BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
Coherent electron cooling (CeC) relies on Debye shielding to imprint information of the ion beam to an electron beam [1]. Apart from the density modulation, Debye shielding also modulates the energy of electrons, which provides additional seeding for the free electron laser (FEL) amplifier. In this work, we show that the energy modulation of a longitudinal slice of the electrons, induced by dynamic Debye shielding of a moving ion in anisotropic electron plasma with κ-2 velocity distribution, can be expressed into a 1D integral. The results are then applied to the 1D FEL model to investigate the effects of energy modulation to the correcting force in the kicker.
[1] V.N. Litvinenko, Y.S. Derbenev, Coherent Electron Cooling, Physical Review Letters, 102 (2009) 114801. http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v102/e114801
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
As the world’s only high energy polarized proton collider, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been providing collisions of polarized proton beams at beam energy from 100~GeV to 255~GeV for the past decade to explore the proton spin structure as well as other spin dependent measurements. With the help of two Siberian Snakes per accelerator plus outstanding beam control, beam polarization is preserved up to 100~GeV. About 10% polarization loss has been observed during the acceleration between 100~GeV and 255~GeV due to several strong depolarizing resonances. Moderate polarization loss was also observed during a typical 8 hour physics store. This presentation will overview the achieved performance of RHIC, both polarization as well as luminosity. The plan for providing high energy polarized He-3 collisions at RHIC will also be covered.
This work is on behalf of RHIC team.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
To search for the critical point in the QCD phase diagram, RHIC needs to operate at a set of low gold beam energies between 2.5 and 20 GeV per nucleon. During run 12, first successful collider operation at the lowest energy of 2.5 GeV per nucleon was achieved. We present the challenges and achieved results, and discuss possible future upgrades and improvements.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
In polarized proton operation, the RHIC performance is limited by the head-on beam-beam effect. To overcome these limitations two electron lenses were installed and are under commissioning. One lens uses a newly manufactured superconducting solenoid, in the other lens the spare superconducting solenoid of the BNL Electron Beam Ion Source is installed to allow for propagation of the electron beam. (This spare magnet will be replaced by the same type of superconducting magnet that is also used in the other lens during the 2013 shut-down.) We give an overview of the commissioning configuration of both lenses, and report on first results in commissioning the hardware and electron beam. We also report on lattice modifications needed to adjust the phase advance between the beam-beam interactions and the electron lenses, as well as upgrades to the proton instrumentation for the commissioning.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
Heavy ion cross sections totaling several hundred barns have been calculated previously for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These total cross sections are more than an order of magnitude larger than the geometric ion-ion cross sections, primarily due to Bound-Free Pair Production (BFPP) and Electro-Magnetic Dissociation (EMD). Apart from a general interest in verifying the calculations experimentally, an accurate prediction of the losses created in the heavy ion collisions is of practical interest for the LHC, where some collision products are lost in cryogenically cooled magnets and have the potential to quench these magnets. In the 2012 RHIC run uranium ions collided with each other at a center-of-mass energy of 192.8 GeV per nucleon-pair with nearly all beam losses due to collisions. This allows for the measurement of the total cross section and a comparison with calculations.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
In the 2012 RHIC heavy ion run, we collided 96.4~GeV U-U ions and 100~GeV Cu-Au ions for the first time in RHIC. The new pre-injector with the electron-beam ion source (EBIS) was used to provide ions for RHIC ion collisions for the first time. By adding the horizontal cooling, the powerful 3-D stochastic cooling largely enhanced the luminosity. With the double bunch merging in the Booster and AGS, the bunch intensities of Cu and Au ions in RHIC surpassed their projections. Both PHENIX and STAR detectors reached their integrated luminosity goals for the U-U and Cu-Au collisions. In this article we review the machine improvement and performance in this run.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
UCR, Riverside, California, USA
The 2013 operation of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) marks the second year of running under the RHIC II era. Additionally this year saw the implementation of several important upgrades designed to push the intensity frontier. Two new E-lenses have been installed, along with a new lattice designed for the E-lens operation. A new polarized proton source which generates about factor of 2 more intensity was commissioned as well as a host of RF upgrades from a new longitudinal damper, Landau cavity in RHIC to a new low level RF and new harmonic structure for the AGS. We present an overview of the challenges and results from this years run.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
Electron cooling has the potential to compensate the emittance growth of the circulating ion beam due to intra-beam scattering at low energy. A test of electron cooling for RHIC low energy operations has been planned at IP2. Apart from the wakefield from the environment, the coherent interaction between the electron beam and ion beam could also play a role for the instability threshold. This work presents studies of ion beam stabilities in presence of coherent electron-ion interactions for the planned low energy RHIC electron-cooling test using the simulation code TRANFT.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
PVI, Oxnard, USA
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk, Russia
To mitigate electron clouds & unacceptable ohmic heating problems in RHIC, we developed a robotic plasma deposition technique & device to in-situ coat the RHIC 316LN SS cold bore tubes based on mobile mole mounted magnetrons for OFHC deposition. Scrubbed Cu has low SEY and suppress electron cloud formation. Room temperature RF resistivity measurement of Cu coated SS RHIC tube samples indicate that 10 μm of Cu coating has conductivity close to copper tubing. A 50 cm long copper cathode magnetron, mounted on a carriage with spring loaded wheels, was successfully operated, traversed magnet interconnect bellows and adjusted for variations in vacuum tube diameter, while keeping the magnetron centered. To maximize cathode lifetime, Cu cathode thickness was maximized its gap to vacuum tube minimized; movable magnet package is used. Novel cabling and vacuum-atmosphere interface system is being developed. Deposition experiments show no indentation in or damage to coating after wheels roll over coated areas; i.e. train like assembly option is a viable for in-situ RHIC coating. Details of experimental setup & coating of full-scale magnet tube sandwiched between bellows will be presented.
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
By implanting positive muons in a substance (either gas, liquid or solid), their magnetic moments can be used to sample the magnetic properties of the material. The precession rate can give the magnetic field strength, and the field direction is given away after the muons decay into positrons that are detected. The information obtained from muSR can be complementary to that from other methods such as NMR, ESR, and neutron scattering. A low energy muon surface source is particularly interesting for studying thin films. To date, only four user facilities exist in the world but none in the US. We explore the possibility of using the AGS complex at BNL for a muSR facility for the production of positive surface muons.