ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
APS has been developing superconducting undulators for over a decade. Presently, two planar and one helical device are in operation in the APS storage ring, and a number of devices will be installed in the APS Upgrade ring. All superconducting devices perform with very high reliability and have very minor effect on the storage ring operation. To achieve this, a number of storage ring modifications had to be done, such as introduction of the beam abort system to eliminate device quenches during beam dumps, and lattice and orbit modifications to allow for installation of the small horizontal aperture helical device with magnet coils in the plane of synchrotron radiation.
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Damage to tungsten beam dumps has been observed in the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a 7-GeV, third-generation storage ring light source. This issue is expected to be much more severe in the APS Upgrade, owing to doubling of the stored charge and much lower emittance. An experiment was conducted in the existing APS ring to test several possible dump materials and also assess the accuracy of predictions of beam-induced damage. Prior to the experiments, extensive beam abort simulations were performed with ELEGANT to predict thresholds for material damage, dependence on vertical beam size, and even the size of the trenches expected to be created by the beam. This paper presents the simulation methods, simple models for estimating damage, and results. A companion paper in this conference presents experimental results.
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Characterizations continue of the electron beam properties of a recently installed S-band photocathode (PC) rf gun at the Advanced Photon Source Linac facility. In this case, we have utilized a low-energy spectrometer beam line located 1.3 m downstream of the gun cavity to measure the electron beam energy, energy spread, and energy jitter. The nominal energy was 6.5 MeV using a gun gradient of 110 MV/m, and the energy spread was ~17 keV when driven by a 2.5-ps rms duration UV laser pulse at the selected rf gun phase. An energy jitter of 25 keV was initially observed in the spectrometer focal plane images. This jitter was partly attributed to the presence of both the 2nd and 3rd harmonics of the 119 MHz synchronization signal provided to the phase locked loop of the drive laser oscillator. The addition of a 150-MHz low-pass filter in the 119-MHz line strongly attenuated the two harmonics and resulted in a reduced energy jitter of ~15 keV. Comparisons of the gun performance to ASTRA simulations will also be presented.
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
We present the results of experiments intended to show the effects of beam dumps on candidate collimator materials for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) storage ring (SR). Due to small transverse electron beam sizes, whole beam loss events are expected to yield dose levels in excess of 10 MGy in beam-facing components, pushing irradiated regions into a hydrodynamic regime. Whole beam aborts have characteristic time scales ranging from 100s of ps to 10s of microseconds which are either much shorter than or roughly equal to thermal diffusion times. Aluminum and titanium alloy test pieces are each exposed to a series of beam aborts of varying fill pattern and charge. Simulations suggest the high energy/power densities are likely to lead to phase transitions and damage in any material initially encountered by the beam. We describe measurements used to characterize the beam aborts and compare the results with those from the static particle-matter interaction code, MARS; we also plan to explore wakefield effects. Beam dynamics modeling, done with elegant is discussed in a companion paper at this conference. The goal of this work is to guide the design of APS-U SR collimators.
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) particle accumulator ring (PAR) was designed to accumulate linac pulses into a single bunch with a fundamental rf system, and longitudinally compress the beam with a harmonic rf system prior to injection into the booster. For APS Upgrade, the injectors will need to supply full-current bunch replacement with high single-bunch charge for swap-out in the new storage ring. Significant bunch lengthening, energy spread, and synchrotron sidebands are observed in PAR at high charge. Lower-charge dynamics are dominated by potential well distortion, while higher-charge dynamics appear to be dominated by microwave instability. Before a numerical impedance model was available, a simple circuit model was developed by fitting the measured bunch distributions to the Haissinski equation. Energy scaling was then used to predict the beam energy sufficient to raise the instability threshold to 18-20 nC. With the beam in a linear or nearly linear regime, higher harmonic radio frequency (rf) gap voltage can be used to reduce the bunch length at high charge and better match the booster acceptance.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
One of the challenges of the injector for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) is the measurement and monitoring of the required high charge electron beam at 6 GeV between the Booster synchrotron and the storage ring in the transport line (BTS. In APS-U charges of up to 17 nC per micropulse are specified with a beam geometrical horizontal emittance of 60 nm rad. Vertical beam sizes at the imaging station of ~80 µm (σ) are expected so system resolutions of <30 µm are warranted. A phased approach to enhance the imaging station performance has been initiated. Recently, the 20-year-old Chromox screen oriented at 45 degrees to the beam was replaced by a 100-micron thick YAG:Ce screen which gave an improved screen resolution of <10 micron(σ. However, the optical magnification of the system still needs to be increased. In addition, the high areal charge densities are expected to exceed the scintillator mechanism’s saturation threshold so an optical transition radiation (OTR) screen will be added to the station for high-charge studies. A final phase would be the use of optical diffraction radiation (ODR) as a non-intercepting, beam-size monitor during top-up injections.
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Damage to tungsten beam dumps has been observed in the Advanced Photon Source due to the high charge (368 nC/store), high energy (7 GeV), and short loss time (about 15 microseconds). Owing to the higher charge (736 nC/store) and much lower emittance (42 pm vs 2.5 nm), this issue is expected to be much more severe in the APS Upgrade. This strongly suggests that such dumps are necessary in 4th-generation electron storage rings to prevent catastrophic damage to vacuum systems when, for example, rf systems trip. However, it also implies that the dump will be damaged by each strike and will thus need to be "refreshed," perhaps by moving the dump surface vertically to expose undamaged material. Xenon, a gas that solidifies at 161K, is an intriguing possibility for a beam dump material. Calculations suggest that as the beam spirals in toward a dump in a high-dispersion area the tails of the electron beam would vaporize sufficient xenon to rapidly diffuse the beam and render it harmless. The dump surface could be periodically reformed without breaking vacuum. Issues with the concept include the need to protect the frozen xenon from wakefield heating.