LINAC2014 - Classification: 01 Electron Accelerators and Applications / 1F Industrial and Medical Accelerators

Paper

Title

Page

High Power Electron Accelerator Programme at BARC

58

K.C. Mittal, S. Acharya, R.I. Bakhtsingh, R. Barnwal, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Chandan, N. Chaudhary, R.B. Chavan, S.P. Dewangan, K.P. Dixit, S. Gade, L.M. Gantayet, S.R. Ghodke, S. Gond, D. Jayaprakash, M. Kumar, M.K. Kumar, H.K. Manjunatha, R.L. Mishra, J. Mondal, B. Nayak, S. Nayak, V.T. Nimje, S. Parashar, R. Patel, R.N. Rajan, P.C. Saroj, H.E. Sarukte, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, S.K. Srivasatava, N.T. Thakur, A.R. Tillu, R. Tiwari, H. Tyagi, A. Waghmare, V. Yadav
BARC, Mumbai, India

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in India has taken up the indigenous design & development of high power electron accelerators for industrial, research and cargo-scanning applications. For this purpose, Electron Beam Centre (EBC) has been set up at Navi Mumbai, India. Pulsed RF Linacs, with on-axis coupled cavity configuration, include the 10 MeV Industrial RF linac, as well as 9 MeV linac and compact 6 MeV linac for cargo-scanning applications. Industrial DC accelerators include a 500 keV Cockroft-Walton machine and 3 MeV Dynamitron. Several radiation processing applications, such as material modification, food preservation, flue-gas treatment, etc. have been demonstrated using these accelerators. Cargo-scanning linacs have been successfully commissioned and are being characterized for the required x-ray output. A 30 MeV RF Linac, for research applications, such as shielding studies and n-ToF experiments, is being designed and developed. For ADS studies, a 100 MeV, 100 kW RF Linac system is proposed. This paper presents the details of the design of these accelerators, their development, current status and utilization for various applications.

MOPP007

SF6 Gas Monitoring and Safety for DC Electron Beam Accelerator at EBC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

61

S.K. Suneet, S. Acharya, S. Banerjee, R. Barnwal, D. Bhattacharjee, N. Chaudhary, R.B. Chavan, K.P. Dixit, S. Gade, L.M. Gantayet, S.R. Ghodke, S. Gond, B.S. Israel, D. Jayaprakash, N. Lawangare, K. Mahender, R.L. Mishra, K.C. Mittal, B. Nayak, S. Nayak, R. Patel, R.N. Rajan, P.C. Saroj, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, M.K. Srvastava, D.P. Suryaprakash, N.T. Thakur, R. Tiwari, A. Waghmare
BARC, Mumbai, India

A 3 MeV, 30kW DC Industrial electron beam accelerator has been designed, commissioned and tested at Electron beam centre, Kharghar. The accelerator has been tested upto 5 kW power level with SF6 gas at 6 kg/cm². The accelerating column, high voltage multiplier column, electron gun and its power supply are housed in accelerator tank, which is filled with SF6 gas as gaseous insulator at 6 kg/cm². The SF6 gas is being used due to high dielectric strength and excellent heat transfer characteristics. The SF6 gas is non toxic and non carcinogenic. The SF6 gas replaces oxygen hence the TLV (threshold limiting value) is 1000 ppm for inhaled gas for persons working on the SF6 gas handling system. The SF6 gas is being green house gas, leak tightness has to monitor in the system and leak if any should be repaired. The gas should be used, recycled and reuse and thus saving the environment. This paper describes the safety and monitoring of the SF6 gas leak, quality and precautions in 3MeV accelerator.

Poster MOPP007 [1.389 MB]

MOPP104

Analytical Approach for Life Assessment of Pierce Type Diode Electron Gun in High Energy Electron Linear Accelerator Systems

K.K. Rai
IUAC, New Delhi, India
B.K. Bhatt, A. Rai, K.K. Rai
Linac Systems, LLC, Waxahachie, Texas, USA
K.K. Rai, K.K. Rai
BARC, Mumbai, India

High Energy Electron linacs are used for generation of high energy X Rays towards the protection and development of humanity. Efficiency and life of Linac and, other high power microwave tube like klystrons and magnetrons solely depends upon ruggedness and reliability of the gun. The biggest threat to the vitality of electron gun is the poisoning of the metallic surfaces, other factors like evaporation of key constituents of cathode, geometrical change in cathode structure, quality of HV and LV signals also decisive to determine the life. This paper reveals the performance behavior of electron gun in a life span of 0-10 years is evaluated by the analytical interpretation of huge data collected over the period, for various Magnetron and Klystron based Linacs, of 7,9 and 15 MeV energies. Following parameters are recorded and analyzed almost on daily basis for the period: Reflected Wave, Beam Current, Vacuum current etc. The correlation of the data and the wave shapes has revealed the pattern of gradual decrement in the rate of generation of electrons from the gun in normal case. Abrupt loss of electrons has also detected in case of partial loss of vacuum level in the gun.
Keywords: Thyratron; Perce Type Diode Gun,; Linac; Resonant Cavities; Reflected Wave; Ultra High vacuum.

TUIOA05

High-Power Industrial Accelerator ILU-14 for E-Beam and X-Ray Processing

409

V.V. Bezuglov, A.A. Bryazgin, K.N. Chernov, B.L. Faktorovich, V.A. Gorbunov, E.N. Kokin, M.V. Korobeynikov, A.N. Lukin, I. Makarov, S.A. Maximov, A.D. Panfilov, V.M. Radchenko, E.A. Shtarklev, A.V. Sidorov, V.V. Tarnetsky, M.A. Tiunov, V.O. Tkachenko, A. YU. Vlasov, L.A. Voronin
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Growing interest to product irradiation by E-beams and X-rays calls for dedicated industrial electron accelerators. BINP has developed ILU-14 radio-frequency pulsed linear accelerator capable of providing 100 kW beam at 7.5-10 MeV. The accelerator has fast removable X-ray converter and can operate both in e-beam and X-ray processing modes. The machine utilizes a low frequency (176 MHz) 6-cells SW accelerating structure. BINP developed this machine as a turn-a-key equipment. Technical details and test results will be presented.

Slides TUIOA05 [4.672 MB]

TUPP133

Optimization of the RF Cavity of the Medical Purpose Electron Linac by Using Genetic Algorithm

726

SUPG004

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

S. Shin, J.-S. Chai
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

A compact electron linear accelerator for the medical application has been developing at Sungkyunkwan University. Due to this electron linac is attached on the robot arm or gantry, it should be compact enough to be held by the structure. An X-band technology has been used to meet the requirements for the compact linac. Because the particle accelerator is complex and sensitive machine to design it takes a lot of time to get a good performance accelerator. In this research, a special technique named single-objective genetic algorithm for the optimization process has been applied to achieve a better RF cavity design by changing various geometric parameters.

TUPP134

The development of electron gun for a S-band Linear accelerator

Y.H. Yeon, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
B.N. Lee, B.C. Lee
KAERI, Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea

Diode type electron gun is developed for a S-band linear accelerator which is used for X-ray inspection system. Thermal analysis of the electron gun has been carried out for the optimizing the design of cathode support and heat shield. The simulation of thermal expansion of the cathode support and heat shield structure is done for avoiding electrical breakdown. Performance of the gun assembly, designed and developed with thermal requirements, has been evaluated experimentally

THPP003

Cooling of High Pressure Insulating Gas for 3 MeV DC Accelerator: an Alternate Approach

839

S.R. Ghodke, S. Acharya, R. Barnwal, K.P. Dixit, L.M. Gantayet, B.S. Israel, D. Jayaprakash, K. Mahender, K.C. Mittal, S. Nayak, R.N. Rajan, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, S.K. Suneet, D.P. Suryaprakash
BARC, Mumbai, India

3 MeV Accelerator Project working inside the ‘Electron Beam Centre’ (EBC) building at Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. Generally in DC and Pelletron accelerators Nitrogen/SF6 gas is taken out from accelerator tank and it is cooled by separate heat exchanger and blower unit outside the accelerator tank. In our alternate approach we have designed fan/ blower to work under high pressure inside accelerator tank. Fans are designed to work in high pressure SF6 environment at 7 bar absolute pressure with 42 kg/m3 SF6 gas density. Fan throughs air over radiator type finned tube heat exchanger, installed inside accelerator tank. Fan speeds are controlled through variable frequency drive. Two numbers of such assemblies are fabricated, installed and tested in Nitrogen and SF6 gas environment at different pressure and variable fan speed. Performances are recorded and plotted in graphical form. These cooling systems are shown excellent performance in last five years. Paper will discuss about design of cooling system, cooling calculation of fan, fabrication of fan and heat exchanger, 5 TR chiller unit, variable frequency drive, fan performance etc.

Poster THPP003 [1.644 MB]

THPP012

A Prototype 1 Mev X-Band Linac for Aviation Cargo Inspection

853

M. Jenkins, P.K. Ambattu, G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
S. Andrews, T.A. Cross, C.R. Weatherup
e2v, Chelmsford, Essex, United Kingdom
P.A. Corlett, P. Goudket, A.R. Goulden, P.A. McIntosh, K.J. Middleman, Y.M. Saveliev, R.J. Smith, A.E. Wheelhouse
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
S.A. Griffiths, M.D. Hancock, T. Hartnett, C. Hill, J.P. Hindley, B.G. Martlew, N. Templeton
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Aviation cargo Unit Load Device (ULD) containers are typically much smaller than standard shipping containers, with a volume of around 1m3. Standard 3-6 MeV X-ray screening linacs have too much energy to obtain sufficient contrast when inspecting ULD’s, hence a lower 1 MeV linac is required. In order to obtain a small physical footprint, which can be adapted to mobile platform applications a compact design is required, hence X-band technology is the ideal solution. A prototype 1 MeV linac cavity has been designed by Lancaster University, manufactured by Comeb (Italy) and tested at STFC Daresbury Laboratory using an e2v magnetron, modulator and electron gun. The cavity is a bi-periodic π/2 structure, with beam-pipe aperture coupling to simplify the manufacture at the expense of shunt impedance. The design, manufacture and testing of this linac structure is presented.

THPP103

Low Dose X-Ray Radiation Source for Angiography Based on Channeling Radiation Principle

1093

T.V. Bondarenko, Yu.D. Kliuchevskaia, S.M. Polozov
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

Angiography is one of the most reliable and contemporary procedure of the vascular system imaging. X-ray spectrums provided by all modern medical angiographs are too broad to acquire high contrast images and provide low radiation dose at the same time. The new method of narrow X-ray spectrum achieving is based on the idea of channelling radiation application. The X-ray filters used in this method allows eliminating the high energy part of the spectrum and providing dramatic dose reduction. The scheme of the facility including the X-ray filter is discussed. The results of the spectrum analysis for the channelling radiation source and typical angiography X-ray tube are discussed. Doses obtained by the water phantom and contrast of the iodine agent image are also provided for both cases.

Paper	Title	Page
MOPP005	High Power Electron Accelerator Programme at BARC	58
	K.C. Mittal, S. Acharya, R.I. Bakhtsingh, R. Barnwal, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Chandan, N. Chaudhary, R.B. Chavan, S.P. Dewangan, K.P. Dixit, S. Gade, L.M. Gantayet, S.R. Ghodke, S. Gond, D. Jayaprakash, M. Kumar, M.K. Kumar, H.K. Manjunatha, R.L. Mishra, J. Mondal, B. Nayak, S. Nayak, V.T. Nimje, S. Parashar, R. Patel, R.N. Rajan, P.C. Saroj, H.E. Sarukte, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, S.K. Srivasatava, N.T. Thakur, A.R. Tillu, R. Tiwari, H. Tyagi, A. Waghmare, V. Yadav BARC, Mumbai, India
	Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in India has taken up the indigenous design & development of high power electron accelerators for industrial, research and cargo-scanning applications. For this purpose, Electron Beam Centre (EBC) has been set up at Navi Mumbai, India. Pulsed RF Linacs, with on-axis coupled cavity configuration, include the 10 MeV Industrial RF linac, as well as 9 MeV linac and compact 6 MeV linac for cargo-scanning applications. Industrial DC accelerators include a 500 keV Cockroft-Walton machine and 3 MeV Dynamitron. Several radiation processing applications, such as material modification, food preservation, flue-gas treatment, etc. have been demonstrated using these accelerators. Cargo-scanning linacs have been successfully commissioned and are being characterized for the required x-ray output. A 30 MeV RF Linac, for research applications, such as shielding studies and n-ToF experiments, is being designed and developed. For ADS studies, a 100 MeV, 100 kW RF Linac system is proposed. This paper presents the details of the design of these accelerators, their development, current status and utilization for various applications.

MOPP007	SF6 Gas Monitoring and Safety for DC Electron Beam Accelerator at EBC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai	61
	S.K. Suneet, S. Acharya, S. Banerjee, R. Barnwal, D. Bhattacharjee, N. Chaudhary, R.B. Chavan, K.P. Dixit, S. Gade, L.M. Gantayet, S.R. Ghodke, S. Gond, B.S. Israel, D. Jayaprakash, N. Lawangare, K. Mahender, R.L. Mishra, K.C. Mittal, B. Nayak, S. Nayak, R. Patel, R.N. Rajan, P.C. Saroj, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, M.K. Srvastava, D.P. Suryaprakash, N.T. Thakur, R. Tiwari, A. Waghmare BARC, Mumbai, India
	A 3 MeV, 30kW DC Industrial electron beam accelerator has been designed, commissioned and tested at Electron beam centre, Kharghar. The accelerator has been tested upto 5 kW power level with SF6 gas at 6 kg/cm². The accelerating column, high voltage multiplier column, electron gun and its power supply are housed in accelerator tank, which is filled with SF6 gas as gaseous insulator at 6 kg/cm². The SF6 gas is being used due to high dielectric strength and excellent heat transfer characteristics. The SF6 gas is non toxic and non carcinogenic. The SF6 gas replaces oxygen hence the TLV (threshold limiting value) is 1000 ppm for inhaled gas for persons working on the SF6 gas handling system. The SF6 gas is being green house gas, leak tightness has to monitor in the system and leak if any should be repaired. The gas should be used, recycled and reuse and thus saving the environment. This paper describes the safety and monitoring of the SF6 gas leak, quality and precautions in 3MeV accelerator.
	Poster MOPP007 [1.389 MB]

MOPP104	Analytical Approach for Life Assessment of Pierce Type Diode Electron Gun in High Energy Electron Linear Accelerator Systems
	K.K. Rai IUAC, New Delhi, India B.K. Bhatt, A. Rai, K.K. Rai Linac Systems, LLC, Waxahachie, Texas, USA K.K. Rai, K.K. Rai BARC, Mumbai, India
	High Energy Electron linacs are used for generation of high energy X Rays towards the protection and development of humanity. Efficiency and life of Linac and, other high power microwave tube like klystrons and magnetrons solely depends upon ruggedness and reliability of the gun. The biggest threat to the vitality of electron gun is the poisoning of the metallic surfaces, other factors like evaporation of key constituents of cathode, geometrical change in cathode structure, quality of HV and LV signals also decisive to determine the life. This paper reveals the performance behavior of electron gun in a life span of 0-10 years is evaluated by the analytical interpretation of huge data collected over the period, for various Magnetron and Klystron based Linacs, of 7,9 and 15 MeV energies. Following parameters are recorded and analyzed almost on daily basis for the period: Reflected Wave, Beam Current, Vacuum current etc. The correlation of the data and the wave shapes has revealed the pattern of gradual decrement in the rate of generation of electrons from the gun in normal case. Abrupt loss of electrons has also detected in case of partial loss of vacuum level in the gun. Keywords: Thyratron; Perce Type Diode Gun,; Linac; Resonant Cavities; Reflected Wave; Ultra High vacuum.

TUIOA05	High-Power Industrial Accelerator ILU-14 for E-Beam and X-Ray Processing	409
	V.V. Bezuglov, A.A. Bryazgin, K.N. Chernov, B.L. Faktorovich, V.A. Gorbunov, E.N. Kokin, M.V. Korobeynikov, A.N. Lukin, I. Makarov, S.A. Maximov, A.D. Panfilov, V.M. Radchenko, E.A. Shtarklev, A.V. Sidorov, V.V. Tarnetsky, M.A. Tiunov, V.O. Tkachenko, A. YU. Vlasov, L.A. Voronin BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Growing interest to product irradiation by E-beams and X-rays calls for dedicated industrial electron accelerators. BINP has developed ILU-14 radio-frequency pulsed linear accelerator capable of providing 100 kW beam at 7.5-10 MeV. The accelerator has fast removable X-ray converter and can operate both in e-beam and X-ray processing modes. The machine utilizes a low frequency (176 MHz) 6-cells SW accelerating structure. BINP developed this machine as a turn-a-key equipment. Technical details and test results will be presented.
	Slides TUIOA05 [4.672 MB]

TUPP133	Optimization of the RF Cavity of the Medical Purpose Electron Linac by Using Genetic Algorithm	726
SUPG004	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	S. Shin, J.-S. Chai SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	A compact electron linear accelerator for the medical application has been developing at Sungkyunkwan University. Due to this electron linac is attached on the robot arm or gantry, it should be compact enough to be held by the structure. An X-band technology has been used to meet the requirements for the compact linac. Because the particle accelerator is complex and sensitive machine to design it takes a lot of time to get a good performance accelerator. In this research, a special technique named single-objective genetic algorithm for the optimization process has been applied to achieve a better RF cavity design by changing various geometric parameters.

TUPP134	The development of electron gun for a S-band Linear accelerator
	Y.H. Yeon, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea B.N. Lee, B.C. Lee KAERI, Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea
	Diode type electron gun is developed for a S-band linear accelerator which is used for X-ray inspection system. Thermal analysis of the electron gun has been carried out for the optimizing the design of cathode support and heat shield. The simulation of thermal expansion of the cathode support and heat shield structure is done for avoiding electrical breakdown. Performance of the gun assembly, designed and developed with thermal requirements, has been evaluated experimentally

THPP003	Cooling of High Pressure Insulating Gas for 3 MeV DC Accelerator: an Alternate Approach	839
	S.R. Ghodke, S. Acharya, R. Barnwal, K.P. Dixit, L.M. Gantayet, B.S. Israel, D. Jayaprakash, K. Mahender, K.C. Mittal, S. Nayak, R.N. Rajan, D.K. Sharma, V. Sharma, S.K. Suneet, D.P. Suryaprakash BARC, Mumbai, India
	3 MeV Accelerator Project working inside the ‘Electron Beam Centre’ (EBC) building at Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. Generally in DC and Pelletron accelerators Nitrogen/SF6 gas is taken out from accelerator tank and it is cooled by separate heat exchanger and blower unit outside the accelerator tank. In our alternate approach we have designed fan/ blower to work under high pressure inside accelerator tank. Fans are designed to work in high pressure SF6 environment at 7 bar absolute pressure with 42 kg/m3 SF6 gas density. Fan throughs air over radiator type finned tube heat exchanger, installed inside accelerator tank. Fan speeds are controlled through variable frequency drive. Two numbers of such assemblies are fabricated, installed and tested in Nitrogen and SF6 gas environment at different pressure and variable fan speed. Performances are recorded and plotted in graphical form. These cooling systems are shown excellent performance in last five years. Paper will discuss about design of cooling system, cooling calculation of fan, fabrication of fan and heat exchanger, 5 TR chiller unit, variable frequency drive, fan performance etc.
	Poster THPP003 [1.644 MB]

THPP012	A Prototype 1 Mev X-Band Linac for Aviation Cargo Inspection	853
	M. Jenkins, P.K. Ambattu, G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom S. Andrews, T.A. Cross, C.R. Weatherup e2v, Chelmsford, Essex, United Kingdom P.A. Corlett, P. Goudket, A.R. Goulden, P.A. McIntosh, K.J. Middleman, Y.M. Saveliev, R.J. Smith, A.E. Wheelhouse STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom S.A. Griffiths, M.D. Hancock, T. Hartnett, C. Hill, J.P. Hindley, B.G. Martlew, N. Templeton STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Aviation cargo Unit Load Device (ULD) containers are typically much smaller than standard shipping containers, with a volume of around 1m3. Standard 3-6 MeV X-ray screening linacs have too much energy to obtain sufficient contrast when inspecting ULD’s, hence a lower 1 MeV linac is required. In order to obtain a small physical footprint, which can be adapted to mobile platform applications a compact design is required, hence X-band technology is the ideal solution. A prototype 1 MeV linac cavity has been designed by Lancaster University, manufactured by Comeb (Italy) and tested at STFC Daresbury Laboratory using an e2v magnetron, modulator and electron gun. The cavity is a bi-periodic π/2 structure, with beam-pipe aperture coupling to simplify the manufacture at the expense of shunt impedance. The design, manufacture and testing of this linac structure is presented.

THPP103	Low Dose X-Ray Radiation Source for Angiography Based on Channeling Radiation Principle	1093
	T.V. Bondarenko, Yu.D. Kliuchevskaia, S.M. Polozov MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
	Angiography is one of the most reliable and contemporary procedure of the vascular system imaging. X-ray spectrums provided by all modern medical angiographs are too broad to acquire high contrast images and provide low radiation dose at the same time. The new method of narrow X-ray spectrum achieving is based on the idea of channelling radiation application. The X-ray filters used in this method allows eliminating the high energy part of the spectrum and providing dramatic dose reduction. The scheme of the facility including the X-ray filter is discussed. The results of the spectrum analysis for the channelling radiation source and typical angiography X-ray tube are discussed. Doses obtained by the water phantom and contrast of the iodine agent image are also provided for both cases.