The AGS-RHIC injector complex includes H- ion sources at 35 keV, 750 keV RFQ and 200 MeV Linac. This report will focus on the recent upgrade of the 35 KeV Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) with three sources: two high-intensity magnetron H- sources and an Optically Pumped Polarized Ion Source (OPPIS) polarized H- source. There were still significant beam intensity losses in the 8 m long OPPIS transport line due to H- stripping, therefore, to meet the demand for the higher beam intensity in the 2024 polarized run, the OPPIS LEBT length was reduced by about two meters. Another possibility for increasing beam intensity is to increase the beam pulse width. The sources performance and operation in Run-2024 will be presented.

FAIR (Facility for antiproton and ion research) is a new accelerator complex in Darmstadt, Germany which will come into operation 2027. The existing GSI accelerator will serve as an injector for the FAIR facility. GSI comprises three main injector lines equipped with different kinds of ion sources producing ion beams of a large number of gaseous and metallic elements according to the various requirements of different experiments. The south injector is equipped with Penning type ion sources (PIG) for metallic and gaseous ion production delivering ion currents up to 100 µA and charge states of up to 8+. The north injector is equipped with high current ion sources of the multicusp type (MUCIS, CHORDIS) and the vacuum arc type ion source VARIS. With this kind of ion source we are able to deliver ion beam currents of up to several mA of up to 5+ charged ions. The third injector is the high charge state injector equipped with a 14.5 GHz ECR ion source delivering ion beam currents of up to 100 µA and charge state of up to 20+ of gaseous and metallic ions. This paper gives an overview of all the ion beams produced by these ion sources and the most important operational parameters

The main challenge in the development of high intensity ion sources is, besides the space charge limited extraction, the available plasma density. Conventional plasma generators use e.g. arc discharge plasmas or RF generated plasmas. Preliminary tests are carried out on both types of plasma generators and plasma parameters are determined to create a basis for evaluation. A concept is being developed that combines the advantages of both types. This hybrid plasma generator will also be investigated in terms of plasma parameters in order to test a possible application for high intensity ion sources. Further the proposed plasma generator has the property that due to a permanently available low-density RF plasma a faster build-up of the highly dense arc discharge plasma may be achieved. The properties of the concept with regard to a fast plasma build-up time are being investigated in order to test a possible application for the fast pulsing of high intensity ion sources.

The LANSCE H- Ion Source utilizes a cesium coated converter to induce H- surface conversion. To achieve an optimal cesium coating, a heated cesium reservoir and transfer tube vaporizes cesium onto the converter surface. An initial coating of cesium is done via an initial cesium transfer. During this process, the cesium heater is brought to a high initial temperature (250°C) and is slowly lowered to the operational temperature (~190°C) over six hours, followed by a static conditioning for another 18 hours to get the cesium converter coating optimal for H- surface conversion. Any reduction in the 24-hour cesium transfer process would allow more for experimental time for LANSCE experiments. Thus, there is high value in seeking to reduce the initial Cs transfer time. The LANSCE H- Ion Source Laser Diagnostic Stand was recently utilized to take cesium density measurements inside the H- Ion Source as a function of cesium reservoir temperature. A comparison of the measured cesium densities to the theoretical cesium vapor pressure values will be presented. Also, results using the measured cesium densities to calculate and run a faster cesium transfer process will be discussed.

The core components of the LANSCE accelerator complex – the beam source area, drift-tube and cavity-coupled linear accelerators – are more than 50 years old; a critical subsystem for beam delivery to the Lujan Center, the proton storage ring (PSR), is more than 20 years old. The proposed LAMP project is intended to begin a revitalization and update of the LANSCE accelerator complex, starting with the beam source region, drift-tube linac, and PSR. To help assure we have selected an optimal candidate design for the source region, an internal workshop was held in August 2023 to consider options for providing two beam species at the peak and average currents, and beam macropulse formats, required by the various LANSCE user stations. This document describes the workshop goals and processes, presents the various configurations considered, and lists the results of the downselect process and potential paths forward.

The study investigates the radiation attenuation performance of five ternary glass systems with varying chemical compositions: 50P2O5-(50-x)BaO-xEu2O3, where x = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mol%. It utilizes theoretical and Monte Carlo methods to determine shielding parameters such as attenuation coefficients, mean free path, value layers, electron densities, conductivity and neutron removal cross-sections across an energy range from 1 keV to 100 GeV. In addition to these analyses, the study explores kinetic energy stopping potentials and projected ranges of ions (H+, He+, and C+) through the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter database. Furthermore, research evaluates the dose rate attenuation behaviour and trajectories of photons bombarded from 137Cs and 60Co sources using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System. Obtained results show that sample: 50P2O5-44BaO-6Eu2O3 with higher Eu3+-doped glass has a potential for radiation shielding application among selected samples and is comparable with previously recommended, tested polymer and glass samples.

Niobium-tin has been identified as the most promising next-generation superconducting material for accelerator cavities. This is due to the higher critical temperature (Tc = 18 K) of Nb3Sn compared to niobium (TC = 9.2 K), which leads to greatly reduced RF losses in the cavity during 4.5 K operation. This allows two important changes during cavity and cryomodule design. First, the higher Tc leads to negligible BCS losses when operated at 4.5 K, which allows for a higher frequency to be used, translating to significantly smaller cavities and cryomodules. Second, the reduced dissipated power lowers the required cryogenic cooling capacity, meaning that cavities can feasibly be operated on 5-10 W cryocoolers instead of a centralized helium refrigeration plant. These plants and distribution systems are costly and complex, requiring skilled technicians for operation and maintenance. These fundamental changes present an opportunity for a paradigm shift in how low-beta linacs are designed and operated. Fabrication challenges and first coated cavity test results are discussed.

A new bunch lengthening cryomodule based a sin-gle-cell superconducting (SC) cavity operating at the 4th harmonic (1408 MHz) of the main RF has been installed into Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring as part of the U.S. DOE APS Up-grade project. The beam-driven system will be used to improve the Touschek lifetime by increasing the bunch length by up to several times. The 2-meter-long cryomodule is installed into one half of an APS straight section. The cavity will run at 2.1 K and pro-vide up to 1.3 MV of potential for bunch lengthening in a storage ring mode with a beam current of 200 mA evenly distributed into 48 bunches. System features include a pneumatic slow mechanical tuner and a pair of adjustable RF power couplers to adjust both the frequency and the loaded quality factor, providing a means of stabilizing the beam over a range of beam currents and fill patterns. Beam induced higher-order modes (HOMs) will be extracted along the beam axis and damped using a pair of room temperature silicon carbide absorbers. Cryogenic cooling is being provid-ed by a new 4.3 K liquid helium refrigerator combined with vacuum pumping and J-T expansion inside the cryomodule. We summarize the system features and report some results of initial cool down, testing, and measurements with beam.

Argonne National Laboratory is collaborating with MSU, HZDR, and SLAC on the design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) gun for the LCLS-II-HE upgrade at SLAC. The gun cavity is a quarter-wave resonator with a frequency of 185.7 MHz. Despite careful calibration of the cavity field probe, there are still uncertainties in the RF measurements taken to determine quality factor and field level in the cavity. One way to independently check the RF measurements is to calculate the field level from the x-ray energy spectrum generated by field emission during testing. X-ray measurements were done with a sodium iodide detector. This paper presents results of x-ray energy spectrum measurements and compares it to the RF measurements of cavity field level at 18 MV/m and 21 MV/m. Numerical simulations are also presented to understand the acceleration and dynamics of field-emitted electrons.

Two types of crab cavities, one at 197 MHz and the other at 394 MHz, are designed to compensate the loss of luminosity due to a 25 mrad crossing angle at the interaction point (IR) in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). The Higher Order Mode (HOM) damper designs of the EIC differs from the LHC designs since in the EIC the impedance budget is tighter, especially longitudinally, and in the EIC the HOM power is much higher due to the short and high intensity electron and ion beam. In this paper, HOM power in these two cavities is evaluated and optimized.

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC), to be built at BNL, is a unique high-energy, high-luminosity, polarized electron-proton/ion collider. High-Order-Mode (HOM) damping is a big challenge for EIC electron accelerators, especially for 17 single-cell 591 MHz SRF cavities in EIC Electron Storage Ring (ESR) because of its high electron beam current (up to 2.6 A). Room temperature SiC Beamline HOM absorbers (BLA) were chosen as the baseline of the HOM absorber, due to its broadband and high power capability. A SiC HOM absorber was prototyped to test a preparing process and high power handling capability. The high power test demonstrates 0.3 W/mm^2 of power handing capability by far, and we are going higher power to test its limit. This paper will present the preparing process (shrink fit, cleaning and outgassing test) and high power test results of the SIC HOM absorber prototype.

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) requires 34, 500 kW continuous-wave (cw), 591 MHz Fundamental Power Couplers (FPCs) to compensate the Electron Storage Ring’s (ESR) 10 MW of synchrotron radiation and other beam driven losses. This paper will describe the FPC design and fabrication status, particularly the technical challenges associated with 500 kW cw operation and the innovative design addressing this. Of important note, the RF window based on 99.5% purity alumina window was designed to be wide operating bandwidth, which makes it applicable to FPCs for the EIC’s RF systems outside of the ESR with frequencies ranging from 197 MHz-591 MHz. This results in significant savings by eliminating the need to design multiple different RF windows for the different RF systems. This paper will describe the design and prototype progress of the High Power FPC for EIC.

Bulk niobium is currently the standard material for constructing superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities for acceleration in particle accelerators. However, bulk niobium is limited, and new materials and surface treatments may allow greater performance to be reached. We present progress on novel materials and treatments for SRF cavity fabrication.

In a world’s first, CERN recently tested Euclid’s prototype ferroelectric tuner with a superconducting cavity, and successfully demonstrated its microphonics compensation*. This Ferroelectric Reactive Tuner (FRT) stands out as the swiftest RF cavity tuner utilizing a ferroelectric ceramic tuning element, boasting an impressive response time below 100 ns. The implications of this advancement are substantial, potentially leading to a significant reduction in the RF power consumption of accelerators across various applications. During this presentation, we will discuss various aspects of this novel tuning technology. Topics to be covered include the development and characterization of ferroelectric materials, metallization techniques, biasing voltage supply, and the FRT designs tailored for SRF microphonic compensations. Specifically, we will introduce a magic-T configuration designed for CEBAF C100, enabling its utilization with a single RF port connected to the cavity. Additionally, we will explore potential applications for other projects such as EIC, LHC, BERLinPro, and beyond.

Charging of RF windows has historically been problematic, frequently resulting in damage to the window severe enough that the window needs to be replaced. Many attempts have been made to prevent charging and therefore improve window lifetime, the most successful and common of which is coating the window with titanium nitride (TiN). Surface coatings such as TiN rely on the secondary electron yield of the coating material being lower than that of the ceramic window material, reducing the number of electrons emitted from a variety of mechanisms. An alternative approach is to introduce a small amount of DC conductivity to the ceramic itself, turning the traditionally insulating window into a mildly conductive one. This allows any charge on the surface of the window to drain rather than build until a discharge happens. A magnesium titanate ceramic has been developed with a small DC conductivity and used to make RF windows. Several window assemblies have been produced and tested, including 1.3 GHz waveguide and 650 MHz coaxial designs. The results of the conductive ceramic window test program will be presented.

The ESS Linac on-going installation and technical commissioning are progressing towards the first operation at 870 MeV on the beam dump in fall 2024. Four out of five DTL tanks were commissioned with beam in the normal conducting section (NCL) and a pilot installation of 1 spoke and 1 elliptical cryomodule was conducted in the superconducting (SCL) part of the ESS tunnel in spring 2023. Regarding the latter, the goal was both to demonstrate the installation sequence as well as the completion of the cryogenic distribution system (CDS) commissioning. A total of 13 spoke and 14 elliptical cryomodules (9MB + 5HB) are being installed. Overall, 30 elliptical cryomodules will be necessary to allow the 5 MW potential power after the target commissioning. The CM test plan along with the installation of the necessary RF power stations up to the 2 MW stage for the first project phase is advancing well.
This contribution will report on the deliveries from the In-kind partners, SRF activities at the ESS test stands including the resolution of non-conformities and focus on the installation and technical commissioning of the linac components.

ESS elliptical cryomodules, CEA-INFN-STFC in-kind contribution, undergo site acceptance test at ESS Lund Test Stand (TS2). Here the Field Emission operation experience, modules performances statistics and limiting mechanism, diagnostics equipment and analysis tool are described. High energy field emission and dose rate operational challenges and long-term superconducting LINAC operational strategy are described.

We study the effects of high voltage DC bias on the fundamental power couplers of the ESS elliptical SRF cavities. These tests were carried out at the TS2 facility, where cryomodule acceptance and characterization tests are carried out. We present the observed effects of positive and negative bias field on multipacting in the RF couplers, as well as the implications for operation in the ESS linac.

Several groups have demonstrated that plasma processing can help to mitigate degradation of the performance of superconducting radio-frequency cavities. Plasma processing provides an alternative to removal of cryomodules from the accelerator for refurbishment. Studies of plasma processing for quarter-wave resonators (QWRs) and half-wave resonators (HWRs) are underway at FRIB, where a total of 324 such resonators are presently in operation. Plasma processing tests were done on several QWRs using the fundamental power coupler (FPC) to drive the plasma. Driving the plasma with a higher-order mode (HOM) shows promise, as it allows for less mismatch at the FPC. Before-and-after cold tests showed a significant reduction in field emission X-rays with judicious application of plasma processing. The first attempt at plasma processing of FRIB QWRs in a cryomodule is planned for December 2023/January 2024. A repeat bunker test of the cryomodule is planned to assess the results.

SRF photoguns become a promising candidate to produce highly stable electrons for UEM/UED applications because of the ultrahigh shot-to-shot stability compared to room temperature RF photoguns. SRF technology was prohibitively expensive for industrial use until two recent advancements: Nb3Sn and conduction cooling. SRF gun can provide a CW operation capability while consuming only 2W of RF power which eliminates the need of an expensive high power RF system and saves a facility footprint. Euclid is developing a continuous wave (CW), 1.5-cell, MeV-scale SRF conduction cooled photogun operating at 1.3 GHz. We aim for generation of the first beam in 2024. In this paper, we present the most up-to-date progress including results of the first cool down of the gun-cavity in the newly developed conduction cooled cryomodule and LLRF system development.

Niobium Superconducting RF (SRF) cavities have a theoretical peak magnetic field which limits the accelerating field to 50-60 MV/m. Presently, all SRF cavities operate in a Standing Wave (SW) resonance field in which particles experience an accelerating force alternating from zero to peak. In contrast, a resonance field in Traveling Wave (TW) mode propagates along with a structure, so particles in such field can experience a constant acceleration force and could have higher energy gain than that of SW mode. This phenomenon is defined by the cavity’s transit time factor, T. A TW structure proposed in an early study achieves T ~0.9, suggesting an increase in acceleration per structure by more than 20% compared to a SW structure (T ~0.7). The early stages of developments had been funded by several SBIR grants to Euclid Techlabs and completed in collaboration with Fermilab through a 1-cell prototype and a proof-of-principle 3-cell TW cavity. It demonstrated the TW resonance excitation at room temperature in the “as-fabricated” 3-cell structure. Here we report recent progresses and the first cryogenic testing of the 3-cell TW cavity in 2 K liquid helium at Fermilab.

Development towards the FCC-ee "Z" machine requires optimization of sub-GHz elliptical cavities for high-gradient and high-Q operation, both in pulsed and CW mode, for application in the booster and collider portions. Previous development work validated the proposed 800 MHz 5-cell elliptical RF design, showing reasonable performance after EP treatment. However, the stringent high-Q (3.8e+10) and high-gradient (24 MV/m) goals of the FCC machine cavities will require further development, relying on advanced surface processing techniques developed at 1.3 GHz such as N-doping or medium-temperature furnace baking. We report the results of the first applications of these techniques to the 5-cell prototype 800 MHz elliptical cavity.

The LCLS-II HE superconducting linac can produce multi-energy beams by supporting multiple undulator lines simultaneously. This could be achieved by using the cavity SRF tuner in the off-frequency detune mode. This off-frequency operation method was tested in 8 cryomodules at Fermilab at 2 K. In all the tests the tuners successfully achieved a frequency shift of -565±80 kHz from the 1.3 GHz value. This study discusses the cavity frequency during each stage of assembly from the cryomodule string to when they are finally tested at 2 K. Monitoring the cavity frequency from this initial stage contributed in reaching this large frequency shift. The specific procedures of tuner setting during assembly will be presented.

Goethe University (GU), Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) and Helmholtz Institut Mainz (HIM) work in collaboration on the Helmholtz Linear Accelerator (HELIAC). A new superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) high-intensity heavy ion linear accelerator (Linac) will provide ion beams with a maximum duty factor up to beam energies of 7.3 MeV/u. The acceleration voltage will be provided by SC Crossbar H-mode (CH) cavities, developed by the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP) at GU. Preparation methods were investigated to increase their performance. High-pressure rinsing (HPR) with ultra-pure water was performed at HIM and recovered the maximum electric field of a 360 MHz 19-cell CH cavity from Ea = 1.6 MV/m to Ea = 8.4 MV/m. This result exceeds the prior highest electric field observed of Ea = 7 MV/m by 20%. The effect of helium processing has been subsequently investigated. The cavity has been processed for a total of 2 hours at a cavity pressure of 5e-5 mBar. The performance measurement showed promising results, with an increase in maximum gradient and a change in Q-slope behavior. Further tests of helium processing concerning the reproducibility, longevity, and optimization of the observed effects are scheduled at IAP.

Research is being conducted on field emission, thermionic emission, generalized electron emission, and electron emission from superconducting cavities. Generalized electron emission theories, which encompass field emission and thermionic emission, are currently under investigation. In field emission, electrons are emitted from metals due to a strong local electric field, while in thermionic emission, electrons are emitted due to high local temperatures. Field emission is being explored in relation to dimensions, and thermionic emission is likewise examined as a function of dimensions. The distribution of the electric field is illustrated over surface curvature. Furthermore, field emission characteristics are specifically analyzed within the context of superconducting RF cavities.

The Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA), an energy-recovering (ER) LINAC, is currently under construction at the Institute for Nuclear physics at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany. In the ER mode continues wave (CW) beam is accelerated from 5 MeV up to 105 MeV. The energy gain of the beam is provided through 2 enhanced ELBE-type cryomodules containing two 1.3 GHz 9-cell TESLA cavities each. By pushing the limits of the beam current up to 10 mA, a quench can occur at the HOM Antennas. The quench is caused through the increased power deposition induced by the electron beam in ER mode. Calculation shown that an upgrade from 1 mA to 10 mA is increasing the deposited power in the HOMs up to 3080 mW. 30% of this power will be out coupled with the HOM couplers and can be used as a thermal input. Simulations show a power limit of 95 mW which includes the power for 1 mA but is exceeded at 10 mA. A solution to increase the power limit are superconducting thin films which provides higher critical fields, temperature and currents. As candidates are Nb3Sn and NbTiN are chosen. First simulations of the power limit for coated HOM antennas are shown.

The effect of mid-T heat treatment on flux trapping sensitivity was measured on several 1.3 GHz single cell cavities subjected to vacuum annealing at temperature of 150 - 400 $^\circ$C for a duration of 3 hours. The cavity was cooldown with residual magnetic field $\sim$0 and $\sim$20 mG in the Dewar with cooldown condition of full flux trapping. The quality factor as a function of accelerating gradient was measured. The results show the correlation between the treatment temperature, quality factor, and sensitivity to flux trapping. Sensitivity increases with increasing heat treatment temperatures within the range of (200 - 325 $^\circ$C/3h). Moreover, variations in the effective penetration depth of the magnetic field and the density of quasi-particles can occur, influencing alterations in the cavity's electromagnetic response and resonance frequency.

One of the significant sources of residual losses in superconducting radio-frequency cavities is magnetic flux trapped during the cool-down due to the incomplete Messier effect. If the trapped vortices are non-uniformly distributed on the cavity surface, the temperature mapping revealed the “hotspots” at the location of high density of pinned vortices. Here, we performed a rf test on 1.3 GHz single cell cavity with the combination of the temperature mapping system. The temperature mapping reveled the development of the hot spots with the increase in rf field inside the cavity. When magnetic field is trapped locally on the surface of cavity, the hot-spots strength increase rapidly, showing the direct correlation of vortex induced hot spot and corresponding rf loss.

SRF materials such as niobium have been extremely useful for accelerator technology but require low temperatures operation < 9 K. The development of high temperature superconductors (HTS) is promising due to their to their high critical temperature 89.5 K. This work intends to determine the high-power RF performance of such materials at X-band (11.424 GHz). Two kinds of REBCO coatings (thin film deposition and soldered tapes) on a copper substrate were tested. Testing was done in a hemispherical TE mode cavity due to its ability to maximize the magnetic field on the sample and minimize the electric field. We will report conductivity vs temperature at low and high power. We determine the quench field in the REBCO sample and explain the evidence which shows that the quenching is most likely due to reaching the critical current and not due to average applied heat load for powers up to 1.6 kW.

Optimisation of thin film (TF) coating parameters for producing SRF cavities requires rapid testing of superconducting properties. A dedicated multiprobe facility built at Daresbury Lab, based on a liquid He free cryocooler, allows such measurements to be performed. The facility has vacuum tubular inserts where the sample probe is loaded and cooled with He gas. The experimental inserts were either newly built or upgraded: (1) A DC resistance experiment allows measurements of critical temperature (Tc) and residual resistance ratio (RRR) on non-conductive substrates (e.g. sapphire). A newly designed insert allows better temperature control and easier sample change. (2) A new insert for magnetic field measurements of Tc on both conductive and non-conductive substrates. (3) An existing insert for planar magnetic field penetration experiments was significantly redesigned. It operates at lower temperatures (> 5.5 K), parallel magnetic fields < 600 mT, increased sensitivity, and enables measurements of field of first flux penetration (Bfp) and Tc on various substrates: copper and sapphire, the latter of which was impossible to measure with an older design.

Superconducting materials, like V3Si, NbN, NbTiN and Nb3Sn, are potential alternatives to Nb for next generation thin film SRF cavities. In comparison to the Nb, their relatively high Tc could allow for operation at higher temperatures (≥ 4 K) and the higher critical field could lead to for higher accelerating gradients. We investigate optimum deposition parameters and substrates for V3Si, using single target physical vapor deposition (PVD). We report on the superconducting properties such as Tc and surface resistance using RRR and low power RF, stoichiometry using RBS, SIMS, XPS and EDX and surface quality using AFM and white light interferometry.

T-mapping diagnostic system is an indirect method to detect the internal surface of superconducting cavity during vertical testing. When superconducting cavity is powered, T-Mapping can detect the thermal instability and thermal collapse caused by defects. The goal of the project is to develop temperature detection devices that are highly accurate and easy to install. The development of the equipment plays a supporting role in the production of superconducting cavity, and can intuitive feedback the defects in the machining assembly, which is conducive to the improvement of the processing technology.

The SHINE project requires more than six hundred 1.3GHz cavities and sixteen 3.9GHz cavities for the superconducting accelerator. These cavities are from both domestic and foreign companies. The cavities fabricated in domestic companies requires correspond-ing capacity of surface-treatment. For the R&D of surface-treatment technology and mass production of SRF cavities, we have been constructing a new surface-treatment platform near Shanghai for SHINE project. In this paper, we report the design, construction, commissioning and operation of this platform.

SHINE project requires about 75 cryomodules with superconducting radio-frequency cavities to accelerate the beam to 8 GeV. Key components, technologies of cryomodule have been developing through prototypes and pre-series cryomodules. Up to now, several sets of cryomodule with high-Q cavities have been assembled and tested. We present the development status of SHINE cryomodules, including prototype cryomodules and the first ones for project.

The SC Linac of SHINE (Shanghai HIgh repetition rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility) comprises 79 cryomodules housing 609 1.3 GHz TESLA type superconducting cavities (SCCs), and 16 3.9 GHz SCCs. These SCCs and cryomodules should be tested in ATH (cryomodule Assembly and Test Hall) at SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) campus. Four VTFs (SCC Vertical Test Facility) and four HTFs (Cryomodule Horizontal Test Facility) will undertake the vertical test of these SCCS and horizontal test of cryomodules. The status and future plan of these test stands will be shown.

A surface treatment device has been established at the Wuxi Platform, enabling chemical polishing treatment on coupon samples. Currently, several samples treated with buffered chemical polishing (BCP) have been utilized in the investigation of nitrogen doping and medium-temperature baking mechanisms. This paper presents the development process of this device along with the experimental outcomes. In the future, we plan to enhance the device to facilitate electropolishing (EP) treatment on coupon samples.

In order to study the radio-frequency performance of superconducting materials at cryogenic temperature, we developed a TE-mode 3.9 GHz sample host cavity with a spherical bottom shape. A 11.5 cm diameter flat sample plate is enabled to attach to the cavity, with 9 cm diameter central area exposed to the RF field. In this paper, the design, fabrication and vertical test results of the sample host cavity will be presented.

The linear acceleration part of the SHINE project consists of two 3rd harmonic cryogenic modules which are operating at 3.9 GHz. Each of the cryomodules consists of eight 3.9 GHz 9-cell superconducting cavities. The SHINE specifications of the 3.9 GHz cavities are Qo >2.0e+9@13.1 MV/m and maximum accelerating gradient >15 MV/m. The 3.9 GHz cavities were treated with buffered chemical polishing (BCP) baseline combined with 2-step low-temperature baking surface treatment process to meet the specifications. In order to achieve the required performance, the BCP process had been optimized at the SHINE Wuxi surface treatment platform, especially the acid ratio. Vertical tests of all 3.9 GHz bare cavities treated with the optimized BCP process showed Qo up to 3.0e+9@13.1 MV/m and maximum accelerating gradient over 20 MV/m. The optimized BCP process applied to the 3.9 GHz cavities and related vertical test results were presented in this paper.

Most superconducting thin films found on SRF cavity are generally produced through magnetron sputtering using niobium (Nb) as target. Yet, this technique can still be improved as the resulting film lack in efficiency. Alternative materials such as NbTiN could potentially be used with significant improvement compared to pure Nb films. Here, we report the use of both high-power impulse magnetron (HiPIMS) and bipolar HiPIMS to produce superconducting thin films, with a particular attention on the optimal conditions to enhance the film growth highly dependent on the pressure and power conditions. We used both mass spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy to analyze the plasma chemistry providing information on the mass/energy of the ions formed.

SRF cavities are commonly coated with superconducting materials (e.g., niobium) using magnetron sputtering. In this process, various power supplies are employed such as DC, pulsed DC or HiPIMS. The sputtered ions are ejected from the target to the cavity or sample surface with an energy dependent on the power conditions and pressure range. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of such deposition by tracking the mass and energy of the main ions produced (e.g., Kr+, Kr2+, Nb+, Nb2+) using mass spectroscopy. We report the optimal conditions suitable to enhance both ions energy and film growth by comparing to power supplies (DC and HiPIMS), for different pressure conditions ranging from 1e-3 mbar to 1e-1 mbar. To support the gas phase analysis, niobium films were produced on copper substrate and the film structured was analysed by SEM.

Field emission is one of the most important issues that limits the performance of the superconducting radio fre-quency (SRF) systems and leads to SRF cavity trips at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility at Jeffer-son Lab. Studies have confirmed that particulates are the dominant source of field emitters and the particulates can be transported into a cavity from other parts of the accel-erator. To monitor the transportation of the particulates, a prototype of a novel, non-invasive laser particulate coun-ter (LPC) has been developed and tested. Experiments have been done to validate the capability of the LPC. We are developing autonomous event detection system to continuously monitor the readout from the LPC and to recognize real events generated by particulates from noises using machine learning model. In this report, we will present how the data are prepared and how the model is trained. We will also discuss the performance of the model.

Jefferson Lab has an ongoing R&D program in plasma processing. The experimental program investigated processing using argon/oxygen and helium/oxygen gas mixtures. Plasma processing is a common technique where the free oxygen produced by the plasma breaks down and removes hydrocarbons from surfaces. This increases the work function and reduces the secondary emission coefficient. The initial focus of the effort was processing C100 cavities by injecting RF power into the HOM coupler ports. We also developed the methods for establishing a plasma in C75 cryomodules where the RF power is injected via the fundamental power-coupler. Four C100 cryomodules were in-situ processed in the CEBAF accelerator in May 2023 with the cryomodules returning to an operational status in Sept. 2023. The overall operational energy gain for the four cryomodules was 49 MeV. Methods, systems and results from processing cryomodules in the CEBAF accelerator and vertical test results will be presented. Current status and future plans will also be presented.

The development of energetic condensation techniques has resulted in exceptional Nb film quality and improved Nb/Cu RF performance. Progress is continuously made in exploiting film forming and energetic processes to tailor the final film RF response. Convergence of parameters is emerging across techniques such as electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). The lessons learned also enable the development of NbTiN and Nb3Sn in single and multilayer structures. The resulting RF performance is studied with large quadrupole resonator samples and 1.3 GHz cavities at different temperatures, along with the cooldown effect and sensitivity to external applied magnetic fields. In conjunction, material and superconducting properties of the films and structures are evaluated with microscopy and magnetometry techniques to gain insight into various processes influence on the residual and flux induced surface resistances. This contribution presents the latest progress in exploiting processes involved in energetic condensation towards RF Q-slope mitigation for Nb/Cu films and the development of alternative superconductors and layered structures.

The electron storage ring (ESR) in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) requires a challenging 591 MHz fundamental 17-cavity RF system to provide up to 10 MW CW power to the beam with up to 2.5 A beam current and a wide range of voltage. In this paper, we will report the latest RF and mechanical design status, as well as the prototyping and testing results.

Plasma processing of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities has shown an improvement in accelerating gradient by reducing the radiation due to field emission and multipacting. Plasma processing is a common technique where the free oxygen produced by the plasma breaks down and removes hydrocarbons from surfaces. This increases the work function and reduces the secondary emission coefficient. The hydrocarbon fragments of H2, CO, CO2, and H2O are removed from the system with the process gas which is flowing through the system. Here, we present COMSOL for the first time to simulate the plasma processing of an SRF cavity. In this work, we use Jefferson Lab's C75 SRF cavities design as our case study. Using simulation, we predict the condition of plasma ignition inside the SRF cavity. The simulation provides information about the optimal rf coupling to the cavity, mode for plasma ignition, choice of gas concentration, power, and pressure.

The performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities is critical to enabling the next generation of efficient, high-energy particle accelerators. Recent developments have focused on altering the surface impurity profile through in-situ baking, furnace baking, and doping to introduce and diffuse beneficial impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. However, the precise role and properties of each impurity are not well understood. In this work, we attempt to disentangle the role of oxygen and nitrogen impurities through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of niobium samples baked at temperatures varying from 75-800°C with and without nitrogen injection. From these results, we developed treatments recipe that decouple the effects of oxygen and nitrogen in doping treatments. Understanding how these impurities and their underlying mechanisms drive further optimization in the tailoring of impurity profiles for high performing SRF cavities.

The SRF community has shown that introducing certain impurities into high-purity niobium can improve quality factors and accelerating gradients. We question why some impurities improve RF performance while others hinder it. The purpose of this study is to characterize the impurities of niobium coupons with a low residual resistance ratio (RRR) and correlate these impurities with the RF performance of low RRR cavities so that the mechanism of impurity-based improvements can be better understood and improved upon. The combination of RF testing, temperature mapping, frequency vs temperature analysis, and materials studies reveals a microscopic picture of why low RRR cavities experience low BCS resistance behavior more prominently than their high RRR counterparts. We evaluate how differences in the mean free path, grain structure, and impurity profile affect RF performance. The results of this study have the potential to unlock a new understanding on SRF materials and enable the next generation of high Q/high gradient surface treatments.

A superconducting (SC) 1.5 GHz (3rd harmonic) cavity is being developed for lengthening bunch and improving beam lifetime in the Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) storage ring. This SC cavity is excited by an electron beam with 350 mA current, 1 nC charge, and ~6.7 ps length. This contribution presents optimizations on such a SC harmonic cavity in detail. Through optimizations it has a low R/Q < 45 Ω, which has potential to achieve a good bunch lengthening. It utilizes a large-radius beam pipe which traps the fundamental (1.5 GHz, TM010) mode, but allows all other cavity monopole and dipole higher-order-modes (HOMs) to travel into a room-temperature RF absorber. All of harmful HOMs are strong-ly damped using a pair of silicon carbide (SiC) rings. In addition, preliminary thermal analysis on the SiC rings is also described in this contribution

A new Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) [1] is designed to accelerate the electron bunches from 400 MeV up to 18 GeV for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) [2] being built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). One of the two Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) rings will serve as the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the EIC. Beam physics simulations for the RCS demonstrate that the electron beam is sensitive to the outside magnetic field in the tunnel. Significant magnetic fields are expected due to the HSR and the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) being at full energy during the RCS operation. The earth magnetic field at the location of the RCS center was measured throughout the circumference of 3870 m tunnel without RHIC operation. In addition, the fringe magnetic field from RHIC magnets at several locations during RHIC operation was measured and compared with simulation at different ramping currents. A robotic technology is being developed to automatically measure the stray magnetic field at any location during the RHIC (or future EIC) operation.

Elettra 2.0 is the 4th generation synchrotron light source that is going to replace Elettra, the 3rd generation light source operating for 30 years in Trieste Italy. The new ring will be giving light to the users in 2026 at 2.4 GeV. Three beam lines require very hard-x-rays i.e. photon energies at 50 keV or more with a flux of 1013 ph/sec and this can be achieved with a superconducting magnet at 6 T peak field. A new superconducting magnet is developed with an innovative compact design integrated with quadrupole side magnets. A new cryogenic solution will combine the benefits of a liquid-helium cooled inner magnet with a liquid-helium-free upper cooling stage. A C-shaped design will allow to slip in and slip out the magnet from its position on the storage ring vacuum chamber. A prototype of a new 6T superconducting magnet will be constructed and installed in the storage ring to replace a normal 1.4 T magnet allowing a full characterization of its performance. The NbTi superconducting magnet will work at 3.5K conduction cooled, using a system of heat exchanger connected to a subcooled Helium bath.

In the context of the High Field Magnet programme, the 12 T Nb3Sn activity aims to design and manufacture a 2-meter-long, 12 T, cosθ, double aperture dipole. To reach magnetic fields higher than 10 T in accelerator magnets, brittle epoxy-impregnated Nb3Sn Rutherford cables are employed, which makes it difficult to predict the coil's mechanical limit and, in extenso, the magnet's performance. To tackle this challenge, expensive procedures are often implemented. The 12 T mechanical design presented in this paper aims to prioritize intrinsically safe structures and minimize the number of components. This approach is intended to counteract issues stemming from fabrication tolerances and assembly tool misalignment. To prevent coil over-compression, mechanical stoppers are integrated within the magnet structure. The design is committed to focus on solutions that can be applied on short demonstrators but also scaled to long magnets that need to be produced in large quantities in series. This paper aims to introduce the magnet's mechanical design, its underlying principles, and the advantages it offers.

The Q2 insertion quadrupoles for the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC are currently being produced and tested. The test of the first units provides valuable information about the field quality of superconducting accelerator magnets built from Nb3Sn coils. This paper presents the results of the magnetic measurements performed on the prototype and series magnets with emphasis on field quality and field repeatability. The stability of the integral gradient is analyzed in view of the final installation in the machine.

A first FCC final focus quadrupole prototype has been designed, constructed and tested. The prototype is of a Canted Cosine Theta type using a NbTi conductor with novel features like edge compensation and wax impregnated. It has an aperture of 40 mm and a field gradient of 100 T/m. In this paper we recall the main design features and report on the test results on field quality and the powering campaign.

Iron-dominated superconducting magnets are one of the most popular and used design choices for superconducting magnetic quadrupoles for accelerator systems. While the iron yoke and pole tips are economic and effective in shaping the field, the large amount of iron also leads to certain drawbacks, namely, unwanted harmonics from the sextupole correctors nested inside of quadrupole iron pole tips. Additional problems include the nonlinear field profile present in the high-field regime caused by the presence of steel, the cryogenic design challenges of the iron yoke being part of the cold mass, and the mechanical challenges of mounting the sextupole and octupole, which will generate significant forces for apertures of the size being proposed. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams is developing a coil dominated quadrupole as a future upgrade, and the presented work discusses the advantages of using an iron-free quadrupole, along with the methods and choices of the design and the current status of prototype fabrication. The methods and work presented will include the model results and the aspects of the model that have been verified up to the current status of prototype fabrication.

The stress-managed cos-theta (SMCT) coil is a new concept which was proposed and is being developed at Fermilab in the framework of US Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) for high-field and/or large-aperture accelerator magnets based on low-temperature and high-temperature superconductors. A 120-mm aperture two-layer Nb3Sn SMCT dipole coil has been developed at Fermilab to demonstrate and test the SMCT concept including coil design, fabrication technology and performance. The first SMCT demo coil was fabricated and assembled with 60-mm aperture Nb3Sn coil inside a dipole mirror configuration and tested separately and in series with the insert coil. This paper summarizes the design, parameters, and quench performance of the 120-mm aperture SMCT coil in a dipole mirror configuration.

At the FAIR project in Darmstadt, Germany, superconducting magnets will be utilized for the main accelerator, the SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron, and for the fragment separator Super-FRS. For SIS100, the magnets are fast ramped with a rate of up to 4 T/s while large apertures are required for Super-FRS. In total, several hundred magnets need to be produced, qualified and characterized for the operation at FAIR. For both machines, series production is ongoing and testing programs at operational conditions have been established for quality assurance of the high demanding magnet modules. In the presentation, an overview is given on the design and operation principles of the various magnet types and module combinations. The complex project landscape involving several sites for production, module integration, and cold testing is pictured. The project progress and key testing results are highlighted and an outlook for the installation and commissioning plans at FAIR is given.

The beam final focus system of SuperKEKB consists of 55 superconducting magnets. They are 8 main quadrupole magnets, 43 corrector magnets and 4 compensation solenoids. During beam operation from 2018 to 2022, the superconducting magnets quenched 40 times induced by the electron or positron beam hitting the superconducting coils or the other disturbances. The temperatures of the quenched superconducting coils are being studied with the accumulated magnet quench data and the conditions of beam operation. The temperatures of the coils are evaluated with the critical temperature defined by the operation magnetic field and the transport current. The authors will report the temperature range of the superconducting coil shortly after the coil quench.

SuperKEKB is the particle collider of electrons at 7 GeV and positrons at 4 GeV, and it is the cutting-edge collider in the luminosity frontier using the “Nano-beam scheme”. The beam colliding operation of SuperKEKB started from 2018 May, and the peak luminosity reached at 4.678×1e-34 1/cm² 1/s with quite expert beam operation. In beam operation, the vertical tune of the positron beam was measured to decline exponentially with time just after exciting the final focus quadrupole magnets. To identify the source of the tune change, we performed the magnetic field measurements of the prototype final focus quadrupole magnets, and the exponential field change with time after exciting the magnets was measured and the measured field decay rates were found to be of equal size of the measured tune change during beam operation. Because the field change is due to the magnetization decay in the superconductor, NbTi, filament, we modified the excitation pattern of the magnets and canceled the field decay. We will report the measured beam tune changes, the prototype field measurement results and the condition of beam operation with the modified excitation patterns of the quadrupole magnets.

The SuperKEKB IR is designed to achieve extremely small vertical and horizontal beta functions at the IP. Superconducting magnets provide the focusing magnetic field required to squeeze down the beta functions. The Belle II detector solenoid field is fully compensated with the superconducting anti-solenoids on each side of the IP. For further luminosity improvement, an upgrade of the superconducting final focus quadrupole magnets is required; a new canceling scheme for the Belle-II solenoid field, based on new anti-solenoids, is to be implemented. The design concept of the new IR is to make the beam trajectory as parallel to the QC1 magnet axis as possible to cancel the X-Y coupling and chromaticity between the IP and QC1s and minimize vertical emittance by redesigning the anti-solenoid profile. Moving QC1P closer to the IP results in an increase in the required field strength and current density. Nb3Sn is selected as the cable material instead of the present NbTi. While superconducting properties are better, Nb3Sn magnet fabrication is quite difficult because of the brittleness of the material. New IR design idea and the technical challenges of the new IR magnets are described.

Powered optics magnets which could be stacked in a very dense alternating pattern could enable a higher density of focusing in beamlines, with potential use for e.g. muon beams or high-current hadron beams at low energy. Here, we investigate such a design of quadrupole, where the yoke is energised by straight conductors running parallel to the beam, and does not require conductor to pass within the gap between yokes of adjacent magnets of opposite polarity. Suitable shaping and design of the steel yokes allows alternating focusing and defocusing quadrupoles, of arbitrary thickness, to be positioned with only the spacing required for constraining fringe fields. We investigate multiple thicknesses/sizes, and the use of thin field clamps to further reduce the required spacing between quadrupoles.

The magnetic measurements laboratory of the Frascati National Laboratories of INFN is one of the pole of the Innovative Research Infrastructure for applied Superconductivity (IRIS). This infrastructure aims at upgrading laboratories to carry out basic research on magnetism and superconducting materials, test of superconducting magnets, wires, tapes, cables. The LNF pole will be devoted to testing SC coils and magnets at room temperature. These measurements are recommended during the manufacturing phase, since they allow the validation of the assembly and the detection of defects at early stages of production, before the cryogenic tests are carried out. Part of the equipment is already available, including a stretched wire bench, a rotating coil system, a NMR probe, gaussmeters, instruments for high precision electrical measurements. The IRIS upgrade will include a 3D Hall probe mole system, a pulsed wire bench, a 5-axes coordinatometer, high-stability power supplies of various sizes, a calibration system. The flexibility of the instruments will allow to cover a large range of magnetic measurements, from point maps to integrated fields, from multipolar analysis to fiducialization.

A key strategic approach to making accelerator-driven light sources more energy-efficient and sustainable is to employ superconductivity. At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) there is a successful experience in developing and enhancing superconducting magnet systems for accelerators. That includes the design and fabrication of low and high-temperature superconducting technologies, high-field undulators with long/short periodic lengths as well as novel miniature high-strength magnets. This contribution gives an overview of the previous achievements and ongoing projects at KIT related to superconducting undulators and magnets.

In times of climate change and with increasing challenges of the power grid stability due to unstable renewable energy sources, it is not sufficient to know the electric energy consumption of accelerator facilities. In order to optimize the operation of the research infrastructure in terms of stability, reliability and sustainability, the knowledge of the dynamics of energy consumers, and generators is mandatory. Since a few years, KIT's accelerator teams collaborate with its EnergyLab 2.0, Europe's largest research infrastructure for renewable energies, within the KIT test field for energy efficiency and grid stability of large-scale research infrastructures (KITTEN). At the research accelerators KARA and FLUTE a dense network of power meters, more than 100 sensors of different kind, operate to observe from individual components to infrastructural components and the central electricity distribution. With more than one year of data taking for most of the sensors, we are already able to quantify implemented energy-savings measures. In this contribution the findings of the installation and the first analysis and savings within the more than one year data taking will be presented.

The large amount of energy required to operate large-scale facilities with particle accelerators within has been considered as one of the important research topics over the past years. This sheds light on the importance of the research field of energy management that entitles, with a view to long-term operations, the implementation of smart and sustainable technologies. One of the key technologies in accelerators are superconductor (SC)-based designs. The vanishing electrical resistance together with the ability to provide field values well above those from conventional conductors is the main motivation behind exploiting superconducting wires in building coils and magnets for large-scale accelerators. However, these superconductors can also quench under certain conditions, driving the wires into the normal state and potentially allowing for overheating and destruction of the conductor material and/or the whole design. This work will present the results of optimization-based analyses performed on accelerator SC-sample components aiming at goal designs that are more energy efficient at a reference operational field or current. A compromise between getting the best performance for excellent science from a design (with superconductivity preserved and safe operation maintained) and reducing its power consumption (and eventually its effective cost) will be addressed too.

The cabling facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has experienced a heavy increase in workload during the US-HiLumi Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP). Several critical components have experienced unexpected failure over the project’s lifetime for reasons at least partly attributable due to increased wear and tear on the hardware subsystems. This work presents three case studies of varying severity and lessons learned from each failure. Suggested strategies to ensure operational readiness and uptime for legacy systems are also discussed.

The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) has conducted a study on the magnetic circuit design of a high-temperature superconducting undulator (HTSU). This study explores the potential use of second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) materials in undulator magnet, which offer advantages such as higher current density and operating temperature. To evaluate the feasibility of HTSU design, a preliminary magnetic circuit analysis has been conducted. The simulation of the HTSU involved the use of several commercial 2G-HTS tapes with different widths. Insulating and non-insulating HTS tapes were compared to evaluate their effects on current density and magnetic field. Additionally, the maximum field strength on the surface of the tape was determined to establish the optimal operating temperature and current density for the HTSU. These simulation results provide valuable insights for optimizing the design and performance of the HTSU, ultimately contributing to advancements in particle accelerator technologies.

The concept of a single unified model for designing accelerator magnets has long been sought. Any meaningful virtual twin model must embody the ability to simulate the electromagnetic, thermal and structural performance of the device, as well as retaining the full geometric, materials and manufacturing information. Not only this, but the virtual twin must be able to respond to a design change and identify that either some of the simulations need to be repeated to capture the effect of the design change or to reliably identify that the last simulation results available were from a previous virtual prototype. As the fields of interest in these magnets are particularly sensitive to small geometric perturbations, accurate simulation capabilities are required to capture both electromagnetic and mechanical effects. Finally, the ability to optimize the design accounting for input from multiple areas of physics is paramount. In this paper, the authors report how the Dassault Systemes 3DEXPERIENCE Platform has been used to create a robust and efficient virtual twin model of a canted cosine theta dipole structure, leveraging the electromagnetic simulation tools CST Studio Suite® and Opera®, the structural solvers available on the 3DEXPERIENCE Platform, and the embedded optimization functionalities. All of the physics simulation and optimization processes share a single parametrized CAD geometry, which provides the flexibility for model design variation and rapid prototyping.

New generation X-ray free electron lasers require reliable and precise synchronization of pulsed laser sources across various locations. This demands stable timing distribution to preserve ultra-low timing jitter, ultrashort pulse duration, and high peak power*. Fiber optic delivery, compared to free-space optics, offers advantages in flexibility, laser safety, ease of deployment and superior output beam quality. However, standard fibers with silica glass core face challenges like high dispersion, nonlinear pulse shaping and environmental sensitivity, causing excess timing jitter. Emerging anti-resonant hollow core fibers that guide light though a central hole have significantly lower environmental sensitivity, high nonlinearity threshold and low dispersion, while achieving attenuation similar to glass-core fibers**. This makes them an improved medium for low-noise transmission of fs pulses with high peak powers. Here, we experimentally demonstrate passively stable timing distribution of femtosecond pulses at 1030-nm center wavelength using sealed hollow core fibers with-out vacuum components. We have achieved a timing precision of 0.3 fs RMS from 1 Hz to 1 MHz and < 250 fs peak-to-peak for 12 hours with a hollow core fiber length of 72 m without requiring any transmission delay stabilization.

CERN is pursuing several initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment through an integrated approach to address all the objectives set by the relevant United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In particular CERN is committed to respect the net-zero paradigm for future machines and has established a Sustainable Accelerators Panel to harmonize the approach to sustainability of the various studies for future accelerators. In this paper we will describe the efforts taken in managing responsibly our technical installations and the process we are setting up to perform the lifecycle assessment of the different future projects to better understand the main drivers of CO2 emissions in order to minimize them by design.

IRIS (Innovative Research Infrastructure on applied Superconductivity) is a major project to build a research infrastructure in applied superconductivity, recently approved in Italy and led by INFN Milano. In this framework, we are developing two superconducting energy savings devices, both working at 20 K either in helium gas flow or by cold-heads: An HTS dipole (Energy Saving Superconducting Magnet) and a 1 GW rated superconducting line (Green SuperConducting Line). ESMA is an HTS ReBCO metal insulated racetrack dipole, this magnet will be 1 m long with a medium-sized round bore of 70 mm diameter and a maximum central field of 10 T. The paper reports the design updates, presenting and discussing the main technological choices (coil layout, ramping time, etc.). An R&D plan is supporting the technology choices and the construction that will be carried out in Industry will also be included. We are also developing a 130 m long MgB2 Superconducting Line (GSCL), capable of carrying 40 kA at 25 kV, an almost zero-dissipation DC transmission line. The paper will present the up-to-date status of the IRIS energy-saving devices, ESMA and GSCL: design, tests, and production.

The ISIS-II Neutron and Muon source is the proposed next generation of, and successor to, the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. Anticipated to start construction in 2031, the ISIS-II project presents a unique opportunity to incorporate environmental sustainability practices from its inception. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) will examine the environmental impacts associated with each of the ISIS-II design options across the stages of the ISIS-II lifecycle, encompassing construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning. This proactive approach will assess all potential areas of environmental impact and seek to identify strategies for minimizing and mitigating negative impacts, wherever feasible. This presentation will provide insights into the process and first results of the LCA of the entirety of the ISIS-II project.