Extreme Beams

Paper Title Page
TPAT001 An Ultra-Bright Pulsed Electron Beam with Low Longitudinal Emittance 770
 
  • M.S. Zolotorev, E. D. Commins, P. Denes, Z. Hussain, G.V. Lebedev, S.M. Lidia, D. Robin, F. Sannibale, R.W. Schoenlein, R. A. Vogel, W. Wan
    LBNL, Berkeley, California
  • S.A. Heifets
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California
 
  Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

We describe a novel scheme for an electron source in the 10 - 100 eV range with the capability of approaching the brightness quantum-limit and of lowering the effective temperature of the electrons orders of magnitude with respect to existing sources. Such a device can open the way for a wide range of novel applications that utilize angstrom-scale spatial resolution and ?eV-scale energy resolution. Possible examples include electron microscopy, electron holography, and investigations of dynamics on a picosecond time scale using pump-probe techniques. In this paper we describe the concepts for such a source including a complete and consistent set of parameters for the construction of a real device based on the presented scheme.

 
TPAT002 Three-Dimensional Simulation of Large-Aspect-Ratio Ellipse-Shaped Charged-Particle Beam Propagation 823
 
  • R. Bhatt, C. Chen, J.Z. Zhou
    MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 
  Funding: U.S. Department of Energy: Grant No. DE-FG02-95ER40919, Grant No. DE-FG02-01ER54662, Air Force Office of Scientific Research: Grant No. F49620-03-1-0230, and the MIT Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation.

The three-dimensional trajectory code, OMNITRAK, is used to simulate a space-charge-dominated beam of large-aspect-ratio elliptic cross-section propagating in a non-axisymmetric periodic permanent magnet focusing field. The simulation results confirm theoretical predictions in the paraxial limit. A realistic magnetic field profile is applied, and the beam sensitivity to magnet nonlinearities and misalignments is studied. The image-charge effect of conductor walls is examined for a variety of beam tunnel sizes and geometries.

 
TPAT003 Cold-Fluid Equilibrium of a Large-Aspect-Ratio Ellipse-Shaped Charged-Particle Beam in a Non-Axisymmetric Periodic Permanent Magnet Focusing Field 853
 
  • J.Z. Zhou, R. Bhatt, C. Chen
    MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 
  Funding: U.S. DOE, Grant: No. DE-FG02-95ER40919,Grant No. DE-FG02-01ER54662, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant No. F49620-03-1-0230, and the MIT Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation.

A new class of equilibrium is discovered for a large-aspect-ratio ellipse-shaped charged-particle beam in a non-axisymmetric periodic permanent magnet focusing field. A paraxial cold-fluid model is employed to derive the equilibrium flow properties and generalized envelope equations with negligibly small emittance. A periodic beam equilibrium solution is obtained numerically from the generalized envelope equations. It is shown that the beam edges are well confined in both transverse directions, and that the equilibrium beam exhibits a small-angle periodic wobble as it propagates. A two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code, PFB2D, is used to verify the theoretical predictions in the paraxial limit, and to establish validity under non-paraxial situations and the influence of the conductor walls of the beam tunnel.

 
TPAT004 Strongly Asymmetric Beams at the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) 892
 
  • S. Bernal, R.A. Kishek, P.G. O'Shea, B. Quinn, M. Walter
    IREAP, College Park, Maryland
  • M. Reiser
    University Maryland, College Park, Maryland
 
  Funding: This work is funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy under grants DE-FG02-94ER40855 and DE-FG02-92ER54178.

The standard operation of the University of Maryland electron ring employs symmetric strong focusing with magnetic quadrupoles, i.e., a FODO scheme whereby the zero-current betatron phase advances per period in the two transverse planes are equal or nearly so. Asymmetric focusing, on the other hand, employs quadrupoles with different strengths in a FODO cell. Typically, a small focusing asymmetry is implemented in most accelerators to set the operating point (horizontal and vertical zero-current tunes) in order to avoid resonances and/or compensate for edge focusing of bend magnets. Extreme asymmetry, however, is rarely, if at all, used. We review the motivation and theory of beam transport with general focusing asymmetry. We also present results of preliminary experiments and simulations with highly asymmetric focusing of a space-charge dominated electron beam in UMER.

 
TPAT082 Phonon Modes and the Maintenance Condition of a Crystalline Beam 4111
 
  • J. Wei
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
  • H. Enokizono, H. Okamoto, Y. Yuri
    HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima
  • X.-P. Li
    Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Newbury Park. California
  • A. Sessler
    LBNL, Berkeley, California
 
  Funding: * Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy.

Previously it has been shown that the maintenance condition for a crystalline beam requires that there not be a resonance between the crystal phonon frequencies and the frequency associated with a beam moving through a lattice of N periods. This resonance can be avoided provided the phonon frequencies are all below half of the lattice frequency. Here we make a detailed study of the phonon modes of a crystalline beam. Analytic results obtained in a “smooth approximation” using the ground-state crystalline beam structure is compared with numerical evaluation employing Fourier transform of Molecular Dynamic (MD) modes. The MD also determines when a crystalline beam is stable. The maintenance condition, when combined with either the simple analytic theory or the numerical evaluation of phonon modes, is shown to be in excellent agreement with the MD calculations of crystal stability.

[1] X-P. Li, A. M. Sessler, J. Wei, EPAC (1994) p. 1379 - 1381. ‘Necessary Conditions for Attaining a Crystalline Beam''}[2] J. Wei, H. Okamoto, A.M. Sessler, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 80, p. 2606-2609 (1998).

 
FOAD001 Frozen Beams 4
 
  • H. Okamoto
    HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima
 
  In general, the temperature of a charged particle beam traveling in an accelerator is very high. Seen from the rest frame of the beam, individual particles randomly oscillate about the reference orbit at high speed. This internal kinetic energy can, however, be removed by introducing dissipative interactions into the system. As a dissipative process advances, the beam becomes denser in phase space or, in other words, the emittance is more diminished. Ideally, it is possible to reach a "zero-emittance" state where the beam is Coulomb crystallized. The space-charge repulsion of a crystalline beam just balances the external restoring force provided by artificial electromagnetic elements. In this talk, general discussion is made of coasting and bunched crystalline beams circulating in a storage ring. Results of molecular dynamics simulations are presented to demonstrate the dynamic nature of various crystalline states. A possible method to approach such an ultimate state of matter is also discussed.  
FOAD002 Ultra-High Density Electron Beams for Beam Radiation and Beam Plasma Interaction 145
 
  • S.G. Anderson, J. Brown, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann, J.S. Jacob, A.M. Tremaine
    LLNL, Livermore, California
  • P. Frigola, J. Lim, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California
  • P. Musumeci
    INFN-Roma, Roma
 
  Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-ENG-48.

Current and future applications of high brightness electron beams, which include advanced accelerators such as the plasma wake-field accelerator (PWFA) and beam-radiation interactions such as inverse-Compton scattering (ICS), require both transverse and longitudinal beam sizes on the order of tens of microns. Ultra-high density beams may be produced at moderate energy (50 MeV) by compression and subsequent strong focusing of low emittance, photoinjector sources. We describe the implementation of this method used at LLNL’s PLEIADES ICS x-ray source in which the photoinjector-generated beam has been compressed to 300 fsec duration using the velocity bunching technique and focused to 20 μm rms size using an extremely high gradient, permanent magnet quadrupole (PMQ) focusing system.

 
FOAD003 Laboratory Astrophysics Using High Energy Density Photon and Electron Beams
 
  • R. Bingham
    CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
 
  Funding: Centre for Fundamental Physics, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX.

The development of intense laser and particle beams has opened up new opportunities to study high energy density astrophysical processes in the Laboratory. With even higher laser intensities possible in the near future vacuum polarization processes such as photon – photon scattering with or without large magnetic fields may also be experimentally observed. In this talk I will review the status of laboratory experiments using intense beans to investigate extreme astrophysical phenomena such as supernovae explosions, gamma x-ray bursts, ultra-high energy cosmic accelerators etc. Just as intense photon or electron beams can excite relativistic electron plasma waves or wakefields used in plasma acceleration, intense neutrino beams from type II supernovae can also excite wakefields or plasma waves. Other instabilities driven by intense beams relevant to perhaps x-ray bursts is the Weibel instability. Simulation results of extreme processes will also be presented.

 
FOAD004 Laser Cooling of Relativistic Heavy Ion Beams 401
 
  • U. Schramm, M.H. Bussmann, D. Habs
    LMU, München
  • K. Beckert, P. Beller, B.  Franzke, T. Kuehl, F. Nolden, M. Steck
    GSI, Darmstadt
  • S. Karpuk
    Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz
  • S. Reinhardt, G. Saathoff
    MPI-K, Heidelberg
 
  Funding: Partially funded by the german BMBF (06ML183).

We report on the first laser cooling of a bunched beam of multiply charged C3+ ions performed at the ESR (GSI) at a beam energy of E=1.47GeV. Moderate bunching provided a force counteracting the decelerating laser force of one counterpropagating UV laser beam. This versatile type of laser cooling lead to longitudinally space-charge dominated beams with an unprecedented relative momentum spread of 10-7. Concerning the beam energy and charge state of the ion, the experiment depicts an important intermediate step from the established field of laser cooling of ion beams at low energies toward the laser cooling scheme proposed for relativistic beams of highly charged heavy ions at the future GSI facility FAIR.

 
FOAD005 Commissioning of the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) 469
 
  • S. Bernal, G. Bai, D.W. Feldman, R. Feldman, T.F. Godlove, I. Haber, J.R. Harris, M. Holloway, R.A. Kishek, J.G. Neumann, P.G. O'Shea, C. Papadopoulos, B. Quinn, D. Stratakis, K. Tian, J.C. Tobin Thangaraj, M. Walter, M. Wilson
    IREAP, College Park, Maryland
  • M. Reiser
    University Maryland, College Park, Maryland
 
  Funding: This work is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy under grants DE-FG02-94ER40855 and DE-FG02-92ER54178, and the office of Naval Research under grant N00014-02-1-0914.

The University of Maryland electron ring (UMER) is a low-energy, high current recirculator for beam physics research. The ring is completed for multi-turn operation of beams over a broad range of intensities and initial conditions. UMER is addressing issues in beam physics with relevance to many applications that rely on intense beams of high quality. Examples are advanced accelerators, FEL’s, spallation neutron sources and future heavy-ion drivers for inertial fusion. We review the motivation, ring layout and operating conditions of UMER. Further, we present a summary of beam physics areas that UMER is currently investigating and others that are part of the commissioning plan: from transverse beam dynamics (matching, halo formation, strongly asymmetric beams, space-charge waves, etc), longitudinal dynamics (bunch capture/shaping, evolution of energy spread, longitudinal space-charge waves, etc.) to future upgrades and planned research (acceleration and resonance traversal, modeling of galactic dynamics, etc.) We also emphasize the computer simulation work that is an integral part of the UMER project.