LBNL, Berkeley, California
LLNL, Livermore, California
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
We present recent advances in the modeling of beam-electron-cloud dynamics, including surface effects such as secondary electron emission, gas desorption, etc, and volumetric effects such as ionization of residual gas and charge-exchange reactions. Simulations for the HCX facility with the code WARP/POSINST will be described and their validity demonstrated by benchmarks against measurements. The code models a wide range of physical processes and uses a number of novel techniques, including a large-timestep electron mover that smoothly interpolates between direct orbit calculation and guiding-center drift equations, and a new computational technique, based on a Lorentz transformation to a moving frame, that allows the cost of a fully 3D simulation to be reduced to that of a quasi-static approximation.
LBNL, Berkeley, California
LLNL, Livermore, California
Due to copious synchrotron radiation from the beam, electron cloud effects are predicted to be important in the wiggler sections of the ILC positron damping ring. In this area of the ring, the physics is inherently 3D. Moreover, a self-consistent calculation of the physics of the electron cloud/beam system is necessary for examining such phenomena as emittance growth in the beam. We present the first calculations of this system with the self-consistent 3D particle-in-cell code WARP/POSINST. The code includes self-consistent space charge for both species, mesh refinement, and detailed models of primary and secondary electron production. Interaction with electrons is assumed to occur only in the wigglers in this model– the beam is moved using maps between wiggler sections.
LLNL, Livermore, California
SAIC, Alamo, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
The Pulse-Line Ion Accelerator* (PLIA) is a helical distributed transmission line. A rising pulse applied to the upstream end appears as a moving spatial voltage ramp, on which an ion pulse can be accelerated. This is a promising approach to acceleration and longitudinal compression of an ion beam at high line charge density. In most of the studies carried out to date, using both a simple code for longitudinal beam dynamics and the Warp PIC code, a circuit model for the wave behavior was employed; in Warp, the helix I and V are source terms in elliptic equations for E and B. However, it appears possible to obtain improved fidelity using a "sheath helix" model in the quasi-static limit. Here we describe an algorithmic approach that may be used to effect such a solution.
*R. J. Briggs, PRST-AB 9, 060401 (2006).
LBNL, Berkeley, California
The Fermilab main injector (MI) is being considered for an upgrade as part of the high intensity neutrino source (HINS) effort. This upgrade will involve a significant increasing of the bunch intensity relative to its present value. Such an increase will place the MI in a regime in which electron-cloud effects are expected to become important. We have used the electrostatic particle-in-cell code WARP, recently augmented with new modeling capabilities and simulation techniques, to study the dynamics of beam-electron cloud interaction. This study involves a systematic assesment of beam instabilities due to the presence of electron clouds.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
LLNL, Livermore, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
One of the areas fundamental beam physics that serve as the rationale for recent research on UMER is the study of generation and evolution of beam halos. This physics can be accessed on a scaled basis in UMER at a small fraction of the cost of similar experiments on a much larger machine. Recent experiments and simulations have identified imperfections in the source geometry, particularly in the region near the emitter edge, as a potentially significant source of halo particles. The edge-generated halo particles, both in the experiments and the simulations are found to pass through the center of the beam in the vicinity of the anode plane. Understanding the detailed evolution of these particle orbits is therefore important to designing any aperture to remove the beam halo. Both experimental data and simulations will be presented to illustrate the details of this mechanism for halo formation.
LLNL, Livermore, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
UMD, College Park, Maryland
Contamination from electrons is a concern for solenoid-focused ion accelerators being developed for experiments in high-energy-density physics (HEDP). These electrons, produced directly by beam ions hitting lattice elements or indirectly by ionization of desorbed neutral gas, can potentially alter the beam dynamics, leading to a time-varying focal spot, increased emittance, halo, and possibly electron-ion instabilities. The electrostatic particle-in-cell code WARP is used to simulate electron-cloud studies on the solenoid-transport experiment (STX) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. We present self-consistent simulations of several STX configurations to show the evolution of the electron and ion-beam distributions first in idealized 2-D solenoid fields and then in the 3-D field values obtained from probes. Comparisons are made with experimental data, and several techniques to mitigate electron effects are demonstrated numerically.
LLNL, Livermore, California
LBNL, Berkeley, California
To provide a compact high-brightness heavy-ion beam source for Heavy Ion Fusion, we have performed experiments to study a proposed merging beamlet approach for the injector. We used an RF plasma source to produce the initial beamlets. An extraction current density of 100 mA/cm2 was achieved, and the thermal temperature of the ions was below 1 eV. An array of converging beamlets was used to produce a beam with the envelope radius, convergence, and ellipticity matched to an electrostatic quadrupole channel. Experimental results were in good quantitative agreement with simulation and have demonstrated the feasibility of this concept. The size of a driver-scale injector system using this approach will be several times smaller than one designed using traditional single large-aperture beams. The success of this experiment has possible significant economical and technical impacts on the architecture of HIF drivers.