Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) technology is a proven solution for generating high-power electron beams (EB), suitable for tasks like purifying wastewater from challenging impurities such as Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This paper elaborates on effectiveness of EB treatment and outlines design considerations for a 1.3 GHz SRF linac operating at 5 MeV with an average beam current of 10 mA. To get the high average beam current, attaining a high bunch repetition rate is important. The primary focus of the paper is on designing an injector which is able to generate high repetition beam with suitable short bunches for smooth acceleration to 5 MeV in a 1.3 GHz linac. Numerical analyses for accelerator system, ensuring that the beam reaches 5 MeV with the desired characteristics, lead to a compact beamline structure. This structure includes a 100 kV thermionic gridded gun, a 650 MHz buncher cavity, a 1.3 GHz 3-cell low beta booster cavity, and three 2-cell 1.3 GHz accelerator cavities, along with necessary focusing solenoids, all compactly fitting within approximately 4 meters. The results of the numerical studies conducted for all these components will be presented in this paper.

Neutron scattering is an indispensable technique in material science research for providing solutions to important engineering challenges, including the ever-growing demand for more efficient batteries and fuel-cells. There are, however, limitations in the access and availability to the necessary neutron beams and this is worsening as nuclear research reactors continue to shut down. As a result, there appears to be market demand for an affordable, medium-flux, compact, accelerator-driven neutron source optimised for deployment in an industrial setting. In this paper, we present an overview of the beam specification and the high-level design choices for an electron linear accelerator that is optimised to drive such a facility.

Superconducting technology has significantly advanced the capabilities of particle accelerators, facilitating higher beam-power operations for fundamental research at a comparatively lower cost. However, the conventional implementation of superconducting technology introduces complexities in the form of cryogenic plants, cryogenic distribution systems and substantial construction and operational cost. In response to these challenges, recent research efforts at Fermilab have been dedicated to the development of a cryogen-free, conduction-cooled Nb3Sn-based superconducting technology. This paper outlines the beam optics design of a 20-kW conduction-cooled compact superconducting accelerator for medical sterilization. The paper reviews both the physics and practical constraints associated with high beam-power operation within the context of industrial applications. The focus is on providing insights into the potential of this innovative technology to overcome existing challenges and pave the way for more accessible and efficient industrial particle accelerators.

RadiaSoft is developing machine learning methods to improve the operation and control of industrial accelerators. Because industrial systems typically suffer from a lack of instrumentation and a noisier environment, advancements in control methods are critical for optimizing their performance. In particular, our recent work has focused on the development of pulse-to-pulse feedback algorithms for use in dose optimization for FLASH radiotherapy. The PHASER (pluridirectional high-energy agile scanning electronic radiotherapy) system is of particular interest due to the need to synchronize 16 different accelerators all with their own noise characteristics. This presentation will provide an overview of the challenges associated with RF tuning for a PHASER-like system, a description of the model used to evaluate different control schema, and our initial results using conventional methods and machine learning methods.

With the development of radiotherapy,the need for high doses became strong.However, existing ion chambers are either more absorbent of X-rays in terms of material or are non-sealed, that subject to environmental influences and have a short lifecycle. Now we designed a new ion chamber, which have high dose pass-rate, sealed and long lifecycle under radiation environments. The dose pass-rate improves a lot than the latest one, keeps ultra high vacuum as very low leakage rate and 10 years lifecycle. Another important point is this kind of ion chamber have very simple assembly process and low cost. After our beam test, it performed very well with various test environments as Reproducibility of the dose response, Proportionality of the dose response, Stability of the dose response and so on.

Neutron scattering is an indispensable technique in material science research for providing solutions to important engineering challenges, including the ever-growing demand for more efficient batteries and fuel-cells. There are, however, limitations in the access and availability to the necessary neutron beams and this is worsening as nuclear research reactors continue to shut down. As a result, there appears to be market demand for an affordable, medium-flux, compact, accelerator-driven neutron source optimised for deployment in an industrial setting. In this paper, we present an overview of the beam specification and the high-level design choices for an electron linear accelerator that is optimised to drive such a facility.

Superconducting technology has significantly advanced the capabilities of particle accelerators, facilitating higher beam-power operations for fundamental research at a comparatively lower cost. However, the conventional implementation of superconducting technology introduces complexities in the form of cryogenic plants, cryogenic distribution systems and substantial construction and operational cost. In response to these challenges, recent research efforts at Fermilab have been dedicated to the development of a cryogen-free, conduction-cooled Nb3Sn-based superconducting technology. This paper outlines the beam optics design of a 20-kW conduction-cooled compact superconducting accelerator for medical sterilization. The paper reviews both the physics and practical constraints associated with high beam-power operation within the context of industrial applications. The focus is on providing insights into the potential of this innovative technology to overcome existing challenges and pave the way for more accessible and efficient industrial particle accelerators.

RadiaSoft is developing machine learning methods to improve the operation and control of industrial accelerators. Because industrial systems typically suffer from a lack of instrumentation and a noisier environment, advancements in control methods are critical for optimizing their performance. In particular, our recent work has focused on the development of pulse-to-pulse feedback algorithms for use in dose optimization for FLASH radiotherapy. The PHASER (pluridirectional high-energy agile scanning electronic radiotherapy) system is of particular interest due to the need to synchronize 16 different accelerators all with their own noise characteristics. This presentation will provide an overview of the challenges associated with RF tuning for a PHASER-like system, a description of the model used to evaluate different control schema, and our initial results using conventional methods and machine learning methods.

FLASH Therapy, a novel cancer treatment technique, aims to control the tumor-grown sparing the healthy tissue from radiation damage, increasing the therapeutic index. Translating FLASH therapy into clinical practice, especially for treating deep-seated tumors, necessitates achieving Very High Electron Energy (VHEE) levels within the 50-150 MeV range [2]. In the framework of the SAFEST project [3–7], Sapienza University, in collaboration with INFN, is actively developing a compact C-band linac demonstrator at the energy of 24 MeV (loaded) with a 100 mA peak current. This paper provides insights into the design strategy and electromagnetic characteristics, focusing on prototype testing and tuning conducted at the Sapienza Accelerator Laboratory. The progress of this innovative linac represents a step toward realizing an advanced FLASH VHEE source in cancer treatment.

The “FLASH” effect is currently a topic of considerable interest in radio-oncology. We present the design of a novel VHEE linac, to be built and installed at CHUV (Lausanne), capable of producing electron beams which deliver radiation at dose rates and time scales consistent with the FLASH effect. The design is based on X-band radio-frequency technology, developed at CERN for the CLIC study. The e-beam properties correspond to a CHUV specification and would allow large, deep seated, tumors to be treated. Construction of DEFT (DEEP Electron FLASH Therapy) will be assured by the company THERYQ in the context of a CHUV-CERN-THERYQ collaboration.

A compact 10 MeV S-band irradiation electron linear accelerator has been developed to simulate electronic radiation in outer space and carry out electron irradiation effect tests on spacecraft materials and devices. According to the requirements of space environment simulation, the electron beam energy is adjustable in the range of 3.5 MeV to 10 MeV, and the average current is adjustable in the range of 0.1 mA to 1 mA. The Linac should be capable of providing beam irradiation over a large area of 1 m2 with a uniformity of larger than 90% and a scanning rate of 100 Hz. A novel method has been applied to achieve such a high beam scanning rate, utilizing a combination of a kicker and a scanning magnet.

Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) technology is a proven solution for generating high-power electron beams (EB), suitable for tasks like purifying wastewater from challenging impurities such as PFAS. This study elaborates on effectiveness of EB treatment and outlines design considerations for a 1.3 GHz SRF linac operating at 5 MeV with an average beam current of 10 mA. Nu-merical analyses for the accelerator system, ensuring that the beam reaches 5 MeV with the desired characteristics, lead to a compact beamline structure. This structure includes a 100 kV thermionic gridded electron gun, a 1.3 GHz 3-cell low beta buncher cavity, and three 2-cell 1.3 GHz accelerator cavities, along with necessary focusing solenoids, all fitting within 3 meter. Given the need for high beam current, achieving a high bunch repetition rate is important. We therefore will employ the RF gating to the grid of the electron gun. The results of the numerical studies will be presented at this conference.

Various types of radioisotopes (RIs) are used in the field of nuclear medicine for diagnosis, such as PET and SPECT. In recent years, RIs are applied to therapy of cancer and the Ac-225 has been confirmed to be effective in the treatment of advanced cancer. One of the promising RI production methods for medical application is the use of high-intensity beam in accelerators. In the case of an electron accelerator, a photonuclear reaction is used in the RI production process. We have started research and development of a 4K niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting RF (SRF) electron accelerator system for RI production, which can be operated with a compact conduction cooling system and does not require a large-scale cooling system. As a first step, we plan to develop a single-cell Nb3Sn superconducting cavity and a cryomodule, and to demonstrate its performance by beam acceleration experiments. In this presentation, we report the basic design of the SRF electron linac and R&D project of the 35 MeV SRF linac for the medical RI production.

We report on the successful test for locating diamonds in ore by using an electron linac to create the 11C isotope atoms via the (gamma,n) reaction which has a large cross-section (8mb) at the Giant Dipole Resonance. The 11C atoms can be detected consequently using the Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The technology is presently being scaled up for deployment in a mine with the goal of discovery diamonds in the kimberlite ore grade. The typical run-of-mine throughput of several hundred tons per hour requires a high-power electron linac paired with high rate-capacity PET detectors system. 100% concentrate can be achieved followed by an intelligent diamond recovery process. Besides reducing breakage, the technology is waterless and greener. The mine lifetime will be extended, and marginal mines become viable. The design of the linac has converged to Ee = 45MeV at 200 kW in the beam. Ruggedness in the mining environment dictates a warm Cu, S-band machine. The system can produce the required PET activity of 2 kBq/cm3 measured after a 30 min decay out of a FIFO storage to leave 11C as the dominant PET isotope. The technology is termed MinPET and is currently under study. This contribution details the linac design component of the project.

There is intense current interest in applying short-wavelength FELs to semiconductor manufacturing. Next-generation FEL techniques are being developed to address two advanced chip fabrication challenges: high-average-power lithography sources; and few-nm-resolution metrology. Aspects of the significant new activity in EUV lithography FELs, likely to impact the industry in the coming years, are reviewed. Beyond lithography, new, non-destructive 3D methods are critical to future US semiconductor manufacturing. Storage ring-based studies of chip imaging with coherent hard X-rays using ptychographic tomography and laminography techniques have achieved 4-nm voxel resolution. The methods are rapidly maturing, but the coherent X-ray source characteristics must be improved. An ultra-compact X-ray FEL is an attractive, compact and cost-effective option for chip fabrication plants. Contours of a design, based on ultra-high electron beam brightness, high-gradient acceleration, and cutting-edge regenerative amplifiers, that can deliver the needed coherent flux are examined. A development path, from concept to rapid realization of a transformative XFEL-based application is discussed.