with the help of the undulator fields. The model of the friction force in the presence of an undulator field was benchmarked vs direct numerical simulations with an excellent agreement. Simulations of ion beam dynamics in the presence of such a cooler and helical undulator is discussed in detail, including recombination suppression and resulting luminosities.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
The low-energy electron cooling system is based on an electron beam immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field of a solenoid. The coupling of the horizontal and vertical motion allows representation of the friction force as a sum of the transverse and longitudinal components. The analytic treatment proceeds by allowing several approximations, for example, uniform transverse density distribution of electron beam and Maxwellian distribution in the velocity space. The high-energy electron cooling system for RHIC is unique compared to standard coolers. It requires bunched electron beam. Electron bunches are produced by an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), and cooling is planned without a longitudinal magnetic field. To address the unique features of the RHIC cooler, a generalized 3-D treatment of the cooling force was introduced in the BETACOOL code which allows to calculate the friction force from an arbitrary six-dimensional distribution of the electrons. Results based on this treatment are compared to typical approximations. Simulations for the RHIC cooler based on a realistic electron distribution from the ERL are presented.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Non-magnetized electron cooling of RHIC requires an electron beam energy of 54.3 MeV, electron charge per bunch of 5 nC, normalized rms beam emittance of 4 mm-mrad, and rms energy spread of 3·10-4 *. In this paper we describe a lattice of a two-pass SCRF energy recovery linac (ERL) and results of a PARMELA simulation that provides electron beam parameters satisfying RHIC electron cooling requirements.
* A. Fedotov, Electron Cooling Studies for RHIC II http://www.bnl.gov/cad/ecooling/docs/PDF/Electron_Cooling.pdf
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
Electron cooling at RHIC-II upgrade imposes strict requirements on the quality of the electron beam at the cooling section. Beam current dependent effects such as the space charge, wake fields, CSR in bending magnets, trapped ions, etc., will tend to spoil the beam quality and decrease the cooling efficiency. In this paper, we estimate the defocusing effect of the space charge at the cooling section and describe our plan to compensate the defocusing space charge force by focusing solenoids. We also estimate the energy spread and emittance growth cased by wake fields. Finally, we discuss ion trapping in the electron cooler and consider different techniques to minimize the effect of ion trapping.
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Plans for the RHIC luminosity upgrade call for an electron cooling system that will place substantial demands on the energy, current, brightness, and beam quality of the electron beam. In particular, the requirements demand a new level of fidelity in beam dynamics simulations. New developments in MaryLie/IMPACT have improved the space-charge computations for beams with large aspect ratios and the beam dynamic computations for rf cavities. We present the results of beam dynamics simulations that include the effects of space charge and nonlinearities, and aim to assess the tolerance for errors and nonlinearities on current designs for a super-conducting ERL.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
The ERL Prototype project is currently under development at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The ERL is expected to demonstrate energy recovery of high-intensity beams with a current of up to a few hundred milliamps, while preserving the emittance of bunches with a charge of a few nanocoulombs produced by a high-current SRF gun. To successfully accomplish this task the machine will include beam diagnostics that will be used for accurate characterization of the three dimensional beam phase space at the injection and recirculation energies, transverse and longitudinal beam matching, orbit alignment, beam current measurement, and machine protection. This paper outlines requirements on the ERL diagnostics and describes its setup and modes of operation.