MC1: Circular and Linear Colliders
A01: Hadron Colliders
Paper Title Page
WEPOST003 Implications of the Upgrade II of LHCb on the LHC Insertion Region 8: From Energy Deposition Studies to Mitigation Strategies 1679
 
  • A. Ciccotelli
    The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • R.B. Appleby
    UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • F. Butin, F. Cerutti, A. Ciccotelli, L.S. Esposito, B. Humann, M. Wehrle
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • B. Humann
    TU Vienna, Wien, Austria
 
  Starting from LHC Run3, a first upgrade of the LHCb experiment (Upgrade I) will enable oeration with a significantly increased instantaneous luminosity in the LHC Insertion Region 8 (IR8), up to 2·1033/(cm2 s). Moreover, the proposed second upgrade of the LHCb experiment (Upgrade II) aims at increasing it by an extra factor 7.5 and collecting an integrated luminosity of 400/fb by the end of Run6. Such an ambitious goal poses challenges not only for the detector but also for the accelerator components. Monte Carlo simulations represent a valuable tool to predict the implications of the radiation impact on the machine, especially for future operational scenarios. A detailed IR8 model implemented by means of the FLUKA code is presented in this study. With such a model, we calculated the power density and dose distributions in the superconducting coils of the LHC final focusing quadrupoles (Q1-Q3) and separation dipole (D1) and we highlight a few critical issues calling for mitigation measures. Our study addresses also the recombination dipole (D2) and the suitability of the present TANb absorber, as well as the proton losses in the Dispersion Suppressor (DS) and their implications.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST003  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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WEPOST008 Optics Correction Strategy for Run 3 of the LHC 1687
 
  • T.H.B. Persson, F.S. Carlier, A. Costa Ojeda, J. Dilly, V. Ferrentino, E. Fol, H. García Morales, M. Hofer, E.J. Høydalsvik, J. Keintzel, M. Le Garrec, E.H. Maclean, L. Malina, F. Soubelet, R. Tomás García, A. Wegscheider, L. van Riesen-Haupt
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • J.F. Cardona
    UNAL, Bogota D.C, Colombia
 
  After almost 4 years of shutdown the LHC is again operational in 2022. Experience from the previous Long Shutdown (LS) has shown that the local errors around the triplet magnets changed significantly and it is likely we will again see different errors in 2022. In the LHC there is an interplay between the linear and the nonlinear correction which can make the corrections difficult and time-consuming to find. In this article, we describe the measurements and corrections performed during the commissioning in 2022 in order to control both the linear and the nonlinear optics to high precision.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST008  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 25 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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WEPOST031 RHIC Polarized Proton Operation in Run 22 1765
 
  • V. Schoefer, E.C. Aschenauer, D. Bruno, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, C. Liu, Y. Luo, I. Marneris, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, A. Poblaguev, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, J. Sandberg, W.B. Schmidke, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
 
  The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Run 22 physics program consisted of collisions with vertically po- larized proton beams at a single collision point (the STAR detector). During initial startup of the collider, power out- ages damaged two of the coils in one of the RHIC helical dipole snake magnets used for polarization preservation in the Blue ring. That snake was reconfigured for use as a partial snake. We will outline some of the remediating mea- sures taken to maximize polarization transmission in this configuration. These measures included changing the col- liding beam energy from 255 GeV to 254.2 GeV to adjust the spin closed orbit at store and adjustment of the field in the other helical dipole in the Blue ring to improve injection spin matching. Later in the run, the primary motor gener- ator for the AGS (the injector to RHIC) failed and a lower voltage backup had to be used, resulting in a period of lower polarization. Other efforts include detailed measurement of the stable spin direction at store and the commissioning of a machine protection relay system to prevent spurious firing of the RHIC abort kickers.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST031  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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WEPOPT001 NICA Ion Collider and Plans of Its First Operations 1819
 
  • E. Syresin, O.I. Brovko, A.V. Butenko, A.R. Galimov, E.V. Gorbachev, V. Kekelidze, H.G. Khodzhibagiyan, S.A. Kostromin, V.A. Lebedev, I.N. Meshkov, A.V. Philippov, A.O. Sidorin, G.V. Trubnikov, A. Tuzikov
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
 
  The Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) is under assembling in JINR. The NICA goals are providing of colliding beams for studies of hot and dense strongly interacting baryonic matter and spin physics. The heavy ion injection complex of Collider NICA consisting from following accelerators: new acting heavy ion linac HILAC with RFQ and IH DTL sections at energy 3.2 MeV/u, new acting superconducting Booster synchrotron at energy up 600 MeV/u, acting superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron at gold ion energy 3.9 GeV/n, will starts operation with first ion beams in beginning of 2022. The assembling of two Collider storage rings with two interaction points was done in December 2021. The status of acceleration complex NICA and plans of its first operation is under discussion.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT001  
About • Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022  
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WEPOPT002 Conception of High Intensive Polarized Proton Beam Formation in NICA Collider 1822
 
  • E. Syresin, A.V. Butenko, S.A. Kostromin, O.S. Kozlov, I.N. Meshkov, A.O. Sidorin, G.V. Trubnikov, A. Tuzikov
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  • Y. Filatov
    MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
  • S.D. Kolokolchikov, Y. Senichev
    RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
  • A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
    Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • N.V. Mityanina
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • P.R. Zenkevich
    ITEP, Moscow, Russia
 
  NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) is a new accelerator complex being assembled at JINR to search for the mixed phase of baryonic matter and to investigate the nature of nucleon/particle spin. The polarized proton beams will be operated at the energy range of 5-12.6 GeV, the beam intensity in each ring of 2.2x1013 and the luminosity of 1x1032 cm-2 s-1. The conception of formation of high intensive proton beams is discussed for two different schemes. In first scheme the protons are injected from Nuclotron to Collider at an energy of 2-2.5 GeV to provide the cooling and the storage at this energy and then they are accelerated up to energy of experiments. In the second scheme the cooling of protons is realized in one from accelerators of the injection chain and the protons are injected from Nuclotron to Collider at energy of experiments, where they are stored up required intensity.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT002  
About • Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 10 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 12 June 2022
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WEPOPT003 Challenges of Low Energy Hadron Colliders 1825
 
  • G.V. Trubnikov, V.A. Lebedev
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  • A.V. Butenko, S.A. Kostromin, I.N. Meshkov, A.V. Philippov, A.O. Sidorin, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
    JINR/VBLHEP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
 
  NICA collider complex is under construction at JINR. The initial configuration of the collider will perform collisions of fully stripped heavy ions, 209 Bi and others, for a study of phase transition in the quark-gluon plasma in the energy range 1/4.5 GeV/u per beam. Commissioning of the collider injection chain has been recently started. The complex includes 2 linacs, 2 Booster synchrotrons (Booster and Nuclotron to support the beam injection to the collider), and 2 collider rings of 503 m circumference. The design luminosity is ~1027 1/(cm*s) at 4.5 GeV/u. The heavy ions are generated in the ESIS-type ion source with intensity ~10 9 /pulse. Then they are accelerated into the linac and Booster and directed to stripping target. Next, fully stripped ions are accelerated in the Nuclotron and injected into Collider. The electron and stochastic cooling are used in each of the collider rings to support beam accumulation and to prevent the emittance growth due to intrabeam scattering. Three RF systems are used for longitudinal phase space manipulations. An achievement of design luminosity requires overcoming many technological and beam physics problems which are discussed in this paper.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT003  
About • Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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WEPOPT004 Acceleration and Crossing of Transition Energy Investigation Using an RF Structure of the Barrier Bucket Type in the NICA Accelerator Complex 1829
 
  • S.D. Kolokolchikov, A.A. Melnikov, Y. Senichev
    RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
  • E. Syresin
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
 
  The dynamic of longitudinal motion in Barrier Bucket RF structure is considered. To preserve the stability of the proton beam during the acceleration to the experiment energy it is necessary to cross the transition energy and a rapid jump of transition energy is possible. The influence of the second-order slip factor is taking into account, as well as the space charge effect. The dynamic aperture is investigated for various gradients of focusing quadrupoles and corresponding working points which is necessary for transition crossing.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT004  
About • Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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WEPOPT007 First Interaction Region Local Coupling Corrections in the LHC Run 3 1838
 
  • F. Soubelet, T.H.B. Persson, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • Ö. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch
    Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
 
  Funding: This research is supported by the LIV. DAT Center for Doctoral Training, STFC and the European Organization for Nuclear Research
The successful operation of large scale particle accelerators depends on the precise correction of unavoidable magnetic field or magnet alignment errors present in the machine. During the LHC Run 2, local linear coupling in the interaction regions (IR) was shown to have a significant impact on the beam size, making its proper handling a necessity for Run 3 and the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A new approach to accurately minimise the local IR linear coupling based on correlated external variables such as the |C-| had been proposed, which relies on the application of a rigid waist shift in order to create an asymmetry in the IR optics. In this contribution, preliminary corrections from the 2021 beam test and the early 2022 commissioning are presented, as well as first results of the new method’s experimental configuration tests in the LHC Run 3 commissioning.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT007  
About • Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022
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WEPOPT008 Supervised Machine Learning for Local Coupling Sources Detection in the LHC 1842
SUSPMF001   use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code  
 
  • F. Soubelet, T.H.B. Persson, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • Ö. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch
    Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
 
  Funding: This research is supported by the LIV. DAT Center for Doctoral Training, STFC and the European Organization for Nuclear Research
Local interaction region (IR) linear coupling in the LHC has been shown to have a negative impact on beam size and luminosity, making its accurate correction for Run 3 and beyond a necessity. In view of determining corrections, supervised machine learning has been applied to the detection of linear coupling sources, showing promising results in simulations. An evaluation of different applied models is given, followed by the presentation of further possible application concepts for linear coupling corrections using machine learning.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT008  
About • Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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WEPOPT009 Operational Scenario of First High Luminosity LHC Run 1846
 
  • R. Tomás García, G. Arduini, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, O.S. Brüning, X. Buffat, R. Calaga, F. Cerutti, R. De Maria, J. Dilly, I. Efthymiopoulos, M. Giovannozzi, P.D. Hermes, G. Iadarola, O.R. Jones, S. Kostoglou, E.H. Maclean, N. Mounet, E. Métral, Y. Papaphilippou, S. Redaelli, G. Sterbini, H. Timko, F.F. Van der Veken, J. Wenninger, M. Zerlauth
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  A new scenario for the first operational run of the HL-LHC era (Run 4) has been recently developed to accommodate a period of performance ramp-up to achieve an annual integrated luminosity close to the nominal HL-LHC design. The operational scenario in terms of beam parameters and machine settings, as well as the different phases, are described here along with the impact of potential delays on key hardware components.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT009  
About • Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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WEPOPT010 Progress on Action Phase Jump for LHC Local Optics Correction 1850
 
  • J.F. Cardona, Y. Rodriguez Garcia
    UNAL, Bogota D.C, Colombia
  • H. García Morales, M. Hofer, E.H. Maclean, T.H.B. Persson, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • Y. Rodriguez Garcia
    UAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
 
  The correction of the local optics at the Interaction Regions of the LHC is crucial to ensure a good performance of the machine. This is even more important for the future LHC upgrade, HL-LHC, where the optics is more sensitive to magnetic errors. For that reason, it is important to explore alternative techniques for local optics corrections. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Action Phase Jump method for optics correction in the LHC and the HL-LHC and explore ways to integrate this technique in regular operations.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT010  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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WEPOPT013 Effect of a Spurious CLIQ Firing on the Circulating Beam in HL-LHC 1862
 
  • C. Hernalsteens, B. Lindström, E. Ravaioli, O.K. Tuormaa, M. Villén Basco, C. Wiesner, D. Wollmann
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will reach a nominal, levelled luminosity of §I{5e34}{\per\cm\square\per\second} and a stored energy of nearly §I{700}{MJ} in each of the two proton beams. The new large-aperture final focusing Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets in IR1 and IR5, which are essential to achieve the luminosity target, will be protected using the novel Coupling Loss Induced Quench (CLIQ) system. A spurious discharge of a CLIQ unit will impact the circulating beam through higher order multipolar field components that develop rapidly over a few turns. This paper reports on dedicated beam tracking studies performed to evaluate the criticality of this failure on the HL-LHC beam. Simulations for different machine and optics configurations show that the beam losses reach a critical level after only five machine turns following the spurious CLIQ trigger, which is much faster than assumed in previous simulations that did not consider the higher order multipolar fields. Machine protection requirements using a dedicated interlock to mitigate this failure are discussed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT013  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022  
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WEPOPT014 The Effect of a Partially Depleted Halo on the Criticality and Detectability of Fast Failures in the HL-LHC 1866
 
  • C. Hernalsteens, C. Lannoy, O.K. Tuormaa, M. Villén Basco, C. Wiesner, D. Wollmann
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  In the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) era, the bunch intensity will be increased to νm{2.2e11} protons, which is almost twice the nominal LHC intensity. The stored energy in each of the two beams will increase to §I{674}{MJ}. The HL-LHC will feature beams whose transverse halos are partially depleted by means of a hollow electron lens. The reduced stored energy in the beam tails will significantly change the development of losses caused by failures. This paper reports on beam tracking simulations evaluating the effect of a partially depleted halo on the criticality and detection of failures originating from the superconducting magnet protection systems. In addition, the effect of the transverse damper operating as a coherent excitation system leading to orbit excursions on a beam with a partially depleted halo is discussed. The results in terms of time-dependent beam losses are presented. The margins between the failure onset, its detection, and the time to reach critical loss levels, are discussed. The results are extrapolated to failure cases of different origins that induce similar beam loss dynamics.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT014  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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WEPOPT015 Study of Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Effects Induced by High-Energy Proton Beams in Graphite 1870
 
  • C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Don, I. Kolthoff, A. Lechner, S.R. Rasile, D. Wollmann
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  The design and assessment of machine-protection systems for existing and future high-energy accelerators comprises the study of accidental beam impact on machine elements. In case of a direct impact of a large number of high-energy particle bunches in one location, the damage range in the material is significantly increased due to an effect known as hydrodynamic tunnelling. The effect is caused by the beam-induced reduction of the material density along the beam trajectory, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. The assessment of the damage range requires the sequential coupling of an energy-deposition code, like FLUKA, and a hydrodynamic code, like Autodyn. The paper presents the simulations performed for the impact of the nominal LHC beam at 7 TeV on a graphite target. It describes the optimisation of the simulation setup and the required coupling workflow. The resulting energy deposition and the evolution of the target density are discussed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT015  
About • Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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WEPOPT016 Beam-Based Reconstruction of the Shielded Quench-Heater Fields for the LHC Main Dipoles 1874
 
  • L.C. Richtmann, L. Bortot, E. Ravaioli, C. Wiesner, D. Wollmann
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  Small orbit oscillations of the circulating particle beams have been observed immediately following quenches in the LHC’s superconducting main dipole magnets. Magnetic fields generated during the discharge into the quench heaters were identified as the cause. Since the resulting, shielded field inside the beam screen cannot be measured in-situ, the time evolution of the field has to be reconstructed from the measured beam excursions. In this paper, the field-reconstruction method using rotation in normalized phase space and the optimized fitting algorithm are described. The resulting rise times and magnetic field levels are presented for quench events that occurred during regular operation as well as for dedicated beam experiments. Finally, different approaches to model the shielding behavior of the beam screen are discussed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT016  
About • Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022  
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WEPOPT019 RHIC Blue Snake Blues 1881
 
  • F. Méot, E.C. Aschenauer, H. Huang, A. Marusic, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, V. Schoefer
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
 
  Funding: Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Two helical full snakes are used in both Blue and Yellow rings of RHIC collider, in order to preserve beam polarization during acceleration to collision energy and polarization lifetime at store. A snake in RHIC is comprised of four 2.4m long modules, powered by pair. During the startup of RHIC Run 22 in December 2021, two successive power dips have caused the 9 o’clock RHIC BlBrookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.ue ring snake to loose two of its four modules. In spite of this regrettable loss, it has been possible to maintain near 180deg snake precession, by proper powering of the remaining two modules, as well as, by re-tuning the 3 o’clock sister snake, vertical spin precession axis around the ring and spin tune 1/2. Determining these new settings, in order to salvage polarization with the handicapped Blue snake pair, has required series of numerical simulations, a brief overview is given here.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT019  
About • Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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WEPOPT020 Modeling RHIC Spin Tilt as Lattice Imperfections 1884
 
  • V.H. Ranjbar, E.C. Aschenauer, H. Huang, A. Marusic, F. Méot, V. Schoefer
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
 
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
A tilt in the spin direction from the vertical has been observed for a number of years in the RHIC collider during store. This tilt has been extensively studied by scanning snake strengths, energies and orbital angles during the 2017 polarized proton run. Using a spin transport model, we attempt to model this spin tilt by fitting all the relevant data.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT020  
About • Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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WEPOPT032 Summary of the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II operation at RHIC 1908
 
  • C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
 
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Beam Energy Scan phase II (BES-II) operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), aiming to explore the phase transition between quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadronic gas, exceeded the goal of a four-fold increase in the average luminosity over the range of five gold beam energies (9.8, 7.3, 5.75, 4.59 and 3.85 GeV/nucleon) compared to those achieved during Beam Energy Scan phase I (BES-I). We will present the achievements in BES-II together with a summary of the measures taken to improve RHIC performance in the presence of several beam dynamics effects, and details on improvements made during the operation at 3.85 GeV/nucleon in 2021.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT032  
About • Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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WEPOPT033 Report of RHIC Beam Operation in 2021 1912
 
  • C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
 
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The first priority of RHIC operation in 2021 was the Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon, which is the lowest energy to complete the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II physics program, with RF-based electron cooling. In addition, RHIC also operated for several other physics programs including fixed target experiments, O+O at 100 GeV/nucleon, Au+Au at 8.65 GeV/nucleon, and d+Au at 100 GeV/nucleon. This report presents the operational experience and the results from RHIC operation in 2021. With Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon reported in a separate report, this paper focuses on the operation conditions for the other programs mentioned above.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT033  
About • Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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WEPOPT058 A Response Matrix Approach to Skew-Sextupole Correction in the LHC at Injection 1987
 
  • E. Waagaard
    Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  • E.H. Maclean
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  To date, no dedicated attempt has been made to correct skew-sextupole resonances in the LHC at injection. Recently this topic has gained interest however, following the investigation for the emittance growth generation during the LHC energy ramp, due to third order islands. The LHC is equipped with skew-sextupole correctors in the experimental insertions (MCSSX), intended for local compensation at top energy, and with several families of skew sextupole magnets in the arcs (MSS), which are intended for chromatic coupling compensation at top energy but are not optimally placed for resonance compensation. Simulation studies were performed in MAD-X and PTC to assess whether the MSS and MCSSX correctors could be used to compensate skew-sextupole RDTs in the LHC at injection via a response matrix approach, based on measured values at the LHC BPMs. It was found that compensation was viable, but at the cost of significantly increased corrector strength compared to chromatic coupling compensation.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT058  
About • Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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WEPOTK010 The Second Long Shutdown of the LHC and Its Injectors: Feedback from the Accelerator Coordination and Engineering Group 2052
 
  • A.-L. Perrot, M. Bernardini, S. Chemli, J.-P. Corso, J. Coupard, F.B. Dos Santos Pedrosa, J. Etheridge, K. Foraz, S. Grillot, J.M. Jimenez, B. Nicquevert, S. Petit, J.Ph.G.L. Tock, E. Vergara Fernandez
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
 
  The operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN started in September 2008. Every 5 or 6 years, Long Shutdowns (LS) are programmed to execute time-intensive ordinary and extra-ordinary maintenance of the LHC and its injectors. The second LS (LS2) started in December 2018 and was completed end 2020 for the injectors and early 2022 for the LHC. A huge number of maintenance, consolidation and upgrade activities, especially the upgrade of the injectors complex, were performed with challenges at various levels, from technical, to organizational and managerial. This paper presents the applied methodology put in place by the Accelerator Coordination & Engineering (EN-ACE) Group, in charge of the technical coordination of the activities for the interventions and changes to the LHC and its injectors, to ensure that the installation activities are performed safely, meeting the required high level of quality, while optimizing the schedule. It highlights key points of success and lessons learnt in terms of general coordination, quality assurance, configuration and layout management, spatial integration, planning and scheduling, operational safety, logistics and worksite coordination  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK010  
About • Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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