UMD, College Park, Maryland
Circular accelerators and storage rings have traditionally been designed with limited intensity in order to avoid resonances and instabilities. The possibility of operating a ring beyond the Laslett tune shift limit has been suggested but little tested, apart from a pioneering experiment by Maschke at the BNL AGS in the early 1980s. We have recently circulated the highest-space-charge beam in a ring to date in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER), achieving a breakthrough both in the number of turns and in the amount of current propagated. At undepressed tunes of up to 7.6, the space charge in UMER is sufficient to depress the tune by nearly a factor of 2, resulting in tune shifts up to 3.6. This makes the UMER beam the most intense beam that has been propagated to date in a circular lattice. This is an exciting and promising result for future circular accelerators, and the UMER beam can now be used as a platform to study intense space charge dynamics in rings.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
NRL, Washington, DC
Photocathodes for high power free electron lasers face significant engineering and physics challenges in the quest for efficient, robust, long-lived, prompt laser-switched operation. The most efficient semiconductor photocathodes, notably those responsive to visible wavelengths, suffer from poor lifetime due to surface layer degradation, contamination, and desorption. Using a novel dispenser photocathode design, rejuvenation of cesiated surface layers in situ is investigated for semiconductor coatings building on previous results for cesiated metals. Cesium from a sub-surface reservoir diffuses to the surface through a microscopically porous, sintered tungsten matrix to repair the degraded surface layer. The goal of this research is to engineer and demonstrate efficient, robust, long-lived regenerable photocathodes in support of predictive photocathode modeling efforts and suitable for photoinjection applications.
NRL, Washington, DC
UMD, College Park, Maryland
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
SAIC, Burlington, Massachusetts
A recently developed model* of the emittance and brightness of a photocathode based on the evaluation of the moments of the electron emission distribution function admits an analytical solution for the zero-field and zero-temperature asymptotic model. Here, the model has been extended to account for the critical modifications of temperature and field dependence, which are tied to material issues with the cathode. Temperature impacts the nature of scattering within the photoemitter material and therefore affects quantum efficiency significantly. Field changes the emission probability at the surface barrier, and is particularly important for low work function coatings, as occur for the cesiated surfaces characteristic of our controlled porosity dispenser photocathodes. Extensions of the theoretical models shall be given, followed by an analysis of their comparison with numerical simulations of the intrinsic emittance and brightness of a photocathode. The methodology is designed to facilitate the development of photoemission models into comprehensive particle-in-cell (PIC) codes to address issues otherwise not readily treated, e.g., variation in surface coverage and topology.
* K. L. Jensen, P. G. O'Shea, D. W. Feldman, and N. A. Moody, Applied Physics Letters 89, 224103 (2006).
UMD, College Park, Maryland
The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) is a low energy, high current recirculator for beam physics research. The electron beam current is adjustable from 0.7 mA, an emittance dominated beam, to 100 mA, a strongly space charge dominated beam. UMER is addressing issues in beam physics relevant to many applications that require intense beams of high quality such as advanced concept accelerators, free electron lasers, spallation neutron sources, and future heavy-ion drivers for inertial fusion. The primary focus of this presentation is experimental results and improvements in multi-turn operation of the electron ring. Transport of a low current beam over 100 turns (3600 full lattice periods) has been achieved. Results of high current, space charge dominated multi-turn transport will also be presented.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) is a low energy, high current recirculator for beam physics research. The electron storage ring has been closed and recent operations have been focused on achieving multi-turn transport. An entire suite of terminal diagnostics is available for time-resolved phase space measurements of the beam. These diagnostics have been mounted and tested at several points on the ring before it was closed. UMER utilizes a unique injection scheme which uses the fringe fields of an offset quadrupole to assist a pulsed dipole in bending the beam into the ring. Similar concepts, along with more traditional electrostatic methods, are being considered for beam extraction. This presentation will focus on the recent efforts to design and deploy these major subsystems required for beam extraction.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) is a scaled model to investigate the transverse and longitudinal physics of space charge dominated beams. It uses a 10-keV electron beam along with other scaled beam parameters that model the larger machines but at a lower cost. Understanding collective behavior of intense, charged particle beams due to their space charge effects is crucial for advanced accelerator research and applications. This paper presents the experimental study of longitudinal dynamics of an initial density modulation on a spacecharge dominated beam. A novel experimental technique of producing a perturbation using a laser is discussed. Using a laser to produce a perturbation provides the ability to launch a pure density modulation and to have better control over the amount of perturbation introduced. Collective effects like space charge waves and its propagation over long distances in a quadrupole channel are studied. One dimensional cold fluid model is used for theoretical analysis and simulations are carried out in WARP-RZ.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
Longitudinal perturbations can be generated in the space-charge dominated regimes in which most beams of interest are born. To study the modification of transverse beam distributions by longitudinal beam dynamics, we have conducted experimental studies using low energy electron beams by taking time resolved images of a beam with longitudinal density perturbations. Two different diagnostics are used: optical transition radiation (OTR) produced from an intercepting silicon based aluminum screen and a fast (<5ns decay time) phosphor screen. It is found that the beam is significantly affected by the perturbation. However the OTR signal is very weak and requires over 45 minutes of frame integration. The fast phosphor screen has much better sensitivity (~1'000 times enhancement). In this paper, we also report on the time resolved measurement of a parabolic beam, showing interesting correlations between transverse and longitudinal distributions of the beam.
UMD, College Park, Maryland
We present strong evidence of the observation of optical transition radiation (OTR) from aluminized silicon targets intercepting the UMER 10 keV, 100 ns pulsed electron beam, using fast (300ps and 1ns rise time) photomultiplier tubes. An intensified gated (3ns-1ms) CCD camera is used to image the beam using OTR and to study its time evolution throughout the beam pulse. A comparison of wave forms and time resolved OTR images is presented along with time integrated images obtained with phosphor screens for different initial conditions, i.e. beam currents and gun bias voltages.
correspondance email: rfiorito@umd.edu