IPAC2012 - List of Authors (De Maria, R.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOPPC003	Very Fast LHC Crab Cavity Failures and their Mitigation	121
	T. Baer, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, E. Jensen, R. Tomás, J. Tückmantel, J. Wenninger, B. Yee-Rendon, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland T. Baer University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	For the high-luminosity LHC upgrade program (HL-LHC), the installation of crab cavities (CCs) is needed to compensate the geometric luminosity loss due to the crossing angle and for luminosity leveling []. The baseline is a local scheme with CCs around the ATLAS and CMS experiments. In a failure case (e.g. a control failure or arcing in the coupler), the voltage and/or phase of a CC can change significantly with a very fast time constant of the order of 1 to 10 LHC turns. This can lead to large, global betatron oscillations of the beam. The impact of CC failures on the beam dynamics is discussed and the results from dedicated simulations are presented. Mitigation strategies to limit the impact of CC failures to an acceptable level are proposed. F. Zimmermann and O. Brüning, “Parameter Space for the LHC High-Luminosity Upgrade”, IPAC'12, MOPPC005, May 2012.

MOPPC010	Parametric Study of Optics Options for the HL-LHC Project	142
	R. De Maria CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, cofunded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. The LHC Upgrade studies have been recently formalized into the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. The paper explores the parameter space in terms minimum beta star (flat and round), and luminosity leveling scenarios, constrained by the triplet gradient and aperture and still compatible with optics solutions based on the ATS scheme. The limitations of the proposed solutions, essentially given by the preservation of the dynamic aperture in the presence of large beta-beating waves induced in the arcs by the squeezing scheme are investigated. The results will be combined in scaling laws benchmarked with existing fully developed scenarios. S. Fartoukh et al., "The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme: from initial motivations to basic principles, and first demonstration at the LHC," these proceedings.

MOPPC011	Optics and Layout Solutions for the HL-LHC with Large Aperture Nb3Sn and Nb-Ti Inner Triplets	145
	S.D. Fartoukh, R. De Maria CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. The LHC Upgrade studies, formalized into the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, relies on the feasibility of very low β^, and in particular on a novel achromatic squeezing mechanism, the ATS scheme which is presently under test in the LHC. We present two optics and layout scenario for the HL-LHC using the ATS scheme, one based on Nb3Sn triplet quadrupoles with a coil aperture compatible with an operational gradient of 150T/m and a backup scenario based on NbTi compatible with an operational gradient of 100T/m. The solution obtained are analyzed in terms of β^* reach (flat or round), mechanical acceptance, optics flexibility, chromatic properties, and impact on the dynamic aperture due to the large beta-beating waves induced in the arcs by the ATS scheme. * S. Fartoukh et al., "The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme: from initial motivations to basic principles, and first demonstration at the LHC," these proceedings.

MOPPC013	Optics and Lattice Optimizations for the LHC Upgrade Project	151
	B. Dalena CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom A.V. Bogomyagkov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia A. Chancé, J. Payet CEA/DSM/IRFU, France R. De Maria, B.J. Holzer CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Faus-Golfe, J. Resta-López IFIC, Valencia, Spain K.M. Hock, M. Korostelev, L.N.S. Thompson, A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom C. Milardi INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
	The luminosity upgrade of the LHC collider at CERN is based on a strong focusing scheme to reach lowest values of the beta function at the collision points. Several issues have to be addressed in this context, that are considered as mid term goals for the optimisation of the lattice and beam optics: Firstly a number of beam optics have been developed to establish a baseline for the hardware R&D, and to define the specifications for the new magnets that will be needed, in Nb3Sn and in NbTi technology. Secondly, the need for sufficient flexibility of the beam optics especially for smallest β^* values has to be investigated as well as the need for a smooth transition between the injection and the collision optics. Finally the performance of the optics based on flat and round beams has to be compared and different ways have to be studied to optimise the chromatic correction, including the study of local correction schemes. This paper presents the status of this work, which is a result of an international collaboration, and summarises the main parameters that are foreseen to reach the HL-LHC luminosity goal.

MOPPC020	Field Tolerances for the Triplet Quadrupoles of the LHC High Luminosity Lattice	169
	Y. Jiao, Y. Cai, Y. Nosochkov, M.-H. Wang SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, M. Giovannozzi, E. McIntosh CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract # DE-AC02-76SF00515 and the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). It has been proposed to implement an Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme* in the high luminosity LHC lattice to reduce the beta functions at the Interaction Points (IP) up to a factor of 8. As a consequence, the nominal 4.5-km peak beta functions reached in the inner triplets at collision will be increased by the same factor. This therefore justifies the installation of new, larger aperture superconducting triplet quadrupoles. These higher beta functions will enhance the effects of the triplet quadrupole field errors leading to smaller beam dynamic aperture. To maintain the acceptable dynamic aperture, the effects of the triplet multipole field errors must be re-evaluated, thus specifying new tolerances. Such a study has been performed for the so-called “4444” collision optics of the ATS scheme, where the IP beta functions are reduced by a factor of 4 in both planes with respect to a pre-squeezed value of 60 cm at two collision points. The dynamic aperture calculations were performed using SixTrack. The impact on the triplets’ field quality is studied and presented in details. * S. Fartoukh, “An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme for LHC Upgrade”, Proc. of IPAC11, p. 2088 (2011).

TUPPR027	Study of Multipolar RF Kicks from the Main Deflecting Mode in Compact Crab Cavities for LHC	1873
	A. Grudiev, J. Barranco, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A crab cavity system is under design in the frame work of the High Luminosity LHC project. Due to transverse space constraints on one hand and the RF frequency requirements on the other hand, the design of the crab cavities has to be compact. This results in the crab cavity shape being far from axially symmetric and, as a consequence, higher order multipolar components of the main deflecting mode are non-zero. In this paper, multipolar RF kicks from the main deflecting mode have been calculated in the compact crab cavities for LHC. They are compared to the multipolar error in magnetic elements of LHC. The influence of the RF kicks on the beam dynamics has been investigated and possible acceptable tolerances are presented.

TUPPR068	The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing Scheme: Basic Principles and First Demonstration at the LHC	1978
	S.D. Fartoukh, R. De Maria, B. Goddard, W. Höfle, M. Lamont, G.J. Müller, L. Ponce, S. Redaelli, R.J. Steinhagen, M. Strzelczyk, R. Tomás, G. Vanbavinckhove, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R. Miyamoto ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme [1] is a novel squeezing mechanism enabling the production of very low β^* in circular colliders. The basic principles of the ATS scheme will be reviewed together with its strong justification for the High-Luminosity LHC Project. In this context, a few dedicated beam experiments were meticulously prepared and took place at the LHC in 2011. The results obtained will be highlighted, demonstrating already the potential of the ATS scheme for any upgrade project relying on a strong reduction of β^. [1] S. Fartoukh, "An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme For The LHC Upgrade," IPAC'11, WEPC037, p. 2088 (2001).*

Paper

Title

Page

Very Fast LHC Crab Cavity Failures and their Mitigation

121

T. Baer, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, E. Jensen, R. Tomás, J. Tückmantel, J. Wenninger, B. Yee-Rendon, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T. Baer
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

For the high-luminosity LHC upgrade program (HL-LHC), the installation of crab cavities (CCs) is needed to compensate the geometric luminosity loss due to the crossing angle and for luminosity leveling [*]. The baseline is a local scheme with CCs around the ATLAS and CMS experiments. In a failure case (e.g. a control failure or arcing in the coupler), the voltage and/or phase of a CC can change significantly with a very fast time constant of the order of 1 to 10 LHC turns. This can lead to large, global betatron oscillations of the beam. The impact of CC failures on the beam dynamics is discussed and the results from dedicated simulations are presented. Mitigation strategies to limit the impact of CC failures to an acceptable level are proposed.
* F. Zimmermann and O. Brüning, “Parameter Space for the LHC High-Luminosity Upgrade”, IPAC'12, MOPPC005, May 2012.

MOPPC010

Parametric Study of Optics Options for the HL-LHC Project

142

R. De Maria
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, cofunded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
The LHC Upgrade studies have been recently formalized into the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. The paper explores the parameter space in terms minimum beta star (flat and round), and luminosity leveling scenarios, constrained by the triplet gradient and aperture and still compatible with optics solutions based on the ATS scheme*. The limitations of the proposed solutions, essentially given by the preservation of the dynamic aperture in the presence of large beta-beating waves induced in the arcs by the squeezing scheme are investigated. The results will be combined in scaling laws benchmarked with existing fully developed scenarios.
* S. Fartoukh et al., "The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme: from initial motivations to basic principles, and first demonstration at the LHC," these proceedings.

MOPPC011

Optics and Layout Solutions for the HL-LHC with Large Aperture Nb3Sn and Nb-Ti Inner Triplets

145

S.D. Fartoukh, R. De Maria
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
The LHC Upgrade studies, formalized into the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, relies on the feasibility of very low β^*, and in particular on a novel achromatic squeezing mechanism, the ATS scheme which is presently under test in the LHC*. We present two optics and layout scenario for the HL-LHC using the ATS scheme, one based on Nb3Sn triplet quadrupoles with a coil aperture compatible with an operational gradient of 150T/m and a backup scenario based on NbTi compatible with an operational gradient of 100T/m. The solution obtained are analyzed in terms of β^* reach (flat or round), mechanical acceptance, optics flexibility, chromatic properties, and impact on the dynamic aperture due to the large beta-beating waves induced in the arcs by the ATS scheme.
* S. Fartoukh et al., "The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme: from initial motivations to basic principles, and first demonstration at the LHC," these proceedings.

MOPPC013

Optics and Lattice Optimizations for the LHC Upgrade Project

151

B. Dalena
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
A.V. Bogomyagkov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
A. Chancé, J. Payet
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
R. De Maria, B.J. Holzer
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Faus-Golfe, J. Resta-López
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
K.M. Hock, M. Korostelev, L.N.S. Thompson, A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
C. Milardi
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy

The luminosity upgrade of the LHC collider at CERN is based on a strong focusing scheme to reach lowest values of the beta function at the collision points. Several issues have to be addressed in this context, that are considered as mid term goals for the optimisation of the lattice and beam optics: Firstly a number of beam optics have been developed to establish a baseline for the hardware R&D, and to define the specifications for the new magnets that will be needed, in Nb3Sn and in NbTi technology. Secondly, the need for sufficient flexibility of the beam optics especially for smallest β^* values has to be investigated as well as the need for a smooth transition between the injection and the collision optics. Finally the performance of the optics based on flat and round beams has to be compared and different ways have to be studied to optimise the chromatic correction, including the study of local correction schemes. This paper presents the status of this work, which is a result of an international collaboration, and summarises the main parameters that are foreseen to reach the HL-LHC luminosity goal.

MOPPC020

Field Tolerances for the Triplet Quadrupoles of the LHC High Luminosity Lattice

169

Y. Jiao, Y. Cai, Y. Nosochkov, M.-H. Wang
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, M. Giovannozzi, E. McIntosh
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract # DE-AC02-76SF00515 and the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP).
It has been proposed to implement an Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme* in the high luminosity LHC lattice to reduce the beta functions at the Interaction Points (IP) up to a factor of 8. As a consequence, the nominal 4.5-km peak beta functions reached in the inner triplets at collision will be increased by the same factor. This therefore justifies the installation of new, larger aperture superconducting triplet quadrupoles. These higher beta functions will enhance the effects of the triplet quadrupole field errors leading to smaller beam dynamic aperture. To maintain the acceptable dynamic aperture, the effects of the triplet multipole field errors must be re-evaluated, thus specifying new tolerances. Such a study has been performed for the so-called “4444” collision optics of the ATS scheme, where the IP beta functions are reduced by a factor of 4 in both planes with respect to a pre-squeezed value of 60 cm at two collision points. The dynamic aperture calculations were performed using SixTrack. The impact on the triplets’ field quality is studied and presented in details.
* S. Fartoukh, “An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme for LHC Upgrade”, Proc. of IPAC11, p. 2088 (2011).

TUPPR027

Study of Multipolar RF Kicks from the Main Deflecting Mode in Compact Crab Cavities for LHC

1873

A. Grudiev, J. Barranco, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A crab cavity system is under design in the frame work of the High Luminosity LHC project. Due to transverse space constraints on one hand and the RF frequency requirements on the other hand, the design of the crab cavities has to be compact. This results in the crab cavity shape being far from axially symmetric and, as a consequence, higher order multipolar components of the main deflecting mode are non-zero. In this paper, multipolar RF kicks from the main deflecting mode have been calculated in the compact crab cavities for LHC. They are compared to the multipolar error in magnetic elements of LHC. The influence of the RF kicks on the beam dynamics has been investigated and possible acceptable tolerances are presented.

TUPPR068

The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing Scheme: Basic Principles and First Demonstration at the LHC

1978

S.D. Fartoukh, R. De Maria, B. Goddard, W. Höfle, M. Lamont, G.J. Müller, L. Ponce, S. Redaelli, R.J. Steinhagen, M. Strzelczyk, R. Tomás, G. Vanbavinckhove, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R. Miyamoto
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme [1] is a novel squeezing mechanism enabling the production of very low β^* in circular colliders. The basic principles of the ATS scheme will be reviewed together with its strong justification for the High-Luminosity LHC Project. In this context, a few dedicated beam experiments were meticulously prepared and took place at the LHC in 2011. The results obtained will be highlighted, demonstrating already the potential of the ATS scheme for any upgrade project relying on a strong reduction of β^*.
[1] S. Fartoukh, "An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme For The LHC Upgrade," IPAC'11, WEPC037, p. 2088 (2001).