Cyclotrons2019 - Classification: 06 Cyclotron and FFAG Concepts, New Projects

Paper	Title	Page
TUB01	Status of the Development of a Fully Iron-free Cyclotron for Proton Beam Radiotherapy Treatment
	D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Bromberg, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under award number DE-SC0013499. Superconducting cyclotrons are increasingly employed for proton beam radiotherapy treatment. The use of superconductivity in a cyclotron design can reduce its mass by an order of magnitude and size by a factor of 3-4 over conventional resistive magnet technology, yielding significant reduction in overall cost of the device, the accelerator vault, and its infrastructure. In the presented work, we go a step further and remove the iron yoke, generating the magnetic field with a combination of superconducting coils only. Eliminating the iron yoke has two key benefits. First and foremost, the overall weight can be reduced by almost another order of magnitude. Secondly, eliminating all magnetic iron from the flux circuit results in a linear relationship between field and coil current, which allows smooth scaling of the magnetic field and thus the output energy, thereby removing the need for a degrader. Here we describe the status of the design of such an iron-free cyclotron, currently under development at the Plasma Science and Fusion Center at MIT, with coil and cryostat calculations as well as beam dynamics studies and treatment plan considerations pertaining to this type of cyclotron.
	Slides TUB01 [5.954 MB]
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TUB02	JINR PROJECTS of CYCLOTRON FOR PROTON THERAPY	140
	O. Karamyshev, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, D.P. Popov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, V.L. Smirnov, S.B. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Physical design of the compact superconducting cyclotron SC230 (91.5MHz) has been performed. The cyclotron can deliver up to 230 MeV beam for proton therapy and medico-biological research. As the cyclotron will have a relatively small magnet field, it is possible to use both superconducting and resistive coil. Besides a superconducting cyclotron we simulate design of the cyclotron with a conventional copper water-cooled coil. Such a solution allows us to achieve a lower price compared to superconducting options, but it becomes a bit heavier.
	Slides TUB02 [8.397 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUB02
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP031	Design and Construction Progress of Cyclotron Based Proton Irradiation Facility for Space Science	230
	Y.L. Lv, S. An, T. Cui, T. Ge, B. Ji, X.L. Jia, S.L. Wang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The proton irradiation facility for space science research and application consists of a 50 MeV proton cyclotron, two beam lines and two radiation effect simulation experimental target station. The 50 MeV proton cyclotron (CYCIAE-50) is a compact negative hydrogen ion cyclotron with the proton beam energy from 30 MeV to 50 MeV, and the beam intensity is from 10 nA to 10 uA. The cyclotron is about 3.2 m in diameter, 3.5 m in total height and 80 tons in total weight. The diameter of the pole is 2000 mm, the outer diameter of the yoke is 3200 mm, and the height of magnet is 1500 mm. The cyclotron uses an external multi-cusp H⁻ ion source. Then the H⁻ beam is injected into the accelerating orbit by the spiral inflector. The cyclotron frequency is about 16 MHz. The RF system is a pair of λ/2 RF cavities driven by a 25 kW transmitter. The fourth harmonic accelerating frequency is about 65 MHz. The proton beam is extracted by a single movable stripping carbon foil with the stripping extraction efficiency of 99%. The 50 MeV cyclotron has now been designed in detail, and its main components, such as the main magnets and RF cavities, are being manufactured in the factories in China.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP031
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP033	Concept of 15 Mev Cyclotron for Medical Isotopes Production	233
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The purpose of this article is to show the prospects of cyclotrons with resistive coils and prove that even in such a well-established field there is still room for innovation. The concept of a 15 MeV cyclotron accelerating HÂ¯ ions with a current of up to 1 mA is presented. The design features significantly lower weight and power consumption, compared to the majority of existing cyclotrons of the same energy.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP033
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP034	Study of MERIT Ring for Intense Secondary Particle Production	237
	H. Okita, Y. Ishi, Y. Kuriyama, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
	Funding: This work is partially supported by ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan). An intense negative muon source MERIT (Multiplex Energy Recovery Internal Target) for the nuclear transformation to mitigate the long-lived fission products from nuclear plants have been proposed. For the purpose of proof-of principle of the MERIT scheme, a FFA (Fixed Field Alternating focusing) ring has been developed and beam experiments have been carried out. In this conference, the results of this study will be reported.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP034
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP035	Development of a Center Region for New Sumitomo Cyclotron	240
	N. Kamiguchi, M. Hirabayashi, J. Kanakura, Y. Kumata, Y. Mikami, H. Murata, H. Oda, T. Tachikawa, T. Takahashi, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J.Y. Yoshida SHI, Kanagawa, Japan
	We, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., have been developing a new AVF cyclotron which employs a super-conducting magnet. This cyclotron purposes proton therapy fields and is most compact and high intensity among AVF cyclotrons which can accelerate to 230 MeV. In this paper we report and focus on its center region. The center region consists of bellows. The PIG ion source with hot cathode is located at the center of the cyclotron. As this cyclotron has 3 T magnetic field, the filament receives the Lorentz force strongly. To avoid the filament deformation, AC current heating is newly introduced into this ion source. The over 40 µA output have been already confirmed in our test bench. The extraction of the proton beam is conducted with an RF electric field. On one counter dee electrode a beam chopper is equipped and on the other counter dee electrode, phase slits, a pair of vertical beam dumpers and a beam probe are equipped. To control the beam current, static electric beam choppers deflect the beam direction vertically. C-H coils are put on outside of the center region in the valley. In this paper, the concept of the center region of this new cyclotron will be discussed.
	Poster TUP035 [1.416 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP035
About •	paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP036	Optical Design of AVF Weak-Focusing Accelerator	242
	C. Hori, T. Aoki, T. Seki Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki-ken, Japan T. Hae, H. Hiramoto Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
	A trend in proton beam therapy systems is downsizing their footprints. A larger main magnetic field for the downsizing, however, requires a septum magnet to generate a larger magnetic field for beam extraction. In order to relax the specification of the septum magnet, we consider an azimuthally varying field (AVF) weak-focusing accelerator. The magnetic fields of its hills and valleys can be designed while maintaining the average magnetic fields over the design orbits. Thus, by locating the septum magnet near one of the valleys, the specification is relaxed while keeping the footprint of the accelerator. In this study, we show an optical design of an AVF weak-focusing accelerator with cotangential orbits. The magnetic field in the valleys is smaller than the average magnetic field over the maximum energy orbit by 0.2 T. We evaluate gradient magnetic fields required for beam extraction and find the possibility of variable energy extraction by the static gradient fields.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP036
About •	paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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TUP037	Compact Cotangential Orbit Accelerator for Particle Therapy	245
	T. Hae, H. Hiramoto Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Ibaraki-ken, Japan T. Aoki, C. Hori, Y. Nakashima, F. Noda, T. Seki Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki-ken, Japan
	A new type accelerator is being developed for the next generation particle therapy system. This accelerator utilizes a weak focusing DC magnetic field and a frequency modulated RF acceleration. Since a superconducting magnet is applicable to the main magnet, the accelerator can be compact. The accelerator characteristically has cotangential orbits to form an orbit-concentrated region. A beam is extracted from the region by using a new extraction method with the trans-verse RF kicker, peeler and regenerator magnetic fields. In this method an extracted beam energy can be controlled by applied time of the acceleration RF voltage without using an energy selection system (ESS). Intensity and pulse width of the extracted beam can be controlled by a voltage and / or a frequency pattern of the RF kicker.
	Poster TUP037 [0.740 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP037
About •	paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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WEB01	Status of FFAs (Modelling and Existing/planned Machines)	266
	J.-B. Lagrange, D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida, C.R. Prior, C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	Since their rebirth two decades ago, great progress has been made in Fixed Field alternating gradient Accelerator (FFA) design, with different optical concepts and technological developments. Several machines have been built, and others are planned. The talk will review the recent progress around the world.
	Slides WEB01 [7.965 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-WEB01
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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WEB05	Beam dynamics and preliminary design of the RFQ Direct Injection Project
	D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Injecting beam into a compact cyclotron from an external ion source usually requires a low energy beam transport line (LEBT) with several beam shaping elements (magnets and a buncher), the transfer through the cyclotron axial bore hole, and finally, bending the beam into the median plane using a spiral inflector. In the RFQ Direct Injection Project we are combining LEBT, buncher, and axial transfer within one element, the RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole), which is inserted axially into the cyclotron yoke. This is a very compact solution that offers an excellent bunching efficiency. To accommodate the small diameter that is available in the axial bore hole together with a low RF frequency of 32.8 MHz, a split-coaxial RFQ type was chosen. Longitudinal and transverse de-bunching are mitigated by an internal re-bunching cell, and an external electrostatic quadrupole, respectively. The preliminary design phase of this project has been concluded and the RFQ is currently under construction at Bevatech GmbH in Germany. Here, we present the beam dynamics simulations, showing the feasibility of the system, and the preliminary design of the RFQ and test cyclotron with central region.
	Slides WEB05 [6.177 MB]
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THB03	Conceptual Design of TR¹⁰⁰⁺: An Innovative Superconducting Cyclotron for Commercial Isotopes Production	298
	Y.-N. Rao, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, L.G. Zhang TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Utilizing dedicated cyclotrons to produce medical isotopes is an arising technology in hospitals across Canada. Thus, in January 2015, the CycloMed99 team, led by TRIUMF, demonstrated a breakthrough in producing the world’s most highly used medical isotope, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), on existing medical cyclotrons. Now we propose to design an innovative superconducting cyclotron for production of commercially valuable radioisotopes. This project will be focusing on a proton energy of 70-150 MeV and proton current of 2 mA. In this energy range, numerous increasingly demanded radioÂnuclides can be produced, either as parent nuclei for generator use, or directly as a active pharmaceutical ingredient, e.g. Strontium-82 (Sr-82), Actinium-235 (Ac-235) and Bismuth-213 (Bi-213). Our machine shall be designed to accelerate H²⁺, by injection from external ion source and extraction by stripping. This shall allow to simultaneously extract multiple cw proton beams of variable currents and potentially variable energies to multiple experimental stations with extremely high extraction efficiency. The basic parameters of the machine and the simulations of stripping extraction will be presented.
	Slides THB03 [3.030 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THB03
About •	paper received ※ 17 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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THD01	Physics and Technology of Compact Plasma Traps	321
	D. Mascali, G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, M. Mazzaglia, E. Naselli, G. Torrisi INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy E. Naselli Catania University, Catania, Italy
	ECR Ion Sources are deemed to be among the most performing ion sources feeding particle accelerators, cyclotrons in particular. Improvements of their performances strictly depend on the knowledge of plasma physics in compact magnetic traps. The paper will comment on the results obtained by the INFN-LNS team and international collaborators by means of a multi-diagnostics setup able to monitor the evolution in space and time of several plasma parameters, simultaneously with beam extraction and analysis in the LEBT, in single vs. double frequency operations, including the RF power and magnetic field scalings, and exploring regimes dominated by plasma turbulence. The results are relevant for the operations of existing ion sources and for the design of new ones. Compact magnetic traps fashioned in a similar way of ECRISs can be considered as an experimental environment by itself: we are exploring this opportunity relying to the in-plasma measurements of radionuclides lifetimes (in particular, beta-decaying elements): CosmoChronometers or nuclei involved in the s-process nucleosynthesis are among the case studies, opening new perspectives in the nuclear astrophysics field.
	Slides THD01 [17.662 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THD01
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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THD03	An Improved Concept for Self-Extraction Cyclotrons	330
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E. Forton IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	A study is made for an improved concept of self-extraction in low and medium energy cyclotrons to be used for production of medical isotopes. The prototype of the self-extracting cyclotron was realized around the year 2001. From this machine, currents higher than 1 mA were extracted and transported to a Pd-10³ production target. However, at the higher intensities, the extraction efficiency was dropping to about 70-75%, and the extracted emittance was rather poor, leading to additional losses in the beamline. Several improvements of the original concept are proposed: i) the beam coherent oscillation (as needed for good extraction) is no longer generated with harmonic coils, but is obtained from a significant off-centring of the ion source, ii) the cyclotron magnet has perfect 2-fold symmetry, allowing the placement of two internal sources and dual extraction on two opposite hill sectors, iii) a substantial improvement of the magnetic profile of the hill sectors. Simulations show an extraction efficiency up to almost 95% and emittances at least a factor 3 lower as compared to the original design. The new magnetic design is shown, and results of beam simulation are discussed. W. Kleeven et al., 16th Int. Conf. Cycl. Appl. 2001, East-Lansing.
	Slides THD03 [4.060 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THD03
About •	paper received ※ 19 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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FRA01	A New Solution for Cost Effective, High Average Power (2 GeV, 6 MW) Proton Accelerator and its R&D Activities	334
	T.J. Zhang, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, M. Li, S. Pei, C. Wang, F. Wang, Z.G. Yin CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The 100 MeV compact cyclotron, CYCIAE-100 was approved to start the construction in 2011, and the first proton beam was extracted on July 4, 2014. In 2017, the 200 µA proton beam development was conducted, and in 2018, the production of high power beam from 20 kW to 52 kW had been delivered successfully to the beam dump. Due to the successful construction of 435 tons magnet for CYCIAE-100, it has been proved that the gradient adjustment of magnetic field along radius can effectively enhance the vertical focusing during the isochronous acceleration. This key technology was applied to the general design of a 2 GeV CW proton accelerator, the energy limitation of the isochronous machine is increased from ~1 GeV to 2 GeV, by our contribution of the beam dynamics study for high energy isochronous FFAG. This paper will introduce CIAE’s engineering experience of precision magnet, high power RF systems, and the advantages of beam dynamics simulation based on large-scale parallel computing. The cost-effective solution for such a 2 GeV high power circular accelerator complex will be presented in detail after the brief introduction about the high power proton beam production by the CYCIAE-100.
	Slides FRA01 [19.669 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-FRA01
About •	paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2020 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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FRB01	Designing Cyclotrons and Fixed Field Accelerators From Their Orbits	353
	T. Planche TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: TRIUMF receives funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada. The transverse motion of particles in fixed field accelerators with mid-plane symmetry is entirely determined by the properties of the closed orbits. In this study I exploit this property to produce a variety of isochronous magnetic distributions. All the results presented in this paper are verified using cyclops simulations
	Slides FRB01 [1.367 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-FRB01
About •	paper received ※ 23 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020
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Paper

Title

Page

TUB01

Status of the Development of a Fully Iron-free Cyclotron for Proton Beam Radiotherapy Treatment

D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Bromberg, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under award number DE-SC0013499.
Superconducting cyclotrons are increasingly employed for proton beam radiotherapy treatment. The use of superconductivity in a cyclotron design can reduce its mass by an order of magnitude and size by a factor of 3-4 over conventional resistive magnet technology, yielding significant reduction in overall cost of the device, the accelerator vault, and its infrastructure. In the presented work, we go a step further and remove the iron yoke, generating the magnetic field with a combination of superconducting coils only. Eliminating the iron yoke has two key benefits. First and foremost, the overall weight can be reduced by almost another order of magnitude. Secondly, eliminating all magnetic iron from the flux circuit results in a linear relationship between field and coil current, which allows smooth scaling of the magnetic field and thus the output energy, thereby removing the need for a degrader. Here we describe the status of the design of such an iron-free cyclotron, currently under development at the Plasma Science and Fusion Center at MIT, with coil and cryostat calculations as well as beam dynamics studies and treatment plan considerations pertaining to this type of cyclotron.

Slides TUB01 [5.954 MB]

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TUB02

JINR PROJECTS of CYCLOTRON FOR PROTON THERAPY

140

O. Karamyshev, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, D.P. Popov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, V.L. Smirnov, S.B. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Physical design of the compact superconducting cyclotron SC230 (91.5MHz) has been performed. The cyclotron can deliver up to 230 MeV beam for proton therapy and medico-biological research. As the cyclotron will have a relatively small magnet field, it is possible to use both superconducting and resistive coil. Besides a superconducting cyclotron we simulate design of the cyclotron with a conventional copper water-cooled coil. Such a solution allows us to achieve a lower price compared to superconducting options, but it becomes a bit heavier.

Slides TUB02 [8.397 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUB02

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP031

Design and Construction Progress of Cyclotron Based Proton Irradiation Facility for Space Science

230

Y.L. Lv, S. An, T. Cui, T. Ge, B. Ji, X.L. Jia, S.L. Wang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The proton irradiation facility for space science research and application consists of a 50 MeV proton cyclotron, two beam lines and two radiation effect simulation experimental target station. The 50 MeV proton cyclotron (CYCIAE-50) is a compact negative hydrogen ion cyclotron with the proton beam energy from 30 MeV to 50 MeV, and the beam intensity is from 10 nA to 10 uA. The cyclotron is about 3.2 m in diameter, 3.5 m in total height and 80 tons in total weight. The diameter of the pole is 2000 mm, the outer diameter of the yoke is 3200 mm, and the height of magnet is 1500 mm. The cyclotron uses an external multi-cusp H⁻ ion source. Then the H⁻ beam is injected into the accelerating orbit by the spiral inflector. The cyclotron frequency is about 16 MHz. The RF system is a pair of λ/2 RF cavities driven by a 25 kW transmitter. The fourth harmonic accelerating frequency is about 65 MHz. The proton beam is extracted by a single movable stripping carbon foil with the stripping extraction efficiency of 99%. The 50 MeV cyclotron has now been designed in detail, and its main components, such as the main magnets and RF cavities, are being manufactured in the factories in China.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP031

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP033

Concept of 15 Mev Cyclotron for Medical Isotopes Production

233

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The purpose of this article is to show the prospects of cyclotrons with resistive coils and prove that even in such a well-established field there is still room for innovation. The concept of a 15 MeV cyclotron accelerating HÂ¯ ions with a current of up to 1 mA is presented. The design features significantly lower weight and power consumption, compared to the majority of existing cyclotrons of the same energy.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP033

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP034

Study of MERIT Ring for Intense Secondary Particle Production

237

H. Okita, Y. Ishi, Y. Kuriyama, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan

Funding: This work is partially supported by ImPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan).
An intense negative muon source MERIT (Multiplex Energy Recovery Internal Target) for the nuclear transformation to mitigate the long-lived fission products from nuclear plants have been proposed. For the purpose of proof-of principle of the MERIT scheme, a FFA (Fixed Field Alternating focusing) ring has been developed and beam experiments have been carried out. In this conference, the results of this study will be reported.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP034

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP035

Development of a Center Region for New Sumitomo Cyclotron

240

N. Kamiguchi, M. Hirabayashi, J. Kanakura, Y. Kumata, Y. Mikami, H. Murata, H. Oda, T. Tachikawa, T. Takahashi, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J.Y. Yoshida
SHI, Kanagawa, Japan

We, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., have been developing a new AVF cyclotron which employs a super-conducting magnet. This cyclotron purposes proton therapy fields and is most compact and high intensity among AVF cyclotrons which can accelerate to 230 MeV. In this paper we report and focus on its center region. The center region consists of bellows. The PIG ion source with hot cathode is located at the center of the cyclotron. As this cyclotron has 3 T magnetic field, the filament receives the Lorentz force strongly. To avoid the filament deformation, AC current heating is newly introduced into this ion source. The over 40 µA output have been already confirmed in our test bench. The extraction of the proton beam is conducted with an RF electric field. On one counter dee electrode a beam chopper is equipped and on the other counter dee electrode, phase slits, a pair of vertical beam dumpers and a beam probe are equipped. To control the beam current, static electric beam choppers deflect the beam direction vertically. C-H coils are put on outside of the center region in the valley. In this paper, the concept of the center region of this new cyclotron will be discussed.

Poster TUP035 [1.416 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP035

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paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP036

Optical Design of AVF Weak-Focusing Accelerator

242

C. Hori, T. Aoki, T. Seki
Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki-ken, Japan
T. Hae, H. Hiramoto
Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Ibaraki-ken, Japan

A trend in proton beam therapy systems is downsizing their footprints. A larger main magnetic field for the downsizing, however, requires a septum magnet to generate a larger magnetic field for beam extraction. In order to relax the specification of the septum magnet, we consider an azimuthally varying field (AVF) weak-focusing accelerator. The magnetic fields of its hills and valleys can be designed while maintaining the average magnetic fields over the design orbits. Thus, by locating the septum magnet near one of the valleys, the specification is relaxed while keeping the footprint of the accelerator. In this study, we show an optical design of an AVF weak-focusing accelerator with cotangential orbits. The magnetic field in the valleys is smaller than the average magnetic field over the maximum energy orbit by 0.2 T. We evaluate gradient magnetic fields required for beam extraction and find the possibility of variable energy extraction by the static gradient fields.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP036

About •

paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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TUP037

Compact Cotangential Orbit Accelerator for Particle Therapy

245

T. Hae, H. Hiramoto
Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
T. Aoki, C. Hori, Y. Nakashima, F. Noda, T. Seki
Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki-ken, Japan

A new type accelerator is being developed for the next generation particle therapy system. This accelerator utilizes a weak focusing DC magnetic field and a frequency modulated RF acceleration. Since a superconducting magnet is applicable to the main magnet, the accelerator can be compact. The accelerator characteristically has cotangential orbits to form an orbit-concentrated region. A beam is extracted from the region by using a new extraction method with the trans-verse RF kicker, peeler and regenerator magnetic fields. In this method an extracted beam energy can be controlled by applied time of the acceleration RF voltage without using an energy selection system (ESS). Intensity and pulse width of the extracted beam can be controlled by a voltage and / or a frequency pattern of the RF kicker.

Poster TUP037 [0.740 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-TUP037

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paper received ※ 13 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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WEB01

Status of FFAs (Modelling and Existing/planned Machines)

266

J.-B. Lagrange, D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida, C.R. Prior, C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Since their rebirth two decades ago, great progress has been made in Fixed Field alternating gradient Accelerator (FFA) design, with different optical concepts and technological developments. Several machines have been built, and others are planned. The talk will review the recent progress around the world.

Slides WEB01 [7.965 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-WEB01

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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WEB05

Beam dynamics and preliminary design of the RFQ Direct Injection Project

D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Injecting beam into a compact cyclotron from an external ion source usually requires a low energy beam transport line (LEBT) with several beam shaping elements (magnets and a buncher), the transfer through the cyclotron axial bore hole, and finally, bending the beam into the median plane using a spiral inflector. In the RFQ Direct Injection Project we are combining LEBT, buncher, and axial transfer within one element, the RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole), which is inserted axially into the cyclotron yoke. This is a very compact solution that offers an excellent bunching efficiency. To accommodate the small diameter that is available in the axial bore hole together with a low RF frequency of 32.8 MHz, a split-coaxial RFQ type was chosen. Longitudinal and transverse de-bunching are mitigated by an internal re-bunching cell, and an external electrostatic quadrupole, respectively. The preliminary design phase of this project has been concluded and the RFQ is currently under construction at Bevatech GmbH in Germany. Here, we present the beam dynamics simulations, showing the feasibility of the system, and the preliminary design of the RFQ and test cyclotron with central region.

Slides WEB05 [6.177 MB]

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THB03

Conceptual Design of TR¹⁰⁰⁺: An Innovative Superconducting Cyclotron for Commercial Isotopes Production

298

Y.-N. Rao, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, L.G. Zhang
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Utilizing dedicated cyclotrons to produce medical isotopes is an arising technology in hospitals across Canada. Thus, in January 2015, the CycloMed99 team, led by TRIUMF, demonstrated a breakthrough in producing the world’s most highly used medical isotope, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), on existing medical cyclotrons. Now we propose to design an innovative superconducting cyclotron for production of commercially valuable radioisotopes. This project will be focusing on a proton energy of 70-150 MeV and proton current of 2 mA. In this energy range, numerous increasingly demanded radioÂnuclides can be produced, either as parent nuclei for generator use, or directly as a active pharmaceutical ingredient, e.g. Strontium-82 (Sr-82), Actinium-235 (Ac-235) and Bismuth-213 (Bi-213). Our machine shall be designed to accelerate H²⁺, by injection from external ion source and extraction by stripping. This shall allow to simultaneously extract multiple cw proton beams of variable currents and potentially variable energies to multiple experimental stations with extremely high extraction efficiency. The basic parameters of the machine and the simulations of stripping extraction will be presented.

Slides THB03 [3.030 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THB03

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paper received ※ 17 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 25 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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THD01

Physics and Technology of Compact Plasma Traps

321

D. Mascali, G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, M. Mazzaglia, E. Naselli, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
E. Naselli
Catania University, Catania, Italy

ECR Ion Sources are deemed to be among the most performing ion sources feeding particle accelerators, cyclotrons in particular. Improvements of their performances strictly depend on the knowledge of plasma physics in compact magnetic traps. The paper will comment on the results obtained by the INFN-LNS team and international collaborators by means of a multi-diagnostics setup able to monitor the evolution in space and time of several plasma parameters, simultaneously with beam extraction and analysis in the LEBT, in single vs. double frequency operations, including the RF power and magnetic field scalings, and exploring regimes dominated by plasma turbulence. The results are relevant for the operations of existing ion sources and for the design of new ones. Compact magnetic traps fashioned in a similar way of ECRISs can be considered as an experimental environment by itself: we are exploring this opportunity relying to the in-plasma measurements of radionuclides lifetimes (in particular, beta-decaying elements): CosmoChronometers or nuclei involved in the s-process nucleosynthesis are among the case studies, opening new perspectives in the nuclear astrophysics field.

Slides THD01 [17.662 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THD01

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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THD03

An Improved Concept for Self-Extraction Cyclotrons

330

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E. Forton
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

A study is made for an improved concept of self-extraction in low and medium energy cyclotrons to be used for production of medical isotopes. The prototype of the self-extracting cyclotron was realized around the year 2001*. From this machine, currents higher than 1 mA were extracted and transported to a Pd-10³ production target. However, at the higher intensities, the extraction efficiency was dropping to about 70-75%, and the extracted emittance was rather poor, leading to additional losses in the beamline. Several improvements of the original concept are proposed: i) the beam coherent oscillation (as needed for good extraction) is no longer generated with harmonic coils, but is obtained from a significant off-centring of the ion source, ii) the cyclotron magnet has perfect 2-fold symmetry, allowing the placement of two internal sources and dual extraction on two opposite hill sectors, iii) a substantial improvement of the magnetic profile of the hill sectors. Simulations show an extraction efficiency up to almost 95% and emittances at least a factor 3 lower as compared to the original design. The new magnetic design is shown, and results of beam simulation are discussed.
* W. Kleeven et al., 16th Int. Conf. Cycl. Appl. 2001, East-Lansing.

Slides THD03 [4.060 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-THD03

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paper received ※ 19 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 27 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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FRA01

A New Solution for Cost Effective, High Average Power (2 GeV, 6 MW) Proton Accelerator and its R&D Activities

334

T.J. Zhang, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, M. Li, S. Pei, C. Wang, F. Wang, Z.G. Yin
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The 100 MeV compact cyclotron, CYCIAE-100 was approved to start the construction in 2011, and the first proton beam was extracted on July 4, 2014. In 2017, the 200 µA proton beam development was conducted, and in 2018, the production of high power beam from 20 kW to 52 kW had been delivered successfully to the beam dump. Due to the successful construction of 435 tons magnet for CYCIAE-100, it has been proved that the gradient adjustment of magnetic field along radius can effectively enhance the vertical focusing during the isochronous acceleration. This key technology was applied to the general design of a 2 GeV CW proton accelerator, the energy limitation of the isochronous machine is increased from ~1 GeV to 2 GeV, by our contribution of the beam dynamics study for high energy isochronous FFAG. This paper will introduce CIAE’s engineering experience of precision magnet, high power RF systems, and the advantages of beam dynamics simulation based on large-scale parallel computing. The cost-effective solution for such a 2 GeV high power circular accelerator complex will be presented in detail after the brief introduction about the high power proton beam production by the CYCIAE-100.

Slides FRA01 [19.669 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-FRA01

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paper received ※ 15 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2020 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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FRB01

Designing Cyclotrons and Fixed Field Accelerators From Their Orbits

353

T. Planche
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: TRIUMF receives funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada.
The transverse motion of particles in fixed field accelerators with mid-plane symmetry is entirely determined by the properties of the closed orbits. In this study I exploit this property to produce a variety of isochronous magnetic distributions. All the results presented in this paper are verified using cyclops simulations

Slides FRB01 [1.367 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2019-FRB01

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paper received ※ 23 September 2019 paper accepted ※ 26 September 2019 issue date ※ 20 June 2020

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