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@InProceedings{croppv:napac2019-frxba4,
author = {F.W. Cropp V and N. Burger and P.E. Denham and A.L. Edelen and C. Emma and J. Giner Navarro and E.T. Liu and P. Musumeci and L. Phillips},
% author = {F.W. Cropp V and N. Burger and P.E. Denham and A.L. Edelen and C. Emma and J. Giner Navarro and others},
% author = {F.W. Cropp V and others},
title = {{Maximizing 2-D Beam Brightness Using the Round to Flat Beam Transformation in the Ultralow Charge Regime}},
booktitle = {Proc. NAPAC'19},
pages = {986--989},
paper = {FRXBA4},
language = {english},
keywords = {emittance, quadrupole, cathode, electron, laser},
venue = {Lansing, MI, USA},
series = {North American Particle Accelerator Conference},
number = {4},
publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland},
month = {10},
year = {2019},
issn = {2673-7000},
isbn = {978-3-95450-223-3},
doi = {10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2019-FRXBA4},
url = {http://jacow.org/napac2019/papers/frxba4.pdf},
note = {https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-NAPAC2019-FRXBA4},
abstract = {We seek to maximize the 2-D beam brightness in an RF photoinjector operating in an ultralow charge (<1 pC) regime by implementing the FBT. Particle tracking simulations suggest that in one dimension, normalized projected emittances smaller than 5 nm can be obtained at the UCLA Pegasus facility with up to 100 fC beam charge. A tunable magnetic field is put on the cathode. Three skew quadrupoles are used to block-diagonalize the beam matrix and recover the vastly different eigenemittances as the projected emittances. Emittance measurement routines, including grid-based, pepperpot-based and quad scan routines, have been developed for on-line calculation of the 4-D beam matrix and its eigenemittances. Preliminary measurements are in agreement with simulations and indicate emittance ratios larger than 10 depending on the laser spot size on the cathode. Fine tuning the quadrupole gradients for the FBT has a significant effect on the 2-D beam brightness. We have made concrete steps toward computer minimization and machine learning optimization of the quadrupole gradients in order to remove the canonical angular momentum from the beam and achieve the target normalized projected emittances.},
}