linac
MOCN2
Direct RF sampling based LLRF control system for C-band linear accelerator
25
Low Level RF (LLRF) control systems of linear accelerators (LINACs) are typically implemented with heterodyne based architectures, which have complex analog RF mixers for up and down conversion. The Gen 3 RF System-on-Chip (RFSoC) device from AMD Xilinx integrates data converters with maximum RF frequency of 6 GHz. That enables direct RF sampling of C-band LLRF signal typically operated at 5.712 GHz without RF mixers, which can significantly simplify the system architecture. The data converters sample RF signals in higher order Nyquist zones and then up or down converted digitally by the integrated data path. The closed-loop feedback control firmware implemented in FPGA integrated in RFSoC can process the baseband signal from the ADC data path and calculate the updated phase and amplitude to be up-mixed by the DAC data path. We have developed an LLRF control RFSoC platform, which targets Cool Copper Collider (C3) and other C or S band LINAC research and development projects. In this paper, the architecture of the platform and the test results for some of the key performance parameters, such as phase and amplitude stability with our custom solid-state amplifier, will be described.
Paper: MOCN2
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOCN2
About: Received: 13 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC22
Lattice optimization of RF electron linac designed for VEGA LCS gamma-ray source
107
The Variable Energy Gamma (VEGA) System is under implementation in Bucharest-Magurele Romania as one of the major components in the project of Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP). The VEGA System is designed as an advanced Laser Compton Scattering gamma-ray source with unique parameters in terms of high spectral density, monochromaticity, high polarizability, and energy tunability. It brings new opportunities and is dedicated for photonuclear research in both applied and fundamental physics, and will be open for worldwide users. Optimization of spectral density and guaranty of monochromaticity of the gamma-rays impose the necessity to control both, transverse emittance and energy spread, putting strong requirements on electron beam dynamics. The paper presents results from computer simulations carried out for the injector of the LCS gamma-ray source based on a normal-conducting RF LINAC, and investigation of a lattice configuration to optimize the electron beam parameters at the transfer line and storage ring entrance.
Paper: MOPC22
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC22
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC23
Generating Super-Gaussian distribution and uniform sliced energy spread bunch for EIC strong hadron cooling
110
Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC), utilizing the coherent electron cooling scheme, has been extensively investigated for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). Throughout our cooling optimization studies, we realized that a Super-Gaussian electron bunch offers enhanced performance in comparison to a Gaussian bunch. Our approach involves initiating the electron beam distribution in a double peak form, transitioning them into a Super-Gaussian distribution due to the longitudinal space charge. Subsequently, a chicane within the linac section compresses the bunch to meet the required bunch length. We tuned a third harmonic cavity amplitude to reduce the nonlinear term of the chicane. Moreover, given the low initial current leading to a small but non-uniform slice energy spread, we evaluated utilizing laser heating techniques to achieve a uniformly distributed slice energy spread. In this report, we discuss the concepts and simulation results.
Paper: MOPC23
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC23
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC24
The design progress of a high charge low energy spread polarized pre injector for Electron Ion Collider
114
The polarized pre-injector for the Electron-Ion Collider is intended to produce four bunches every second, each containing 7 nC, with 85% polarization along the longitudinal axis, for injection into the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron. The pre-injector consists of a polarized electron source, bunching section, longitudinal phase space manipulation, and SLC-Type LINAC. To reduce energy spread and increase bunch length, a compact zig-zag chicane and dechirp cavity rotate the bunch in longitudinal phase space. In this paper, we will discuss the progress of recent pre-injection design and RF frequency selection. Additionally, we will examine the effects of wakefield, as well as coherent and incoherent synchrotron radiation on beam quality.
Paper: MOPC24
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC24
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC30
Final physics design of proton improvement Plan-II at Fermilab
125
This paper presents the final physics design of the Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) at Fermilab, focusing on the linear accelerator (Linac) and its beam transfer line. We address the challenges in longitudinal and transverse lattice design, specifically targeting collective effects, parametric resonances, and space charge nonlinearities that impact beam stability and emittance control. The strategies implemented effectively mitigate space charge complexities, resulting in significant improvements in beam quality—evidenced by reduced emittance growth, lower beam halo, decreased loss, and better energy spread management. This comprehensive study is pivotal for the PIP-II project's success, providing valuable insights and approaches for future accelerator designs, especially in managing nonlinearities and enhancing beam dynamics.
Paper: MOPC30
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC30
About: Received: 19 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC35
Design and test of a S band TW buncher for the injector linac of HEPS
140
The bunching system of injector Linac in High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) includes two sub-harmonic bunchers, a pre-buncher and a traveling wave S band buncher. The buncher is a 6-cell constant impedance traveling wave structure operating in 2π/3 mode at 2998.8 MHz. In this paper, the design and test of the traveling wave buncher are presented. First, the characteristic parameters are optimized in CST. Then the buncher is precisely tuned and cold tested with a vector network analyzer after fabrication. Finally, the high power test was finished before installation in Linac. The buncher can operate stably with input power of 10 MW after a week of conditioning. So far the buncher has been applied successfully in Linac of HEPS.
Paper: MOPC35
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC35
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC37
Mechanical analysis and design for the LCLS-II-HE soft X-Ray undulator reconfiguration
142
As a part of the High Energy upgrade to the Linac Coherent Light Source II at SLAC, LBNL is responsible for the update of the undulators of the Soft X-Ray (SXR) line. In order to span the required photon energy range, the SXR undulators require longer magnetic period. This increased magnetic period leads to higher magnetic force, requiring updates to certain elements of the design. In contrast, many elements can safely remain unchanged. This presentation details the updates and analyses performed to support the adaptation to HE-SXR, as well as pre-production undulator results.
Paper: MOPC37
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC37
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 24 May 2024 — Accepted: 24 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC38
Electromagnetic and beam dynamics modeling of LANSCE front-end elements with CST studio
146
The front end of the 800-MeV proton linac at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is still based on Cockcroft-Walton voltage generators that bring proton and H- beams of various flavors to 750 keV. We have developed 3D CST models of the LANSCE front-end elements including low-frequency and main bunchers. The fields in these elements are calculated with MicroWave and ElectroMagnetic Studio. Beam dynamics is modeled with Particle Studio for beams with realistic charge distributions using the CST calculated fields. The modeling results provide insight into linac operations and a guidance for designing a modern, RFQ-based front end for the LANSCE linac.
Paper: MOPC38
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC38
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC44
Transfer learning for field emission mitigation in CEBAF SRF cavities
160
The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) operates hundreds of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities in its two linear accelerators (linacs). Field emission (FE) is an ongoing operational challenge in higher gradient SRF cavities. FE generates high levels of neutron and gamma radiation leading to damaged accelerator hardware and a radiation hazard environment. During machine development periods, we performed invasive gradient scans to record data capturing the relationship between cavity gradients and radiation levels measured throughout the linacs. However, the field emission environment at CEBAF varies considerably over time as the configuration of the radio-frequency (RF) gradients changes or due to the strengthening of existing field emitters or the abrupt appearance of new field emitters. To mitigate FE and lower the radiation levels, an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) approach with transfer learning is needed. In this work, we mainly focus on leveraging the RF trip data gathered during CEBAF normal operation. We develop a transfer learning based surrogate model for radiation detector readings given RF cavity gradients to track the CEBAF’s changing configuration and environment. Then, we could use the developed model as an optimization process for redistributing the RF gradients within a linac to mitigate field emission.
Paper: MOPC44
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC44
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 11 Jun 2024 — Accepted: 11 Jun 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC63
New high power linear accelerator ABC and platform
208
At Varex Imaging Corporation, we have started a transition to our in-house supply of Accelerator Beam Centerlines (ABC), replacing Varian as a supplier. As part of this program we are considering changing design of our K-15, the only standard production unit capable of delivering Bremsstrahlung at 12000 R/min@1m by striking a copper target with high energy electron beam at 15 MeV. We plan on changing the RF source from frequency of 2856 MHz, used by Varian to 2998 MHz, establishing one common frequency for all our S-Band linear accelerator supply. We may be using a two-section design of the new 15 MeV ABC and yet various designs are being investigated, including, but not limited to two collinear standing wave (SW) sections and a patented combination of SW and Traveling Wave (TW) Sections with reverse feed. We have analyzed both concepts and present the preliminary analysis results. The platform can be used for running guides at various energy levels from 2 to 20 MeV, continuously changing energy or doing that selectively, various combinations of energy levels will be possible, also, upgrading the platform to higher average beam power levels. Indeed, operating at high average beam power above 1-2 kW level may require new advanced target development, and in case of e-beam applications, a scan horn will be required for extracting e-beam from vacuum to air.
Paper: MOPC63
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC63
About: Received: 07 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC68
Single line ERL permanent magnet FFA accelerator for LHeC
218
We present a Fixed-Field-Alternating (FFA) permanent magnet racetrack electron accelerator with energy range between 10-60 GeV for the future LHeC. Electron beam is brought back to the linac by the single beam line without requiring electric power REDUCING estimated wall power of 100 MW in the present LHeC design to a negligible power for arcs as the permanent magnets are used. The design is based on experience from the very successful commissioning of the Cornell University and Brookhaven National Laboratory Energy Recovery Test Accelerator – ‘CBETA’. The proposal supports sustainability efforts for LHeC by making a 'green' accelerator. It is an energy recovery linac with 99.9% energy efficiency and reduces the power consumption by using small permanent magnets. The FFA non-linear gradient design is a racetrack shape, where, as in the CBETA, the arcs are matched by adiabatic transition to the two (LHeC) or multiple straight sections. Two 10 GeV superconducting linacs are placed on both sides of the Interaction Region (IR) significantly reducing the power of synchrotron radiation loss.
Paper: MOPC68
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC68
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPC69
Permanent magnet electron energy synchrotron 2.5–18 GeV with fixed betatron tunes
222
We are presenting a design of a 2-18 GeV electron synchrotron accelerator made of permanent non-linear combined function magnets with fixed betatron tunes. It is based on the successfully commissioned CBETA Energy Recovery Linac where we used a single return beam line based on Fixed Field Alternating gradient (FFA) principle. The 2 GeV injection energy electrons come from the Recirculating Llnear Accelerator (RLA) with 500 MeV linac and a single FFA linear combined function magnet beam line to return electrons to the linac. The electron collision energy uses the same single beam line avoiding the RF accelerating cavities during selected number of turns.
Paper: MOPC69
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC69
About: Received: 16 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPR07
FFA@CEBAF beam transport error and tolerance simulation studies
471
The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) is a 12 GeV recirculating electron accelerator at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB). Major upgrades to the accelerator are being investigated which include a new 650 MeV injection beamline and state-of-the-art fixed-field alternating (FFA) gradient recirculation arcs. The upgrade will extend the energy of the electron beam to over 20 GeV. In this paper, we provide an error and tolerance simulation study of the amended beam optics transport of the existing accelerator tuned for 22 GeV operation. The study is conducted with the particle tracking codes elegant and Bmad in two parts. In the first part, we treat each section of the accelerator (electromagnetic arcs and linacs) modularly with ideal conditions at the beginning. The second part is a pseudo start-to-end (S2E) simulation with accumulated errors propagating from one beamline to the next.
Paper: MOPR07
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPR07
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPR08
Current status of the FFA@CEBAF energy upgrade
474
An upgrade to the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB) to extend its energy reach from 12 GeV to 22 GeV is being explored. The upgrade pushes the boundaries of the current CEBAF facilities and will require several state-of-the-art beamline components. The first of which is nonscaling Fixed Field Alternating (FFA) Gradient recirculation arcs, using novel Halbach-style permanent magnets. These new arcs would replace the current highest-energy recirculating arcs and allow up to six new beam passes spanning approximately a factor of two in energy. Matching into these arcs will require the design of splitter bend systems proceeding the north and south linac sections. Matching from these arcs into the proceeding linac section will be achieved using a novel transition section. Additionally, several major changes to the existing CEBAF accelerator will be implemented including a 650 MeV recirculating injector, a new multi-pass linac optics design based on a triplet focusing lattice, and a newly designed spreader/recombiner bend systems to accommodate the higher energy requirement.
Paper: MOPR08
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPR08
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPR33
Preliminary tests for the diffusion bonding of high gradient cryogenic radio-frequency cavities
531
High field radio frequency (RF) accelerating structures are an essential component of modern linear accelerators (linacs) with applications in photon production and ultrafast electron diffraction. Most advanced designs favor compact, high shunt impedance structures in order to minimize the size and cost of the machines as well as the power consumption. However, breakdown phenomena constitute an intrinsic limitation to high field operation which ultimately affects the performance of a given structure requiring dedicated tests. The introduction of a recent design based on cryogenic distributed coupling structures working at C-band (~6 GHz) allows to increase the shunt impedance by use of alternative distribution schemes for the RF power while mitigating the breakdowns thanks to the low temperature. In this paper we introduce the plan for high field and breakdown tests envisioned for a simple two-cell version of the aforementioned structure. Moreover, we discuss the joining procedure utilized to unify the two fabricated halves of such a structure and relying on the diffusion bonding technique which constitutes an attractive alternative to the brazing approach.
Paper: MOPR33
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPR33
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPR93
Neutron production using compact linear electron accelerators
678
Many reactor-based neutron sources are planned to shut down in the near future, and this is despite the increasing demand for neutron beamlines for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. Consequently, compact accelerator-based neutron sources arise as a competitive alternative that could meet the need for medium-flux fission or spallation sources. In this work, we explore the performance of compact electron accelerators as neutron drivers and propose a preliminary target design for an X-band electron-linac-based neutron source.
Paper: MOPR93
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPR93
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPS42
Start-to-end simulations of microbunching instability based on optimized velocity bunching in linac-driven FELs
817
The microbunching instability (MBI) driven by beam collective effects can cause significant electron beam quality degradation in advanced X-ray free electron lasers. Typically, multiple stage magnetic bunch compressors used to generate high peak current electron beam will dramatically amplify the microbunching instability. In this paper, by redesigning the solenoid elaborately and adopting a dual-mode buncher cavity with the third harmonic mode used to correct the RF curvature, in combination with the evolutionary many-objective beam dynamics optimization, it is potential for the electron beam to be further compressed in velocity bunching (VB) process. Therefore, a VB plus one bunch compressor could be a promising alternative scheme to achieve moderate peak current beam for X-ray FELs. Start-to-end simulations based on the Shanghai high-repetition-rate XFEL and extreme light facility proves the feasibility of the scheme in suppressing the additional MBI gain due to multi-stage magnetic bunch compressors.
Paper: MOPS42
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPS42
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
MOPS59
Fast-ramping alpha magnet for interleaved operation at ANL APS
856
RadiaBeam is designing and manufacturing a fast-ramping alpha magnet is developed for interleaved operation at the Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS). This interleaving operation requires the alpha magnet to stably complete a 5 s long cycle with a 100 ms ramp-up, 1000 ms nominal field output and a 100 ms ramp-down. A laminated yoke is used to minimize eddy currents, ensure fast field response times and reduce core-loss during operation. The magnetic and mechanical design demonstrating the performance of this 2.75 T/m maximum field gradient alpha magnet within a 10 cm x 14 cm good field region will be presented along with the current fabrication status.
Paper: MOPS59
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPS59
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 28 May 2024 — Accepted: 28 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUZN1
Shanghai hard X-ray FEL facility progress status
967
SHINE (Shanghai Hard X-ray FEL Facility) is a high repetition rate X-FEL facility under construction in Shanghai, China. The facility is based on an 8 GeV CW superconducting linac and plans to have 3 undulator lines and 10 experimental stations in phase-I, covering the photon energy range of 0.4 – 25 keV. Mass production of the components and installation of the machine are in course. User experiments are expected to start in 2025. This presentation summarizes the proposed configuration and the status of R&D and production for the critical components and systems, discussing the key technologies. The current status of the project and the plans leading to the completion will be presented, outlining the major scientific goals of the facility.
Paper: TUZN1
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUZN1
About: Received: 21 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC03
Multi-bunch beam dynamics studies for the C3 main linac
992
The Cool Copper Collider (C3) is a novel accelerator concept for a linear collider utilizing a cryogenically-cooled copper linear accelerator (linac) with a distributed coupling architecture. The C3 main linac is designed to accelerate electron/positron from 10 GeV to 125 GeV while preserving the beam emittance. Here we present the analysis of the multi-bunch beam dynamics for the C3 main linac. We show the beam dynamics simulation results of the C3 main linac to identify the frequency bands that cause emittance growth and the amount of frequency detuning required to suppress it. Results presented will be used to guide the future design of the accelerating structure.
Paper: TUPC03
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC03
About: Received: 13 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC09
Flattening the field during injection in the Fermilab booster using dipole corrector magnets
1014
The FNAL Booster is a fast cycling 15 Hz resonant circuit synchrotron accelerating proton beam from 400 MeV to 8 GeV. The linac pulse injected into the Booster is ~32 μsec long and fills the ring by multi-turn charge-exchange injection. As part of the PIP-II project, the Booster injection energy and repetition rate will be increased to 800 MeV and 20 Hz respectively. Due to much reduced average current in the new superconducting PIP-II linac, the injection time will increase to 550 μs. A shorter machine cycle coupled to a longer injection time make flattening the injection porch B-field during injection important requirement for successful PIP-II operation. We aim to achieve: (1) flattening of the net bending during injection using dipole correctors, and (2) using a new system based on an Altera FPGA board, reduction of the cycle-to-cycle bending field variation caused by current jitter in the Gradient Magnet Power Supply (GMPS). While the flat injection scheme is essential to future PIP-II operations, it should also noticeably improve efficiency for present HEP operations.
Paper: TUPC09
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC09
About: Received: 22 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC22
Optimisation of a permanent magnet multi-energy FFA arc for the CEBAF energy upgrade
1053
It is currently planned to increase the energy of the CEBAF recirculating linear accelerator to 20 GeV or more by adding two new recirculating arcs that contain multiple new energy passes. The beam is continuous (CW), so no field ramping is desired, making this a fixed-field accelerator (FFA). The wide energy range requires a low dispersion lattice that can be created with high-gradient permanent magnets. One constraint is the existing tunnel radius in relation to the fields achievable by practically-sized permanent magnets. Thus, searching for the most efficient implementation in terms of magnet material volume is important. In this paper, a lattice cell search and optimization is conducted that evaluates cells by the magnet volume per unit length, with the permanent magnet designs also produced via an automated code. The new lattice cells are compared to the previous manually designed cell.
Paper: TUPC22
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC22
About: Received: 02 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC24
Summary of Jefferson Lab LDRD on FFA@CEBAF beam dynamics simulations
1060
As Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) looks toward the future, we are considering expanding our energy reach by using Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) technology. Significant efforts have been made to design a hybrid accelerator which combines conventional recirculating electron LINAC design with permanent magnet-based FFA technology to increase the number of beam recirculations, and thus the energy. In an effort to further this progress, Jefferson Lab awarded a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) grant to focus not on the design, but on detailed simulations of the designs created by the larger collaboration. This document will summarize the work performed during this LDRD, and direct the reader to other proceedings which describe elements of the work in greater detail.
Paper: TUPC24
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC24
About: Received: 10 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC41
Adaptation of the Fermilab proton source to support new muon facilities
1100
The PIP-II proton accelerator will provide the intensity sufficient to power a new generation of high energy facilities at Fermilab. Extension of that linac to higher energy with following acceleration and bunching rings could provide the intensity needed to feed a muon production target for a high-energy μ+-μ- collider. Scenarios using a rapid-cycling synchrotron or an ~8 GeV Linac are presented and discussed. Use of the existing Fermilab accelerators is also discussed. Support for other high-intensity experiments such as muon-ion collisions, neutrino sources and lepton flavor conservation is also considered.
Paper: TUPC41
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC41
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC43
Optimization of cooling distribution of the EIC SHC cooler ERL
1104
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will use strong hadron cooling to maintain the beam brightness and high luminosity during long collision experiments. An Energy Recovery Linac is used to deliver the high-current high-brightness electron beam for cooling. For the best cooling effect, the electron beam requires low emittance, small energy spread, and uniform longitudinal distribution. In this work, we simulate and optimize the longitudinal laser-beam distribution shaping at the photo-cathode, modeling space charge forces accurately. Machine parameters such as RF cavity phases are optimized in conjunction with the beam distribution using a genetic optimizer. We demonstrate the improvement to the cooling distribution in key parameters.
Paper: TUPC43
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC43
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC44
Single bunch tracking on the ten-pass ER@CEBAF energy recovery beamline
1108
The proposed ten-pass energy recovery linac (ERL) demonstration (five accelerating, five decelerating) at the CEBAF accelerator, ER@CEBAF, involves a multi-GeV energy range of a continuous electron beam. New CEBAF transverse optics were designed for this ERL demonstration. This redesign incorporates additional components in Arc A, including a path length chicane and new quadrupoles to ensure proper dispersion localization. The new five energy recovery passes with a shared arc transport scheme challenge the overall beamline optics design, including large beta functions in the CEBAF spreaders and recombiners. Here we discuss results of bunch tracking performed using the elegant tracking code for the full ER@CEBAF beamline.
Paper: TUPC44
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC44
About: Received: 06 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPC79
Future upgrades for GANIL
1199
We will present the plans and ideas for the next upgrades as discussed for the GANIL-SPIRAL2 installation in France. Recently, a report "French roadmap for Nuclear, Particle, and Astroparticle physics, along with associated technical developments and applications." were produced. It particularly focused to “The future of GANIL”. This was further enriched through extensive discussions by an international expert committee led by Michel SPIRO. These endeavors aim to push the boundaries of research capabilities at GANIL-SPIRAL2 during the next decades. Since the starting up in 1983, 40 years ago, successful exploitation with stable beams at the cyclotrons of GANIL, the laboratory has continuously evaluated and enhanced its capabilities. The latest evolution was the starting up of the SPIRAL2 facility. Today GANIL, with its state-of-the-art installations, including cyclotrons, a linear accelerator, and experimental areas, presents unique opportunities for cutting-edge research. The next upgrades under discussion are to be presented. Involving increasing beam intensities, exploring new exotic nuclei. Endeavors that aim to push the boundaries of research capabilities at GANIL-SPIRAL2 for the next decades.
Paper: TUPC79
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPC79
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPG29
Present status and future project of Synchrotron Light Sources at KEK
1286
Two synchrotron radiation sources, the 2.5 GeV Photon Factory Storage Ring (PF ring) and the 6.5 GeV Photon Factory Advanced Ring (PF-AR), have been in stable operation at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) for over 40 years. This paper first describes the current operational status and recent developments at PF. Next, a new concept of hybrid light source (PF-HLS) combining the advantages of a superconducting linac and a low-emittance storage ring is described. In the preliminary design, the energy range is from 2.5 GeV to 5.0 GeV, and the storage ring will be constructed in a green field with a circumference of 750 m. The design baseline for superconducting linac uses the International Linear Collider (ILC) specifications.
Paper: TUPG29
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPG29
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 16 May 2024 — Accepted: 16 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPG31
Progress of physics studies and beam commissioning of the High Energy Photon Source
1290
The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a 34-pm, 1360-m storage ring light source being built in the suburb of Beijing, China. The HEPS construction started in 2019, with the main civil construction finished at the end of 2021. In the past year, the beam commissioning of the HEPS injector (both Linac and booster) was started and had been finished, and the equipment installation was underway for the storage ring simultaneously. In this paper, we will briefly introduce system conditioning and commissioning of the HEPS Linac and booster, and also simulation studies and high-level applications’ development for the commissioning of the storage ring.
Paper: TUPG31
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPG31
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPG37
Status of the Advanced Light Source
1309
The LBNL Advanced Light Source, a pioneering third-generation soft x-ray synchrotron radiation source operating at 1.89 GeV with a 2~nm beam emittance, stands as one of the earliest facilities in its class, continually evolving to maintain its status at the forefront of soft x-ray sources. This paper reviews the most significant advancements in the accelerator's hardware and software infrastructures and presents the machine operational statistics over the last 15 years.
Paper: TUPG37
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPG37
About: Received: 12 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPG39
Improve the injection with high energy for CAMD light source
1317
With Insertion devices adapted to Center of Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) light source. Injection has more difficulties at low energy. We have proposed some upgrade to the facility, but we would like to look for other choices. In the paper, we will mention the CAMD operation status, discuss raising electron energy method for injection, and simulate the transfer line. The practical upgrade will be proposed. The injection lattice at high electron energy will be available. The kicker parameter will be given.
Paper: TUPG39
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPG39
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR02
Advancements in X-band technology at the TEX facility at INFN-LNF
1421
In anticipation of the Eupraxia@SPARC_LAB project at the INFN Frascati National Laboratories, an intensive testing and validation activity for the X-band RF system has commenced at the TEX test facility. The Eupraxia@SPARC_LAB project entails the development of a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) radiation source with a 1 GeV Linac based on plasma acceleration and an X-band radiofrequency (RF) booster. The booster is composed of 16 high-gradient accelerating structures working at 11.994GHz. All radiofrequency components comprising the basic module of the booster, from the power source to the structure, must undergo testing at nominal parameters and power levels to verify their reliability. For this reason, since 2021, several experimental runs have been conducted to test various components in X-band technology at the TEX facility. This paper presents the results obtained thus far from the different experimental runs, and it also outlines the future upgrade of the facility, which will enhance testing capabilities and the future prospects of the facility itself.
Paper: TUPR02
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR02
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR10
Preliminary results on X-Band structures for the Eupraxia@SPARC_LAB project
1436
The Eupraxia@SPARC_LAB project involves the development of a 1 GeV normal conducting Linac with an S-band injector followed by an X-band booster. To achieve the final energy, the booster consists of 16 traveling wave accelerating structures operating at 11.994 GHz with a minimum working gradient of 60 MV/m. An intensive design activity, prototyping, and testing of these structures is underway at INFN-LNF. This paper comprehensively presents all the work conducted in the design and prototyping, along with preliminary test results obtained from the first RF prototype of the Eupraxia@SPARC_LAB X-band accelerating structure.
Paper: TUPR10
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR10
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR14
Distributed coupling linac for efficient acceleration of high charge electron bunches
1448
Future colliders will require injector linacs to accelerate large electron bunches over a wide range of energies. For example the Electron Ion Collider requires a pre-injector linac from 4 MeV up to 400 MeV over 35 m*. Currently this linac is being designed with 3 m long traveling wave structures, which provide a gradient of 16 MV/m. We propose the use of a 1 m distributed coupling design as a potential alternative and future upgrade path to this design. Distributed coupling allows power to be fed into each cavity directly via a waveguide manifold, avoiding on-axis coupling**. A distributed coupling structure at S-band was designed to optimize for shunt impedance and large aperture size. This design provides greater efficiency, thereby lowering the number of klystrons required to power the full linac. In addition, particle tracking analysis shows that this linac maintains lower emittance as bunch charge increases to 14 nC and wakefields become more prevalent. We present the design and fabrication of this distributed coupling structure, as well as cold test data and plans for higher power tests to verify on the structure's real world performance.
Paper: TUPR14
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR14
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR20
RF design of a C-band spherical pulse compressor for linac of Super Tau-Charm Facility
1457
Pulse compressors have been widely used to generate very high peak RF power in exchange for a reduction in the RF pulse length for linear accelerators. A C-band spherical pulse compressor is numerically studied for the linac of Super Tau-Charm Facility in this paper. Utilizing a dual-mode coupler for producing two orthogonal polarized TE11 modes, TE114 mode is chose for storing energy in resonant cavity enabling a Q0 over 1.3×105. By modulating the coupling factor to 8.6, an optimum average power gain of 4.8 can be achieved in the case of combing with a 3π/4 travelling wave accelerator. This paper concludes the optimum RF parameters of the pulse compressor, as well as the geometry tolerance is given for the next step machining.
Paper: TUPR20
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR20
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR28
LANSCE 805 MHz klystron reliability analysis
1486
Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) relies on 44 klystron modulator systems to feed the accelerating cavities and produce proton beam of 800 MeV. This paper focuses on the new VA-862A1 86kV 1.25 MW klystron units and aims to compare their performance with previously purchased units. Service hours for each klystron unit was used as the primary metric in the analysis and records from various sources cross-corroborated to confirm recorded information. Factors such as prior repair/rebuilds, factory acceptance tests and runtime notes were carefully inspected to provide a comprehensive view of the klystron performance during analysis. Klystron units currently being used in the LINAC were surveyed along with failed units and analysis performed to predict the next failure. The frequency and cause of failure was also compared with historical performance and failure data and results utilized for LANSCE SCCL performance optimization.
Paper: TUPR28
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR28
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR70
Advanced charge selector for stripped heavy ion beams
1582
A new charge selector is currently under development at FRIB to intercept unwanted charge states of higher-power 17 - 20 MeV/u stripped heavy ion beams. The charge selector is located in the first bending segment of the FRIB linac, where high dispersion separates charge states to allow for their selection. The design concept is based on rotating graphite cylinders that act as an intermediate heat transfer medium, efficiently absorbing beam power and radiating it to a water-cooled heat exchanger. The power in the beam spot of up to 5 kW and the rms spot width as small as 0.7 mm present significant design challenges. Beyond thermal stress, the proposed design addresses the effects of radiation damage and implantation of the intercepted ions. The challenges of the engineering design associated with high temperatures, thermal expansion, rotation and linear actuation feedthrough into vacuum, as well as radiation shielding and remote handling, will be discussed. A comprehensive exploration of these challenges aims to contribute to the broader field of beam interception technology.
Paper: TUPR70
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR70
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPR85
Identifying downtime sources in CEBAF SRF linac systems for improving its reliability
1614
In this work, we will present some recent analysis of the reliability statistics of the CEBAF SRF linac systems. Based on the data collected by the existing Down Time Manager (DTM), the year-to-year downtime evolution trend of linac zones over the six-year period from FY18 to FY23 is established. An in-depth downtime analysis at a resolution beyond the linac zone level was carried out, by introducing an alternative system hierarchy consisting of the SRF linac sub-systems and components. This new paradigm was implemented in a pilot downtime study over the two-month period of CEBAF operation from 9/13/23 to 11/13/23, enabling localization of the responsible sub-systems (SRF, HPRF, LLRF, Beamline vacuum, Cryogenics, etc.) and hardware components (cavity, tuner, RF coupler, etc.) in the CEBAF SRF linac systems. Pinpointing downtime sources at the sub-systems and component levels holds the key to improving the CEBAF SRF systems reliability. It also helps identify areas of SRF technology development needed by future high-power high-reliability CW SRF linacs.
Paper: TUPR85
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPR85
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS06
Status of helium ion beams commissioning at MedAustron ion therapy center
1637
MedAustron is a synchrotron-based cancer therapy center located in Lower Austria. Patients are treated with proton and carbon ion beams in an energy range of 62-252 MeV/u and of 120-400 MeV/u respectively. The facility features three clinical irradiation rooms, among which horizontal and vertical beam lines as well as a proton gantry are available for treatment. A fourth irradiation room (IR1) is dedicated to non-clinical research activities among which helium ion beams are currently under commissioning. Helium ions are also promising future candidates for clinical treatment due their favorable physical and biological properties. At MedAustron the beam commissioning up to IR1 is near completion. A large energy range (i.e. 39-402 MeV/u) has been commissioned with the support of Monte Carlo simulations performed by the future users. The beam properties in terms of spot size and beam roundness obtained at the isocenter fulfill the user requirements. In this work we present the helium commissioning status with the main focus on the recent results obtained from the commissioning of the synchrotron and transfer line up to the isocenter in IR1.
Paper: TUPS06
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS06
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS28
Linac_Gen: integrating machine learning and particle-in-cell methods for enhanced beam dynamics at Fermilab
1695
Here, we introduce Linac_Gen, a tool developed at Fermilab, which combines machine learning algorithms with Particle-in-Cell methods to advance beam dynamics in linacs. Linac_Gen employs techniques such as Random Forest, Genetic Algorithms, Support Vector Machines, and Neural Networks, achieving a tenfold increase in speed for phase-space matching in Linacs over traditional methods, through the use of genetic algorithms. Crucially, Linac_Gen's adept handling of 3D field maps elevates the precision and realism in simulating beam instabilities and resonances, marking a key advancement in the field. Benchmarked against established codes, Linac_Gen demonstrates not only improved efficiency and precision in beam dynamics studies but also in the design and optimization of Linac systems, as evidenced in its application to Fermilab's PIP-II Linac project. This work represents a notable advancement in accelerator physics, marrying ML with PIC methods to set new standards for efficiency and accuracy in accelerator design and research. Linac_Gen exemplifies a novel approach in accelerator technology, offering substantial improvements in both theoretical and practical aspects of beam dynamics.
Paper: TUPS28
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS28
About: Received: 21 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS50
ML-enhanced commissioning of the APS-U accelerator complex
1778
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) facility has just completed an upgrade to become one of the world’s brightest storage-ring light sources. For the first time, machine learning (ML) methods have been developed and used as part of the baseline commissioning plan. One such method is Bayesian optimization (BO) – a versatile tool for efficient high-dimensional single and multi-objective tuning, as well as surrogate model construction and other purposes. In this paper we will present our development work on adapting BO to practical control room problems such as tuning linac and booster transmission efficiency, injection stabilization, enlarging storage ring dynamic and momentum apertures, and various other tasks. We will also show first experimental results of these efforts, including achieving initial beam capture in the APS-U storage ring. Given the success of BO methods at APS, we are working on tighter ML method integration into the standard control room procedures through a dedicated graphical interface.
Paper: TUPS50
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS50
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS64
Estimation and control of accelerator beams by latent space tuning of generative models
1820
In this work we explore the estimation and control of a particle accelerator simulation of the 800 MeV linac at Los Alamos National Lab. We use a convolution neural network model with a low dimensional latent space to predict the phase space projections of the beam and beam loss, which are mapped from accelerator settings. In deploying the model, we assume phase space predictions cannot be measured but beam loss can, and we apply a feedback using the error in beam loss prediction to tune the latent space. With beam loss and phase space predictions well correlated, we apply constrained optimization techniques, simultaneous with phase space prediction, to control the beam phase space while keeping beam loss from reaching unsafe levels.
Paper: TUPS64
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS64
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS84
PIP-II laser beam profile monitor laser system
1869
Fermilab is currently engaged in the development of an 800 MeV superconducting RF linac, aiming to replace its existing 400 MeV normal conducting linac. PIP-II is a warm front-end producing 2 mA of 2.1 MeV H-, followed by a sequence of superconducting RF cryomodules leading to 800 MeV. To mitigate potential damage to the superconducting RF cavities, PIP-II uses laser-based monitors for beam profiling via photoionization. This abstract provides an update on the project’s beam profiling, focusing on advancements made since the initial prototype. The prototype profile monitor featured a high-repetition-rate, low-power fiber laser and fiber optic transport that was tested with a 2.1 MeV H- beam at the PIP-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) accelerator. Since then, the fiber laser and fiber transport have been upgraded to a diode laser based system and free-space optical transport. This highlights a significant evolution in the laser system, enhancing its efficiency and adaptability. This paper will focus on an alternative laser system for the transverse beam measurements. The new system will use a variable pulse-width drive laser system via gain-switching, and the newly implemented free-space propagated optical beam
Paper: TUPS84
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS84
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
TUPS85
Recent progress in laser wire-based H⁻ beam diagnostics at the SNS linac
1873
Laser wire has been used for nonintrusive profile and emittance measurements of operational hydrogen ion (H-) beam at the SNS linac. In this talk, we will describe the following recent developments in the laser wire system. 1) An upgraded light source and laser transport line which enables novel measurement capabilities including longitudinal profile measurement and high-energy proton beam extraction over potentially an entire macropulse. 2) A dual-detector emittance measurement scheme that boosted the dynamic range by an order of magnitude. 3) Design and implementation laser-wire-based nonintrusive longitudinal phase space measurement system.
Paper: TUPS85
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-TUPS85
About: Received: 17 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WECN3
The testing experience of the cryomodules for the ESS beam on target phase at 2 MW capability
1949
ESS is completing the installation of the first phase of operation, which will start in fall 2024 on the partial beam dump and proceed with operation on the target in 2025, after receiving the intentional neutron production license from the authorities. All modules for this operation phase, with an energy reach of 870 MeV and a power capability of 2 MW, will be tested by spring 2024. The CM performance, associated statistics and the resulting linac composition is discussed here. Testing activities for the remaining CM for the full ESS 5 MW scope will continue until mid 2026.
Paper: WECN3
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WECN3
About: Received: 16 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC04
Beam dynamics modelling of the SLS linear accelerator
1961
The storage ring from the SLS is currently in the process of a significant upgrade to a new multi-bend achromat that aims to improve the performance of the machine by allowing it to deliver even brighter beams to the beamlines. The linear accelerator of the SLS is an ageing piece of infrastructure that needs to continue to run for the few decades to continue to feed SLS 2.0 reliably. In this work, we investigate potential upgrades to the linac with the aim of reducing the overall complexity of the system.
Paper: WEPC04
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC04
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC05
Quantitative description and correction of longitudinal drifts in the Fermilab linac
1964
The Fermilab Linac accepts the 0.75 MeV H- ions from the front end and accelerates them to 400 MeV for injection into the Booster. Day-to-day drifts of the longitudinal trajectory in the Linac, reconstructed from phase readings of Beam Position Monitors, are at the level of several degrees. They are believed to cause additional losses both in the Linac and Booster, and are addressed by empirically adjusting the phases of Linac cavities. This work explores the option of expressing these drifts in terms of phase shifts in two cavities at the low-energy part of the Linac. Such description allows for a simplified visual representation of the drifts, suggest a clear algorithm for their compensation, and provides a tool for estimating efficiency of such compensation.
Paper: WEPC05
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC05
About: Received: 22 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC12
Low-emittance beam generation at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator’s upgraded drive-beam photoinjector
1975
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility’s main beamline -- the drive-beam linac -- can produce electron bunches over a wide range of charges (100 pC up to 100 nC). A planned upgrade of the beamline includes the installation of a symmetrized RF gun and linac cavities with the ultimate goal of improving beam brightness. Simulations were done to explore the performance of the upgraded photoinjector to produce very low-emittance beams in conjunction with low mean-transverse-energy photocathodes. Additionally, selective collimation is also explored to further increase the beam brightness. An experiment to validate the devised operational modes will be discussed along with preliminary results on diagnostics tests.
Paper: WEPC12
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC12
About: Received: 25 May 2024 — Revised: 27 May 2024 — Accepted: 28 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC17
Design of a Ku-band side-coupled standing wave 2.5 MeV accelerator
1993
Compact accelerator systems are assuming an increasingly significant role within the domain of radiotherapy. As processing technology continues to mature, X-band accelerators have garnered extensive utilization. This study introduces a design for a side-coupled traveling-wave Ku-band accelerator tube, leveraging established processing methodologies. The envisaged particle output energy stands at 2.5 MeV, with a microwave power source requiring a 300 kW input sourced from a klystron. The microwave design outcomes, derived using ANSYS HFSS, are delineated herein, alongside considerations pertaining to dynamic output and engineering design. Subsequent stages will subject this accelerator tube to processing tests, with the overarching objective of effectively supplanting the natural radiation source Co60 within the realm of radiotherapy.
Paper: WEPC17
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC17
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC18
Commissioning an S-band hybrid photocathode gun in Mithra laboratory at UCLA
1996
In Mithra Laboratory at UCLA, we are commissioning an S-band Hybrid gun which has a photocathode RF gun and a traveling-wave velocity buncher section contained in one integrated structure. To analyze its performance, we have measured the beam energy at various launch phases and the cavity temperatures. The beam charge was observed up to 200 pC, and emittance and bunch length measurements are now underway. We will report the detailed results of this experimental campaign, and plans for the near future.
Paper: WEPC18
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC18
About: Received: 18 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC21
Mass production of 3.9 GHz 9-cell cavities at SHINE
2006
Two 3.9~GHz cryomodules of sixteen cavities are required in the Shanghai high-repetition-rate XFEL and extreme light facility (SHINE) linac. They are placed before the first bunch compressor to linearize energy distribution. A total of twenty-one 3.9~GHz 9-cell cavities including two prototypes were fabricated and tested. The first two prototypes reached a Q0 of 2.9x10^9 at 13.1 MV/m and a maximum accelerating gradient of 20.0 MV/m during the vertical test, with a large margin with respect to the SHINE specification. The first prototype was integrated into a small cryostat and horizontal tested. Batch fabrication of nineteen cavities started after the prototype qualification. The 3.9 GHz cryomodules are under assembling after the vertical tests. Horizontal tests are planned to start from mid of 2024. This paper will introduce the experience of the prototype development and mass production of the 3.9 GHz cavities.
Paper: WEPC21
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC21
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 24 May 2024 — Accepted: 24 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC25
Optimisation of the PERLE injector using a multi-objective genetic algorithm
2022
The PERLE (Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for Experiments) project requires an injector capable of delivering a beam current of 20 mA at a total beam energy of 7 MeV with 500 pC bunches. These requirements present challenges for achieving the high quality beam required for the main ERL loop. At low energy and high bunch charge, the electron bunches will predominantly experience emittance growth due to the space charge effects. The compensation of this emittance growth will be performed with the traditional method of two solenoids a single bunching cavity and a linac to reach the intended injection energy. Additionally, the control of longitudinal and transverse bunch size must be performed to meet the requirements at the end of the injector. For stable operation of PERLE a rms bunch length of < 3 mm is required, with transverse emittances < 6 mm·mrad and acceptable transverse size. Presented here is the re-optimization of the injector settings used during commissioning for two alternative DC photoguns. It is found that the former cathode does not perform to the standard of previous optimizations. However, a newly procured cathode when optimized can meet the requirements for PERLE.
Paper: WEPC25
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC25
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 24 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC33
Review of MeV energy scale accelerators, their capabilities, and common applications
2036
High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) is mostly related to charged particle beams, lasers, and plasma systems. Most of the available charged particle beam systems are either of low energies (keV scale, for example, medical x-rays) or of very high energies (>GeV, for example, SLAC accelerators, CERN for fundamental research). We need MeV energy scale accelerators to study the Bragg peaks of materials and for many other reasons, such as x-ray imaging of materials, medical isotopic production, dynamic structure analysis, plasma behavior studies, plasticity tests for drinking and ocean water, and more. To generate high-energy primary e-beams, an RF accelerator or induction accelerator is first to be considered, which are well known to the accelerator and beam physics communities. But RF accelerators have the limitation of acceleration in the range of several hundred micro-ampere-level currents. The induction accelerator can transport kA-level current, but the pulse duration is compressed to a nanosecond scale. We will review the performance of known medium-energy accelerators in search of their applications, high current (mA), and long pulse (ms) capability.
Paper: WEPC33
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC33
About: Received: 09 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPC63
Dark current reduction for NSRRC photoinjector system by collimator
2112
The coherent THz facility developed at NSRRC delivers superradiant radiation with wavelengths ranging from 100 – 500 um from a gap tuneable U100 planar undulator. An S-band laser-driven photocathode rf gun has been used in its 25 MeV linac system to generate a sub-picosecond high brightness relativistic electron beam via velocity bunching for emission of coherent THz radiations. However, the high accelerating field in the gun cavity is found to be the main cause of electron field emission that generates the non-negligible background current (dark current) in the system. A portion of the field emission (FE) electrons with launching conditions close to that of the main beam can be accelerated to high energies by the booster linac structure located downstream. The primary cause of excessive radiation dosage stems from the collision of these unwanted high-energy electrons with the system's vacuum vessel. In order to limit the transportation of FE electrons from rf gun to the booster linac, a collimation system will be implemented at upstream of the booster linac. In this work, the drive linac system has been modeled with 3D space charge tracking code – IMPACT-T for both main beam as well as dark current simulation. Particle transmission and energy distribution of dark current after collimation has been simulated. Trajectories of electrons at various initial positions and particle loss mechanism have also been analyzed.
Paper: WEPC63
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPC63
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG02
Analog APS linac phase detector and digital phase detector test comparison
2173
Maintaining beam-accelerating structure RF phasing of a linac is crucial for maintaining optimal beam transport performance. At the Advanced Photon Soure (APS), in 2008 we implemented an analog phase detector system using the Analog Devices AD8302 phase detector chip. The APS phase detectors use as an S-Band RF phase reference an out-coupled signal from the waveguide supplying the accelerating structures with RF and an S-Band filtered RF signal from a bpm for the beam-RF system phase measurement. The phase detectors are used throughout the length of the linac in a control law to automatically maintain the beam on-crest phase condition during operations. We have obtained from Instrumentation Technologies two phase detection systems we evaluated as a possible upgrade path for the legacy APS phase detector system. The systems are the Libera LLRF and Libera cavity BPM products available from Instrumentation Technologies. We compare the performance of each system to induced phase changes using the APS Linac RF thermionic gun electron source.
Paper: WEPG02
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG02
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG33
ESS WS scintillator system design and test results
2276
The WS superconducting systems are based on scintillator detectors and wavelength shifting fibers are mounted on the beam pipe. The detectors are coupled to long haul optical fibers, which carry the signals to custom front end electronics sitting in controls racks at the surface. The acquisition chain have been characterized at IHEP (Protvino), CERN PSB, COSY Juelich and SNS before installation in the ESS tunnel. The beam test results of this system design, differing from the standard approach where photomultipliers are coupled to the scintillator will be presented.
Paper: WEPG33
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG33
About: Received: 08 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG38
Geant4 simulations on Faraday cup design for PIP-II Laser wire scanner system
2295
The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) accelerator upgrade at Fermilab represents a groundbreaking leap forward in high-energy physics research. This ambitious initiative involves enhancing Fermilab's accelerator complex by replacing the current linear accelerator with a warm front end (WFE) capable of accelerating H- beams up to 2.1 MeV. Subsequently, a superconducting linac further accelerates these beams up to 800 MeV. To pre-cisely measure the transverse beam profile, a combination of traditional wire scanners at the WFE section and Laser wire scanners along the superconducting linac are planned for implementation. This investigation centers on refining the Faraday cup design for the PIP-II Laser wire scanners by utilizing GEANT4, a Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. Leveraging this method enables a comprehensive analysis of particle trajectories, energy deposition, secondary electron emission, backscattering, etc., facilitating optimization through adjustments to cup geometries, materials, and placement to maximize its efficacy in beam diagnostics.
Paper: WEPG38
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG38
About: Received: 17 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG40
Wire scanner assessment of transverse beam size in the Fermilab side-coupled linac
2303
The Fermilab Side-Coupled Linac contains seven 805 MHz modules accelerating H- beam from 116 MeV to 400 MeV. Each module contains at least one wire scanner, yielding beam intensity at positions along a transverse direction. These wire scanners each contain three wires, mounted at different angles: "X", "Y", and 45° between "X" and "Y" to analyze coupling. Recently, a significant amount of transverse X-Y coupling was identified within wire scanner data from the Side-Coupled Linac, which has been present in data from the past decade. This realization has prompted an investigation into the wire scanner's utility as a diagnostic tool in the Fermilab Linac. This work presents efforts to better characterize the wire scanners' limitations and the phenomenon occurring in the Side-Coupled Linac.
Paper: WEPG40
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG40
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG76
Developments of beam loss monitors for FETS-FFA test ring
2396
ISIS-II is the UK's proposed next-generation pulsed, spallation neutron source, and is expected to be driven by a MW-class proton accelerator. A Fixed Field Alternating gradient (FFA) machine is one accelerator configuration being considered. A demonstrator machine, called FETS-FFA, is now being actively developed. Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) for this demonstrator are presented with the unique challenge of low-energy (3-12 MeV) and low intensity (1e+11 ppp) beams, and should provide turn-by-turn measurements during commissioning as well as form a vital component of the Machine Protection System (MPS). The final BLM systems will operate in stray magnetic fields from the main magnets, and need to fit in the limited available space. This paper presents a feasibility study of using a combination of Ionisation Chambers (IC) and Scintillation Detectors (SD). The ideal geometry of both BLM types will be discussed, and comparisons made between Monte Carlo simulations and beam tests on the FETS linac at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.
Paper: WEPG76
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG76
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPG84
Status of the new bunch length measurement system downstream of the injector of the S-DALINAC
2415
Energy-recovery linacs provide high beam currents with lower RF power requirements compared to conventional machines while maintaining the high beam quality of a linac. The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating accelerator operating at a frequency of 3 GHz that is capable of being operated as a multi-turn superconducting energy-recovery linac. Its efficiency is currently limited by the bunch length, which by now is measured using the RF zero-crossing method. In order to improve both accuracy and measurement time a new setup using a streak camera is developed. Optical transition radiation from electron bunches passing an aluminum-coated Kapton screen is used to produce light pulses that can be measured with the streak camera. An imaging system consisting of multiple mirrors is used to maintain a high temporal resolution for the measurement and to support in shielding the streak camera from harmful radiation. The device will be used at two different measurement setups downstream of the injector. The design and current status of the measurement setup will be presented.
Paper: WEPG84
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPG84
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR16
Report on an international accelerator school - ISBA23
2500
The sixth International School on Beam dynamics and Accelerator technology (ISBA23) was held for 10 days from August 3rd to 12th, 2023 at Pohang in Korea. ISBA23 was jointly hosted by Korea Atomic Energy Reꠓsearch Institute (KAERI) and Korea Accelerator and Plasma Research Association (KAPRA). After screening 83 registrant’s resumes and letters of recommendation, 70 students from Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, India, and Thailand were finally admitted to the school. For 10 days, 20 professional scientists from Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Germany, and the USA gave 30 valuable lectures and 14 hands-on training sessions with ASTRA and ELEGANT accelerator codes. Thanks to the generous financial support from 14 sponsors, the school was successfully completed. This is the first time that ISBA has been held outside of Japan, and it is a big step toward becoming a truly international accelerator school. We report on ISBA23, which is the biggest international accelerator school in Asia.
Paper: WEPR16
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR16
About: Received: 24 May 2024 — Revised: 29 May 2024 — Accepted: 29 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR19
Emittance and energy distribution reduction in the positron injector of FCC-e+e-
2512
The FCC-e+e- project foresees the realization of the most intense ever realized source of positrons providing a bunch charge of the order of 5 nC. This big number of positrons (≈3.12e+10) is produced by pair conversion following a 6 GeV electron beam bremsstrahlung on a target, and as a consequence has large divergence and energy spread. The actual design of the positron injector includes a damping ring and a bunch compressor to reduce the beam particle distributions in the longitudinal and transverse phase spaces to values appropriate for the injection in the common LINAC, which accelerates both electron and positron beams from 1.54 to 6 GeV. An energy compressor installed after the positron LINAC improves the positron acceptance in the damping ring. This contribution presents relevant aspects related to the damping of the positron beam including the evaluation of the damping ring transmission efficiency through the whole transfer line from the positron source to the common LINAC, the energy compressor, and the bunch compressor in the injection and extraction branches of the Damping Ring.
Paper: WEPR19
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR19
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 28 May 2024 — Accepted: 28 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR36
Low-energy muon and muonium beam source at Fermilab
2568
We describe a high-efficiency source of muonium that can be transported as a beam in vacuum provides opportunities for fundamental muon and precision physics measurements such as sensitive searches for symmetry violation. Although PSI is currently the world leader, the intense 800-MeV PIP-II linac beam at Fermilab could provide world-class low-energy muon and muonium beams, with unparalleled intensity, driving the next generation of precision muon-based physics experiments at the intensity frontier. However, it is critical to initiate the prerequisite R&D now to prepare for the PIP-II era. A low-energy secondary muon line recently installed in an operating facility (the MeV Test Area, which utilizes the intense 400-MeV Fermilab Linac beam) could support the required R&D, and potentially compete for new physics in the immediate term, if approved. This beamline was developed for μ– and will need to be re-optimized for surface μ+ production and transport, making it also suitable for muon spin rotation physics––a unique research and industrial application for which no U.S. facility exists, and whose facilities are oversubscribed worldwide.
Paper: WEPR36
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR36
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR37
The European Spallation Source neutrino super beam
2571
The discovery of neutrino Charge-Parity Violation (CPV) became an important candidate to explain the matter dominance in the Universe. The goal of the ESSnuSB project is to discover and measure neutrino CPV with unprecedented sensitivity*. The construction of the European Spallation Source, ESS, the world’s most intense proton source, represents an outstanding opportunity for such project to take place. ESSnuSB has been granted from EU in the framework of H2020 (2018-2022) and Horizon Europe (2023-2026) to make Design Studies. The aim of the first Design Study was to demonstrate that the ESS linac can be used to generate an intense neutrino beam by doubling its average beam power and that a megaton water Cherenkov detector can be constructed in a mine 360 km from ESS providing detection of neutrinos at the 2nd neutrino oscillation maximum. A CDR** has been published in which it is shown the high physics performance to discover CPV and precisely measure the violating parameter δCP. For this, the modification for neutrino generation to compress the proton pulse length from 2.86 ms, to 1.3 μs has been studied. The second, ongoing, Design Study, ESSnuSB+, is devoted to neutrino cross-section measurements relevant to the CPV discovery. Two facilities are proposed, a low energy nuSTORM (muons decaying to neutrinos in a race-track storage ring) and low energy ENUBET (pions decaying to a muon and a neutrino, allowing the neutrino beam to be monitored by detection of the decay muon).
Paper: WEPR37
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR37
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR64
Data processing for profile monitor of HEPS linac
2652
Profile Monitor (PR) is used to observe and measure the beam profile in the Linac and transport line of the High Energy Phone Source (HEPS). To obtain more precise results, we implemented several widely used fitting algorithms in the framework Pyapas. We carried out detailed testing and comparison of these fitting methods based on simulated results and actual measurement data, respectively, and found the most suitable method under different beam conditions. These methods have been used in various applications for HEPS commissioning, including emittance measurement, energy and energy spread measurement, and RF phase scan. This paper provides an introduction to these algorithms. Subsequently, taking the emittance measurement application as an example, the results of error analyses are presented.
Paper: WEPR64
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR64
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR65
ImpactX space charge modeling of high intensity linacs with mesh refinement
2656
The code ImpactX represents the next generation of the particle-in-cell code IMPACT-Z, featuring s-based symplectic tracking with 3D space charge, parallelism with GPU acceleration, adaptive mesh-refinement, modernized language features, and automated testing. While the code contains features that support the modeling of both linear and circular accelerators, we describe recent code development relevant to the modeling of high-intensity linacs (such as beam transport for the Fermilab PIP-II upgrade), with a focus on space charge benchmarking and the impact of novel code capabilities such as adaptive mesh refinement.
Paper: WEPR65
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR65
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPR73
C-band high-gradient linac design considerations for HPC modeling
2676
Linacs are an integral part of high-gradient accelerating structures for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities. For high energy (42+ keV) x-rays, this translates into a longer linac (linear accelerator), which in turn translates into increased cost due to the larger footprint. One such case is the DMMSC (Dynamic Mesoscale Material Science Capability) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. C-band devices are an attractive option, as they offer suitable electron beam properties and are significantly smaller than conventional L- or S- band structures. This need for state-of-art designs dictates increasingly complex structures such that CPU-intensive simulations are now a key part of accelerator component design. As that happens, high performance computing (HPC) becomes a necessary component of the design process. The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility offers a route to rapid design evaluation through successive simulations while varying, for example, geometric features and particle beam properties.
Paper: WEPR73
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPR73
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS01
High-intensity polarized and unpolarized H⁻ sources development and operation at BNL
2691
The AGS-RHIC injector complex includes H- ion sources at 35 keV, 750 keV RFQ and 200 MeV Linac. This report will focus on the recent upgrade of the 35 KeV Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) with three sources: two high-intensity magnetron H- sources and an Optically Pumped Polarized Ion Source (OPPIS) polarized H- source. There were still significant beam intensity losses in the 8 m long OPPIS transport line due to H- stripping, therefore, to meet the demand for the higher beam intensity in the 2024 polarized run, the OPPIS LEBT length was reduced by about two meters. Another possibility for increasing beam intensity is to increase the beam pulse width. The sources performance and operation in Run-2024 will be presented.
Paper: WEPS01
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS01
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS09
Niobium-tin as a transformative technology for low-beta linacs
2709
Niobium-tin has been identified as the most promising next-generation superconducting material for accelerator cavities. This is due to the higher critical temperature (Tc = 18 K) of Nb3Sn compared to niobium (TC = 9.2 K), which leads to greatly reduced RF losses in the cavity during 4.5 K operation. This allows two important changes during cavity and cryomodule design. First, the higher Tc leads to negligible BCS losses when operated at 4.5 K, which allows for a higher frequency to be used, translating to significantly smaller cavities and cryomodules. Second, the reduced dissipated power lowers the required cryogenic cooling capacity, meaning that cavities can feasibly be operated on 5-10 W cryocoolers instead of a centralized helium refrigeration plant. These plants and distribution systems are costly and complex, requiring skilled technicians for operation and maintenance. These fundamental changes present an opportunity for a paradigm shift in how low-beta linacs are designed and operated. Fabrication challenges and first coated cavity test results are discussed.
Paper: WEPS09
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS09
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS19
ESS installation progresses
2736
The ESS Linac on-going installation and technical commissioning are progressing towards the first operation at 870 MeV on the beam dump in fall 2024. Four out of five DTL tanks were commissioned with beam in the normal conducting section (NCL) and a pilot installation of 1 spoke and 1 elliptical cryomodule was conducted in the superconducting (SCL) part of the ESS tunnel in spring 2023. Regarding the latter, the goal was both to demonstrate the installation sequence as well as the completion of the cryogenic distribution system (CDS) commissioning. A total of 13 spoke and 14 elliptical cryomodules (9MB + 5HB) are being installed. Overall, 30 elliptical cryomodules will be necessary to allow the 5 MW potential power after the target commissioning. The CM test plan along with the installation of the necessary RF power stations up to the 2 MW stage for the first project phase is advancing well.
This contribution will report on the deliveries from the In-kind partners, SRF activities at the ESS test stands including the resolution of non-conformities and focus on the installation and technical commissioning of the linac components.
Paper: WEPS19
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS19
About: Received: 20 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS26
Results from extended range SRF cavity tuner tests for LCLS-II-HE
2751
The LCLS-II HE superconducting linac can produce multi-energy beams by supporting multiple undulator lines simultaneously. This could be achieved by using the cavity SRF tuner in the off-frequency detune mode. This off-frequency operation method was tested in 8 cryomodules at Fermilab at 2 K. In all the tests the tuners successfully achieved a frequency shift of -565±80 kHz from the 1.3 GHz value. This study discusses the cavity frequency during each stage of assembly from the cryomodule string to when they are finally tested at 2 K. Monitoring the cavity frequency from this initial stage contributed in reaching this large frequency shift. The specific procedures of tuner setting during assembly will be presented.
Paper: WEPS26
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS26
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS42
Cryomodules development for SHINE project
2788
SHINE project requires about 75 cryomodules with superconducting radio-frequency cavities to accelerate the beam to 8 GeV. Key components, technologies of cryomodule have been developing through prototypes and pre-series cryomodules. Up to now, several sets of cryomodule with high-Q cavities have been assembled and tested. We present the development status of SHINE cryomodules, including prototype cryomodules and the first ones for project.
Paper: WEPS42
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS42
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
WEPS86
A life cycle assessment of the ISIS-II neutron and muon source
2912
The ISIS-II Neutron and Muon source is the proposed next generation of, and successor to, the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. Anticipated to start construction in 2031, the ISIS-II project presents a unique opportunity to incorporate environmental sustainability practices from its inception. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) will examine the environmental impacts associated with each of the ISIS-II design options across the stages of the ISIS-II lifecycle, encompassing construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning. This proactive approach will assess all potential areas of environmental impact and seek to identify strategies for minimizing and mitigating negative impacts, wherever feasible. This presentation will provide insights into the process and first results of the LCA of the entirety of the ISIS-II project.
Paper: WEPS86
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-WEPS86
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPC22
Space charge dominated momentum spread and compensation strategies in the post-linac section of Proton Improvement Plan-II at Fermilab
3023
The upcoming Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II), designated for enhancements to the Fermilab accelerator complex, features a Beam Transfer Line (BTL) that channels the beam from the linac exit to the booster. In the absence of longitudinal focusing beyond the superconducting linac, the beam experiences an elevated momentum spread, primarily due to nonlinear space-charge forces, surpassing the allowable limit of 2.1e-4. This study presents a detailed examination of the space-charge-induced momentum spread and outlines mitigative strategies. The investigation includes the fine-tuning of a de-buncher cavity, analyzed in terms of operating frequency, longitudinal location, and gap voltage, under both standard and perturbed beam conditions—specifically accounting for momentum jitter and energy variation. The impact of buncher cavity misalignments on the beam's longitudinal phase space is also assessed. The paper concludes by recommending an optimized cavity configuration to effectively mitigate the observed increase in momentum spread along the BTL.
Paper: THPC22
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPC22
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPC37
Resonant matching section for CEBAF energy upgrade
3075
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) currently studies the feasibility of upgrading its energy to 22GeV. It considers addition of six more linac passes. The highest energy passes will share two new arcs designed using the Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) technology. The FFA arcs are built using permanent combined-function magnets. They will be connected to the linacs through transition sections that will match the optics of all six passes to the linacs. With the high number of constraints and the limited space available, we are investigating a parametric resonance technique to match the optics quasi-independently at each energy. A resonance is excited at each individual energy to selectively control its optics. The resonant dipole and quadrupole kick harmonics are imposed for all energies simultaneously using Panofsky corrector magnets placed throughout the FFA arcs. This paper presents the current progress on that transition section design.
Paper: THPC37
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPC37
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPC39
Horizontal splitter design for FFA@CEBAF energy upgrade: current status
3082
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is currently studying the feasibility of an energy upgrade based upon Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) permanent magnet technology. The current plan is to replace the highest-energy recirculation arcs with FFA arcs, increasing the total number of beam recirculations, thus the energy. In order to accommodate multiple passes in the FFA arcs, horizontal splitters are being designed to control the beam parameters entering the FFA arcs, as well as time-of-flight and R56. In the current design, six passes will recirculate through the FFA arcs, necessitating the design of six independent beamlines to control the optics and beam dynamics matching into the arcs. These beamlines must fit into the current CEBAF tunnel while allowing for personnel and equipment access. They must also be flexible enough to accommodate the beam under realistic operational conditions and fluctuations. The constraints on the system are highly restrictive, complicating the design. This document will describe the current state of the design and indicate the work remaining for a complete conceptual design.
Paper: THPC39
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPC39
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPC40
Development of an ERL for coherent electron cooling at the Electron-Ion Collider
3086
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is currently under development to be built at Brookhaven National Lab and requires cooling during collisions in order to preserve the quality of the hadron beam despite degradation due to intra-beam scattering and beam-beam effect. An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is being designed to deliver the necessary electron beam for Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) of the hadron beam, with an electron bunch charge of 1 nC and an average current of 100 mA; two modes of operation are being developed for 150 and 55 MeV electrons, corresponding to 275 and 100 GeV protons. The injector of this Strong Hadron Cooler ERL (SHC-ERL) is shared with the Precooler ERL, which cools lower energy proton beams via bunched beam cooling, as used in the Low Energy RHIC electron Cooling (LEReC). This paper reviews the current state of the design.
Paper: THPC40
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPC40
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPG44
The LCLS-II beam loss monitor readout system
3362
The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) is a new addition to the SLAC accelerator complex. It is a 4 GeV, 120 kW superconducting Linac operating in continuous RF mode at 1.3 GHz with a beam repetition rate of up to 1 MHz. The prior generation of protection system beam loss monitors, whose operation is based on ion collection principles, are not suitable for operation in LCLS-II due to their slow recovery times. A new group of detectors have been identified and evaluated. These fall into three categories: Cherenkov detectors using optical fibers and photomultiplier pickups for distributed losses. Point detectors based on diamond pickups, and YAG:ce screens with photodiode pickups for burn through detection. These new detector elements require that new readout and signal processing electronics to be developed. In addition, because these detectors are part of the SLAC Beam Containment System (BCS), a certified safety system, a self-check mechanism is required to continuously verify the health of the detector and readout. This paper describes the design, operation and performance of the readout electronics.
Paper: THPG44
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPG44
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPG48
Development of RF reference distribution system for Hefei Advanced Light Facility
3375
The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) is a diffraction-limited storage ring-based light source consists of a 180 m linear accelerator and a 480 m storage ring. The RF reference signal included 499.8 MHz and 2856 MHz are generated from two phase-locked master oscillators and transmitted to the RF system, beam position monitor system, timing system and beamline station by the phase stabled coaxial cables which are installed in the ±0.1℃ thermostatic bath. The RF Reference Distribution System (RF-RDS) are developed to realize the phase synchronization and transmission with low phase noise for long distance. The continues wave amplifier is manufactured to generate RF power of 10 W, with the added phase noise being less than 1 fs (10 Hz~10 MHz). The phase noise of each receiving terminal is estimated to be less than 30 fs (10 Hz~10 MHz). The design of RF-RDS and experimental result are discussed in this paper.
Paper: THPG48
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPG48
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPG81
HPSim simulation of the highly bunched WNR beam at LANSCE
3457
The linac at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) provides beam to five user facilities with various beam energy and timing patterns. While the other four facilities have the same 201.25-MHz micro-bunch structure created by a pre-buncher and main-buncher pair, the Weapon Neutron Research (WNR) requires significantly higher charge per micro-bunch. This is achieved via adding a low frequency buncher at 16.77 MHz to the Low Energy Beam Transport. Such highly bunched micro-bunches create several challenges in operation and remain a critical capability to maintain for the LANSCE Modernization Project. We will demonstrate the HPSim simulation of the WNR beam through the LANSCE linac as a tool to address these issues in the future.
Paper: THPG81
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPG81
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPG82
Using a particle-in-cell model for accelerator control room applications
3461
Many accelerator control rooms rely on envelope models to simulate beam dynamics because they are fast and accurate at tracking the beam core. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) models, however, can track particles inside and outside the core and, with the improvements of computers, are now fast enough to be used in control rooms. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently developing a tool to use a Particle-in-Cell model for control room applications. This report covers the progress so far and the future goals of using PyORBIT, a Particle-in-Cell simulation model, in the SNS control room.
Paper: THPG82
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPG82
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPG87
Autofocusing accelerator beams
3473
A novel tuning approach, Model Coupled Accelerator Tuning (MCAT), has been applied to the separated function DTL at TRIUMF's Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC). A digital twin of the rare-isotope postaccelerator is used for transverse and longitudinal tune optimizations, which are then loaded directly into the control system. Beam-based testing produced accelerated beam with a 0.26% error in output energy, with a 1.6% energy spread. This method significantly reduces the operational complexity of tuning interventions, rendering them more efficient. An analysis of the high energy beam lines (HEBT) is also presented, including analysis of dispersive couplings in certain sections of the beamline. A mitigation strategy involving buncher cavities is discussed.
Paper: THPG87
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPG87
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR02
Revised error sensitivity study for the ESS proton linac
3481
The normal-conducting injector of the superconducting proton linac of the European Spallation Source (ESS) was commissioned in 2023. Commissioning of the superconducting linac is planned by end of 2024, followed by first beam on the spallation target in 2025. One of the prominent challenges in commissioning and operation of high power accelerators, such as the linac of the ESS, is to minimize beam loss to protect its components from excessive activation and potential damage. Sensitivity studies looking at various types of errors were conducted in the past during the design phase for defining requirements and tolerances. With the commissioning of the full linac approaching, a revised error sensitivity study was carried out, and the result is presented in this paper. The aim of the revised study is to better understand the relation between potential error sources and loss patterns.
Paper: THPR02
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR02
About: Received: 20 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR10
RF conditioning of an IH-DTL cavity made using additive manufacturing
3501
Additive manufacturing ("AM") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for direct additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel, as well as pure copper using AM. We present the most recent results of vacuum, low level RF, as well as RF conditioning of the cavity.
Paper: THPR10
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR10
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR14
Importance of quadrupole magnet fringing fields in low energy beam transport: example in the LIPAc 5 MeV D+ beamline
3512
The hard-edge model for a quad field distribution is widely assumed in particle simulations at the early design phase of beam transport lines or circular accelerator rings to quickly evaluate their beam optics. However, the model assuming a rectangular field distribution even with an effective length is not an appropriate approximation for low-energy beams (<50 MeV). This approximation is known not to necessarily lead to the correct beam optics. The evaluated beam size based on this hard-edge model has tended to be different from measured ones and simulation results employing the exact field distribution fully implementing fringing fields. We try to study the magnetic field gradients of single quads installed in the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator beamline. We define a characteristic magnetic field gradient gc [T/m] of the quad, which is determined only by the distance relations for the target quad, steerer, and BPM. Simulation results, where the hard-edge and file-map models are assumed, are compared with those measured using a 5 MeV deuteron beam. The details of the comparison of the results and the effect of the fringe fields on the beam optics are discussed in this paper.
Paper: THPR14
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR14
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR15
Simple estimate, detailed computer simulation and measurement of the transverse kick in the SLAC accelerating structure
3516
We discuss the result of calculation and measurement of the transverse kick in the SLAC accelerating section in a single bunch and multi-bunch regimes. We present a simple estimate, which can be used in practical situations.
Paper: THPR15
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR15
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR20
Design of IH-DTL with PMQ focusing for medical RI production
3536
In recent years, plans for cancer treatment using medical RI have been progressing worldwide. The stable supply is difficult due to the aging of small nuclear reactors and dependence on imports from abroad. Manufacturing using accelerators could realize a stable supply in Japan. To give an example of Astatine-211, the production of an alpha-ray drug requires helium nuclei of 7 MeV/u or more. This time, we are designing an accelerator system with the aim of accelerating helium ions with a peak current value of 30mA and a duty cycle of 5%. As an accelerator following the radio-frequency quadrupole linac (RFQ), which accelerates up to 0.6 MeV/u, we are considering the design of an interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) with permanent magnet quadrupoles (PMQ) in the drift tubes. This accelerator is designed to operate at 200 MHz to use the commercially available semiconductor power supply for saving space and electricity and improving maintainability. In this presentation, we report on the basic design of the IH-DTL with PMQ.
Paper: THPR20
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR20
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 19 May 2024 — Accepted: 19 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR42
A double multi-turn injection scheme for mixed ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ beams
3599
With a very low relative charge-to-mass ratio offset of approximately 0.065%, helium (⁴He²⁺) and carbon ions (¹²C⁶⁺) are interesting candidates for being simultaneously accelerated in hadron therapy accelerators. At the same energy per nucleon, helium ions exhibit a stopping range approximately three times greater than that of carbon ions. They can therefore be exploited for online range verification in a detector downstream of the patient during carbon ion therapy. The synchrotron-based MedAustron Ion Therapy Center provides the opportunity to study the feasibility of such a mixed beam-based in-vivo range verification system due to the availability of 120-402.8 MeV/u carbon beams and the ongoing commissioning of 39.8-402.8 MeV/u helium beams. One possibility for creating this mixed beam is accelerating ⁴He²⁺ and ¹²C⁶⁺ sequentially through the LINAC and subsequently “mixing” the ion species at injection energy in the synchrotron with a double injection scheme. This contribution introduces this newly proposed injection scheme, outlines challenges and presents first feasibility estimates obtained through measurements and particle tracking simulations.
Paper: THPR42
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR42
About: Received: 13 May 2024 — Revised: 17 May 2024 — Accepted: 17 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR55
SAFEST project, a compact C-band RF linac for VHEE FLASH radiotherapy
3643
FLASH Therapy, an innovative cancer treatment, minimizes radiation damage to healthy tissue while maintaining the same efficacy in tumor cure as conventional radiotherapy. Successful integration of FLASH therapy into clinical practice, specifically for treating deep-seated tumors with electrons, relies on achieving Very High Electron Energy (VHEE) within the 50-150 MeV range. In collaboration with INFN, Sapienza University actively develops a compact C-band high-gradient VHEE FLASH linac called SAFEST. This paper presents the general layout and the main characteristics of the machine and the first prototype set for deployment at Sapienza University of Rome. This endeavor is a significant step towards the clinical implementation of FLASH Therapy.
Paper: THPR55
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR55
About: Received: 06 May 2024 — Revised: 23 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR60
Development of a multi-angle ultrahigh dose rate MV-level X-ray radiation system for FLASH radiotherapy clinical transformation
3656
In this work, MAX FLASH system (Multi-Angle ultrahigh dose rate megavolt-level X-ray radiation system for FLASH radiotherapy) is presented. This system consists of a rapid RF power distribution network and five linacs vertically installed at different coplanar angles. The distribution network can switch all power to one terminal linac between pulses. Electron beams are accelerated to 10 MeV with more than 400 mA peak currents in the high-performance linac and then convert into X-ray at a compact rotating target. The system aims for a compact FLASH radiotherapy clinical facility with a gantry 3 meter in diameter and 2.5 meter in length, which can be installed in most of hospital radiotherapy treatment rooms. There is reserved space in the gantry for a coplanar CBCT to implement for image guidance. The gantry can rotate to an optimized angle for a better conformality before radiation while the system remains stationary and switches the operating linac during radiation. Construction of the first system prototype, with 40 Gy/s dose rate at 80 cm source-axis-distance, is supposed to be finished in the summer of 2024.
Paper: THPR60
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR60
About: Received: 12 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR71
Container stripping: enhanced classification of materials within cargo containers
3681
For cargo and vehicle inspection, where high energy linear accelerators are used, materials within radio-graphic images can be classified using their atomic number (Z). The identification and classification of materials and objects within cargo containers can be difficult, due to the nature of energy spectra and their impact on the discrimination of materials. This can also be impacted by system-level factors, such as the stability of the linear accelerator and the alignment of the system. By removing the container from images of cargo, materials inside can be classified with higher confidence. When a low-Z, low density organic material is obscured by a 5 mm thick steel container, its effective-Z value changes and it can colorise as green rather than orange. This could lead to mis-classification of materials by an operator, potentially leading to the mis-identification of threatening materials. Further to the container removal, extra layers can be ‘stripped’ away to better reveal certain areas of interest. In future, this could be tied in with operator-assisting algorithms, as part of an enhanced image quality analysis package.
Paper: THPR71
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR71
About: Received: 08 May 2024 — Revised: 22 May 2024 — Accepted: 22 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR72
The X-ray imaging laboratory: a radiation test facility for validating industrial linacs
3684
The X-ray Imaging Laboratory is a radiation test facility developed by Rapiscan systems at their facility in Stoke-On-Trent, UK. The X-ray Imaging Laboratory comprises two areas: the Test Facility and the Linac Development Area. The Test Facility is a state-of-the-art facility designed for subsystem and system level testing of x-ray imaging hardware utilizing normal conducting electron linacs with energies of up to 6MeV. The Test Facility is primarily focused on utilizing mature industrial linacs to produce x-rays for imaging validation. The Linac Development Area is a new facility focused on testing linear accelerator components and subsystems for a new generation of industrial electron linacs. The Linac Development Area includes a high voltage test area and a radiation test bunker. This allows for testing of critical components, such as modulators, in isolation in the high voltage test area and then as part of an industrial linac in the radiation test bunker.
Paper: THPR72
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR72
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 20 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR73
Status of ABC production line at Varex Imaging Corporation
3687
During past 7 years at Varex Imaging Corporation, we have created a pilot production line for Accelerator Beam Centerlines (ABC), replacing supply of Beam Centerlines (BCL) by Varian after the Component Division separated from Varian in 2017, becoming an independent public company. Our ABC production growth rate seems to double every year, and in last quarter of 2023 Fiscal Year, we delivered 35 ABCs, satisfying Industrial group full demand in such ABCs. In this 2024 Fiscal Year started on 1 October 2023, our goal is to deliver 12 units per month, but the stretch goal is to produce anywhere between 160 and 200 ABCs, which will include ABCs for 3, 6, and 9 MeV Linacs mostly for security screening, for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), also a few units for our customers in radiation therapy business. We drive to complete the transition away from Varian to 100% in-house ABC production in 2025,
Paper: THPR73
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR73
About: Received: 07 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPR85
Solid-state driven X-band linac for electron microscopy
3710
Current transmission electron microscopes (TEM) accelerate electrons to 200-300 keV using DC electron guns with a nanoamp of current and very low emittance. However at higher voltages these DC sources rapidly grow in size, oftentimes several meters tall for 1 MeV microscopes. Replacing these electron guns with a compact linac powered by solid-state sources could dramatically lower cost while maintaining beam quality, thereby increasing accessibility. Utilizing compact high shunt impedance X-band structures ensures that each RF cycle contains at most a few electrons, preserving beam coherence. CW operation of the RF linac is possible with distributed solid-state architectures* which power each cavity directly with solid-state amplifiers which can now provide up to 100W of power at X-band frequencies. We present a demonstrator design for a prototype low-cost CW RF linac for high-throughput electron diffraction producing 200 keV electrons with a standing-wave architecture where each cell is individually powered by a solid-state transistor. This design also provides an upgrade path for future compact MeV-scale sources on the order of 1 meter in size.
Paper: THPR85
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPR85
About: Received: 14 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPS01
STAR High-Energy Linac status: complete installation acceptance tests
3718
The installation of the STAR High-Energy Linac, the energy upgrade of the Southern European Thomson Back-Scattering Source for Applied Research (STAR) project at the University of Calabria, was conducted by INFN by the end of 2023. This paper presents the testing procedures aimed at confirming the consistency, completeness, and quality of the STAR accelerator upgrade installation (electron beam energy boost from 65 MeV up to 150 MeV). We illustrate the installation and testing of the electrical, hydraulic and related automation and auxiliary systems. We will discuss the high-power commissioning of the two C-band RF power stations and testing of the low-level C-band RF system and control system configuration based on EPICS. Finally, we will describe the layout and testing of the vacuum system, the characterization and commissioning of the magnets with related power supplies and the assessment of the installed diagnostics devices. The linac commissioning as well as electron beam measurements are planned for Summer 2024, due to pending radioprotection authorizations.
Paper: THPS01
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPS01
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 20 May 2024 — Accepted: 23 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPS13
Implementation and experience with the pilot CMDS control system at TS2, in view of operating the ESS LINAC cryogenics
3754
This paper introduces the strategy for operating the cryogenic system of the ESS superconducting LINAC, emphasizing the integration of individual cryomodules and valve boxes within an unified system. The study focuses on the practical implementation of this strategy at Test Stand 2 (TS2) as a pilot project, validating the proposed control system in a real-world setting. The paper evaluates the primary goals which include performing functional tests, successful implementation, identifying control system shortcomings, and collecting valuable operator feedback for continuous improvement.
Paper: THPS13
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPS13
About: Received: 15 May 2024 — Revised: 18 May 2024 — Accepted: 18 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024
THPS41
Thermal analysis of rotating single slice graphite target system for FRIB
3827
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a high power heavy ion accelerator facility at Michigan State University completed in 2022. Its driver linac is designed to accelerate all stable ions to energies above 200 MeV/u with beam power of up to 400 kW. Currently FRIB is operating at 10 kW delivering various primary beams. The target absorbs roughly 25% of the primary beam power and the rest is dissipated in the beam dump. This paper presents a brief overview of the current production target system and details the thermal analysis ANSYS simulations utilized for temperature and stress prediction. The existing single-slice rotating graphite target can accommodate up to 40 kW for lighter beams, with a planned transition to a multi-slice concept.
Paper: THPS41
DOI: reference for this paper: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-THPS41
About: Received: 09 May 2024 — Revised: 21 May 2024 — Accepted: 21 May 2024 — Issue date: 01 Jul 2024