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| WOPB002 |
Symmetries and Einstein
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217 |
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- M. Kobayashi
KEK, Ibaraki
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After brief survey of influence of Einstein on current particle physics, fundamental symmetry between particles and antipaticles will be discussed. Existence of antiparticles is an important outcome of special relativity and quantum mechanics and disappearance of antiparticles from the present universe is one of the mysteries in Big Bang cosmology based on the Einstein equation. Remarkable progress has been made recently in the studies on the violation of symmetry between particles and antiparticles with the use of a new type of accelerator. Some of their achievements will be reported.
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| WOPB003 |
Neutrinos and Einstein
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- Y. Suzuki
University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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A tiny neutrino mass is a clue to the physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. The primary cosmic rays, mostly protons, are created and accelerated to the relativistic energy in supernova remnants. They traverse the universe and reach the earth. The incoming primary cosmic rays interact with the earth’s atmosphere to produce secondary particles, which subsequently decay into neutrinos, called atmospheric neutrinos. The atmospheric neutrinos have shown the evidence of the finite neutrino masses through the phenomena called neutrino oscillations. Neutrinos are detected by large detectors underground like, for example, Super-Kamiokande, SNO and KamLAND. Those detectors use large photomultiplier tubes, which make use of the photo-electric effect to convert photons created by the interaction of neutrinos to electrons to form electric pulses. Neutrinos are therefore created and detected by "Einstein" and have step forward beyond the current physics. Neutrinos may also carry a hit to the origin of the dark energy, the Einstein’s Cosmological Constant.
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| WOPB004 |
The Quest for Dark Matter
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Recent experiments have brought for the first time under a strong experimental basis that the total density of the Universe is Wo = 1.02 ± 0.02. We have for the first time a cosmic agreement, namely matter density WM = 0.27 ± 0.04 and dark energy density WL = 0.73 ± 0.04 add up precisely to Wo ! WM + WL. On the other hand ordinary hadronic matter (quarks and leptons) determined by the Big Bang Nucleo-synthesis (BBN) is also firmly set to WBBN = 0.044 ± 0.004. About 100 years after Einstein’s birth we know experimentally the identity of less than 5% of what the Universe is made of, the remaining > 95% escaping to us completely. An enormous effort is being made at LHC in order to discover SUSY particles. SUSY is an “almost necessity” of elementary particle physics. The fact that such particles may also account for the observed non baryonic dark matter is either a big coincidence or a big hint. If such SUSY particles indeed exist, they must have been produced abundantly at the time of the Big Bang and should be detectable underground as some form of Cold Dark Matter (CDM). Indeed one of the main hopes of SUSY is to become the key to the CDM problem: this cannot be achieved unless some kind of relic neutral particles exists (WIMP). Therefore the a priori chance of detecting SUSY underground at the LNGS first should not be underestimated. We should also remark that SUSY is only one of the many candidates for WIMP: other kinds of massive relic particles may exist, which may have weak-like interaction properties and therefore detectable underground.
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