Author: Deshpande, A.P.
Paper Title Page
MOPAB405 Study of Targets to Produce Molybdenum-99 Using 30 MeV Electron Linear Accelerator 1222
 
  • T.S. Dixit, A.P. Deshpande, R. Krishnan, A. Shaikh
    SAMEER, Mumbai, India
  
  Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India (MeitY)
Two ap­proaches to pro­duce 99Mo are stud­ied using GEANT4 are re­ported in this paper. First, in con­verter tar­get ap­proach, bremsstrahlung pho­tons are gen­er­ated in a high Z tar­get. The emit­ted pho­tons then hit 100Mo sec­ondary tar­get, pro­duc­ing 99Mo through (gamma, n) re­ac­tion. Sec­ond, in di­rect tar­get ap­proach, high en­ergy elec­tron beam hits 100Mo tar­get, where both (e, gamma) and (gamma, n) re­ac­tions take place si­mul­ta­ne­ously. A 30 MeV, 5-10 kW beam power elec­tron linac is under de­vel­op­ment at SAMEER. The ac­cel­er­a­tion gra­di­ent re­quired to achieve 30 MeV en­ergy will be pro­vided by two linacs op­er­ated in se­ries con­fig­u­ra­tion and the high av­er­age beam power will be achieved by run­ning the sys­tem at high duty op­er­a­tion. Main aim of this study is to op­ti­mize ex­per­i­men­tal pa­ra­me­ters to max­i­mize spe­cific ac­tiv­ity of 99Mo. Since, 100Mo is very ex­pen­sive ma­te­r­ial there­fore ju­di­cious use of the ma­te­r­ial is very im­por­tant. Hence, op­ti­miza­tion of elec­tron beam en­ergy and tar­get di­men­sions are stud­ied in de­tail in both the ap­proaches. It is found that the di­rect tar­get ap­proach gives higher spe­cific ac­tiv­ity com­pared to the con­verter tar­get ap­proach. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB405  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 06 June 2021       issue date ※ 14 August 2021  
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TUPAB404 Monte Carlo Studies for Shielding Design for High Energy Linac for Medical Isotope Generation 2469
 
  • N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko
    University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
  • A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, R. Krishnan
    SAMEER, Mumbai, India
  
  The widely used ra­dioac­tive tracer Tech­netium-99m (99mTc) is tra­di­tion­ally pro­duced from Ura­nium via 235U (n, f) 99Mo re­ac­tions which de­pends heav­ily on nu­clear re­ac­tors. De­sign stud­ies for an al­ter­na­tive, cleaner ap­proach for ra­dioiso­tope gen­er­a­tion using a high en­ergy elec­tron linac were ini­ti­ated at SAMEER to gen­er­ate 99Mo. The elec­tron beam from a 30 MeV linac with an av­er­age cur­rent of 350 µA will be bom­barded on a con­ver­tor tar­get to pro­duce X-rays which will be bom­barded on en­riched 100Mo tar­get to pro­duce 99Mo via (g, n) re­ac­tion. 99mTc will be eluted from 99Mo. The pho­tons and neu­trons pro­duced in the process should be shielded ap­pro­pri­ately to en­sure ra­di­a­tion safety. This paper brings out the use of Monte Carlo tech­niques for pho­ton and neu­tron shield­ing for our ap­pli­ca­tion. We used FLUKA to cal­cu­late the flu­ence, an­gu­lar dis­tri­b­u­tion and dose for pho­tons and neu­trons. Then, we in­tro­duced var­i­ous lay­ers of lead fol­lowed by HDPE, 5% bo­rated HDPE and 40% boron rub­ber to en­sure that the pro­posed shield­ing is suf­fi­cient to com­pletely shield the pho­ton as well as neu­tron ra­di­a­tion and hence is safe for op­er­a­tion.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB404  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021       issue date ※ 25 August 2021  
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TUPAB405 Design of High Energy Linac for Generation of Isotopes for Medical Applications 2472
 
  • A.P. Deshpande, S.R. Bhat, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, A.S. Kottawar, R. Krishnan, M.S. Kumbhare, J. Mishra, C.S. Nainwad, S.R. Name, R. Sandeep Kumar, A. Shaikh, K.A. Thakur, M.M. Vidwans, A. Waingankar
    SAMEER, Mumbai, India
  • A.K. Mishra
    INMAS, New Delhi, India
  • N. Upadhyay
    University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
  
  Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India.
After suc­cess­ful im­ple­men­ta­tion of 6 and 15 MeV elec­tron lin­ear ac­cel­er­a­tor (linac) tech­nol­ogy for Can­cer Ther­apy in India, we ini­ti­ated the de­vel­op­ment of high en­ergy high cur­rent ac­cel­er­a­tor for the pro­duc­tion of ra­dioiso­topes for di­ag­nos­tic ap­pli­ca­tions. The ac­cel­er­a­tor will be of 30 MeV en­ergy with 350 µA av­er­age cur­rent pro­vided by a grid­ded gun. The linac is a side cou­pled stand­ing wave ac­cel­er­a­tor op­er­at­ing at 2998 MHz fre­quency op­er­at­ing at p/2 mode. The choice of p/2 op­er­at­ing mode is par­tic­u­larly suit­able for this case where the rep­e­ti­tion rate will be around 400 Hz. Kly­stron with 7 MW peak power and 36 kW av­er­age power will be used as the RF source. The mod­u­la­tor will be a solid-state mod­u­la­tor. The con­trol sys­tem is FPGA based setup de­vel­oped in-house at SAMEER. A re­tractable tar­get with tung­sten will be used as a con­verter to gen­er­ate X-rays via bremsstrahlung. The x-rays will then in­ter­act with en­riched 100Mo tar­get to pro­duce 99Mo via (g, n) re­ac­tion. Eluted 99mTc will be used for di­ag­nos­tic ap­pli­ca­tions. The paper lists the chal­lenges and novel schemes de­vel­oped at SAMEER to make a com­pact, rugged, and easy to use sys­tem keep­ing in mind local con­di­tions. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB405  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 02 September 2021  
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WEPAB209 Review of Medical Accelerator Development at Sameer, India 3113
 
  • T.S. Dixit, N. Bansode, A.P. Bhagwat, S.T. Chavan, A.P. Deshpande, G. Gaikwad, S. Ghosh, R. Krishnan, C.S. Nainwad, G.D. Panchal, S.N. Pethe, K.A. Thakur, V.B. Ukey, M.M. Vidwans
    SAMEER, Mumbai, India
  
  Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India
At the Med­ical Elec­tron­ics Di­vi­sion of SAMEER, R&D for the de­vel­op­ment of a 4 MeV en­ergy elec­tron linac for Can­cer ther­apy was taken up in the late ’80s. An S-band stand­ing wave side cou­pled struc­ture op­er­at­ing at pi/2 mode was de­vel­oped for elec­tron ac­cel­er­a­tion. The linac was in­te­grated with other sub­sys­tems in col­lab­o­ra­tion with CSIO and PGIMER and the first ma­chine was com­mis­sioned at PGI, Chandi­garh in 1990. There­after, a lot of mod­i­fi­ca­tions like en­ergy, dose rate, iso-cen­ter height etc. were made in the sys­tem, and later 4 more ma­chines were com­mis­sioned in hos­pi­tals for treat­ment. More than 1,50,000 pa­tients have been treated using SAMEER’s 6 MeV on­col­ogy sys­tem. Sub­se­quently, de­vel­op­ment of dual-mode and vari­able en­ergy elec­tron and pho­ton out­put ma­chines was un­der­taken. Two-pho­ton en­er­gies of 6 and 15 MV and mul­ti­ple elec­tron en­er­gies start­ing from 6 to 18 MeV for treat­ment was of­fered from the linac. The elec­tron en­ergy vari­a­tion was done using plunger mech­a­nism in the side cou­pling cav­ity. This linac was suc­cess­fully baked and RF tested for var­i­ous pa­ra­me­ters. This paper de­scribes the ex­per­i­men­tal pa­ra­me­ters achieved for both low and high en­ergy dual-mode linac. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB209  
About • paper received ※ 14 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 07 July 2021       issue date ※ 13 August 2021  
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