Optimization and realistic estimates of the sensitivity of the measurement of charged particle Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) in storage rings require a good understanding of systematic errors that can contribute to a vertical spin build-up mimicking the EDM signal to be detected. A specific case of systematic effect due to offsets of electrostatic bendings and longitudinal magnetic fields is studied. Spin tracking simulations to investigate whether this special case generates spin rotations, which cannot be disentangled from the ones due a finite EDM by combining observations made with both counter-rotating beams as predicted by analytical derivations, will be presented.

The SuperKEKB accelerator, a 7 GeV electron and a 4 GeV positron double-ring collider, is in progress in order to explore the new physics beyond the standard model. The next milestone is to obtain integrated luminosity of 15 /ab data in the next decade, so that the luminosity should exceed 2 x 10^35 /cm^2/s in several years. One of the essential issues is the injection performances for both rings to be capable of storing beams of a few amperes due to overcoming their short lifetimes. To preserve the emittance of the injection beam passing through the transport line is very important for the injection performances. However, the large emittance growths have been observed in the both of electron and positron beam transport lines. After many efforts on the research this issue from both sides of the simulations and measurements, finally the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) wakefields has gotten to be suspected as the cause of the emittance growths. According to the parallel conducting plates model, CSR wakefields are reduced when the beam passes through the offset position from the median plane surface of the plates. In this study, it will be reported that the measured emittance variation of the injection beam with the bump orbit at the arc section of transport line for the SuperKEKB 7 GeV electron ring.

The SuperKEKB accelerator, a collider consisting of 7 GeV electron and 4 GeV positron rings, is ongoing in order to supply a great number of interaction events of electrons and positrons to the Belle II detector which explores the new physics beyond the standard model. The important milestone is to obtain integrated luminosity of 15 /ab in the next decade, so that the luminosity should exceed 2 x 10^35 /cm^2/s in several years. One of the essential issues is the injection performances for both rings to be capable of storing beams of a few amperes due to overcoming their short lifetimes. The key component of the injection system is the septum magnets. It has been found that a transverse fringe field near the septum plate has sizable multipole components. A tracking simulation shows such fringe fields induce a vertical non-Gaussian tail, which could cause a beam background as well as a bad injection efficiency. Adjustment of Q-magnets for cancellation does not work perfectly for non-linear components. To reduce the multipole region contributes to the injection amplitude to be smaller, and so, that derives improvements of injection performances. This paper reports about the field quality improvement of the septum magnet for the SuperKEKB HER injection system.

Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) was designed as fourth generation light source based on the diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR). The pre-research has been completely done, due to the smaller beam dynamic aperture, about 10mm, beam inject could not completed by the traditional bump magnet. We purposed and designed a novel dual-channel kicker, with other two traditional kicker, they were combined the new injection system. The paper presented the principle and layout and the detail of the novel dual-channel.

Elettra 2.0 is the name of the upgrade project of the existing Elettra Storage Ring (SR) and its ancillary systems. The project comprises also new beamlines (BLs) and the re-allocation of some of the currently operational ones. Consequently, the “Experimental Hall” (EH) of Elettra, i.e. where the beamlines are installed, is another working area with activities that have started well before the scheduled “Dark Period” (DP) when we will dismantle Elettra and install Elettra 2.0. The installation of the beamlines implies, among many more activities, the partial reconfiguration of the shielding wall of the SR tunnel. Some of these local re-arrangements can be performed before the DP, during maintenance shutdowns of Elettra, in those portion of the EH not currently occupied by working beamlines. The reconfiguration of the shielding wall requires a design that merges SR and BLs specifications, as well as careful planning of on-site activities, spanning from survey and tracing of the new positions of the blocks, to plants re-arrangement, to handling and transportation of concrete blocks up to 6 tons. This paper illustrates the status of the reconfiguration activities of the Experimental Hall.

The performance of the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) at CERN is mainly determined by the number of charges extracted from the machine and transferred to the downstream chain of accelerators. While the required target of 9e10 charges has now been surpassed, a series of studies have been undertaken to further push the intensity reach of LEIR. In this work, we quantify the effect of the stray fields generated by the adjoining Proton Synchrotron (PS), which were recently partially shielded, and the effect of the stripper foil in the Linac supplying LEIR with its ions, Linac 3. The impact of the stray field was measured by observing the variation in injection trajectory, while that of the stripper foil was determined from the evolution of the Schottky energy profile in LEIR. Models have been developed to extrapolate the impact of these effects to the injection efficiency of LEIR, and consequently to the extracted beam intensity.

Measurements of the very long single bunch spectrum with RF off, were started in the SPS in 2012 to identify the main impedance sources responsible for both single and multi-bunch beam instabilities observed during operation. The impedance of the vacuum flanges with a strong peak at 1.4 GHz was identified and proven from simulations to limit the beam intensities required for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A shielding campaign was then initiated and applied during the long shutdown period in 2019-2020 to reduce their impedance. The same measurement technique was used recently to verify and evaluate the impedance reduction, as well as to identify other impedance sources. In this paper, the results of the new measurements are presented and compared with those found in 2012. The comparison shows that the strong impedance peak at 1.4 GHz has been fully suppressed and that the instability threshold largely increased in both optics used in measurements. Furthermore, the beam spectra evolution during the de-bunching is driven by the main 200 MHz cavity impedance, and no other dominant peak for the measured intensity range was observed.

X-ray free electron lasers (XFEL) and other x-ray producing light sources are large, costly to maintain, and inaccessible due to minimal supply and high demand. In addition, concepts for future electron colliders benefit from cost reduction size is reduced through normal conducting RF cavities are operated at very high gradients. It is advantageous then to consider miniaturizing electron linacs through a variety of means. We intend to increase beam brightness from the photoinjector via high gradient operation (>120 MV/m) and cryogenic temperature operation at the cathode (<77K). To this end, we have fabricated a new 0.5 cell CrYogenic Brightness-Optimized Radiofrequency Gun (CYBGORG). CYBORG serves three functions: a stepping stone to a higher gradient cryogenic photoinjector for an ultra-compact XFEL (UCXFEL); a prototype for infrastructure development useful for concepts such as the Cool Copper Collider (C^3); and a test bed for cathode studies in a heretofore unexplored regime of cryogenic and very high gradient regime relevant for the National Science Foundation Center for Bright Beams. We present here commissioning status of CYBORG and the associated beamline focusing in particular on C-band RF power development and thermal balancing of the gun in the cryogenic environment.

Chopper systems are typically used to provide beam time structure and ensure the safety of accelerator operations by deflecting the beam away. The reliability of conventional chopper is entirely based on high-voltage (HV) pulsed power supplies, and when it fails to charge the electrostatic deflection plate, the beam cannot be cut off and will enters the downstream accelerator. To meet the strict beam stopping time requirements of the China Initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS), improvements in safety are necessary. To address this issue, a novel E × B chopper has been physically designed, which is based on a permanent magnet and an electrostatic deflection plate. This design ensures the safety of the accelerator while providing the necessary pulse waveform. The device is small and highly reliable, making it suitable for use in most accelerators. The device is small and highly reliable, making it suitable for use in most accelerators. Moreover, beam dynamics simulations of the chopper have been conducted to determine its influence on beam quality, and beam cutting capability analysis has been performed.

AWAKE is the first proof-of-concept proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. AWAKE’s first phase concluded in 2018, with controlled acceleration of electrons to energies of 2 GeV in a 10-m long plasma cell. AWAKE’s second phase operates since 2021. It has been divided into four stages (Run 2a, Run 2b, Run 2c and Run 2d) to prove step by step good that the required electron beam parameters can be obtained reliably and consistently. The transition from Run 2a to Run 2b, which is scheduled for the first semester of 2023, includes the decommissioning of the current vapor source as well as the installation of a new 10-meter-long step density plasma source. After summarising the motivation for the AWAKE Run 2 programme, this paper will describe the preparation works for such an installation, the challenges linked to the infrastructure and the implementation of scheduling tools for the coordination of the facility.

As part of the goal of increasing the beam power of the Main Ring for Fast eXtraction (FX) in J-PARC to 750 kW, the two low-field septa and three high-field septa for FX were installed into MR in 2022. The most significant goals regarding the magnets are achieving an extremely low leakage field in the circulating line. To reduce the leakage field in the circulating line, the new pure iron duct-type magnetic shields were produced for all the septa in 2021, and mounted in the circulating line in 2022. We verified that the leakage field in the circulating line of a low-field septum and high-field septa were greatly reduced. We also confirmed that the impact of the leakage field of all of the septa for FX on the 3-GeV circulating beam was below 1/10 of that of the previous septa for FX in beam test in July 2022. We also measured the leakage field in the circulating line of the new high field septum magnets. We verified that the field integral was about 1/10 lower than previous septa. The quadrupole component was about 1/100 lower than previous septa. Consequently, the leakage field of high field septa could be reduced extremely.

Extraction of beam from the Fermilab Delivery Ring for the Mu2e Experiment is hindered by large radiative losses initiated within the electrostatic septum (ESS) components of the resonant extraction system (RES). Of particular concern are beam losses causing potential damages to the support components of the RES, diminished intensity for experimental statistics, and high radiation levels in the area of the RES. Here we present the detailed study of beam energy deposition and radiation levels of components and surrounding regions of the ESS in the RES at Fermilab using the MARS Monte Carlo code system.

Sirius is a 4th generation synchrotron light source at the Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials in Campinas, Brazil. The storage ring is currently operating with a normal conducting seven-cell cavity and an upgrade of the whole RF plant is foreseen to take place in the beginning of 2024. Two CESR-B superconducting cavities will be installed in the storage ring and comb-type RF-shielded bellows will be placed in the 100 mm diameter sections. This paper presents the results of the bellows wakefield simulations carried on to estimate the power deposited by the beam, the thermal simulations and the status of the prototype.

The worldwide first in-vacuum elliptical undulator, IVUE32, is being developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. The 2.5 m long device with a period length of 3.2 cm and a minimum gap of about 7 mm is to be installed in the BESSY II storage ring. The device follows the Apple-II design and features four magnet rows. Both the two bottom and two top rows can be shifted longitudinally. This shift needs to be permitted by the shielding foils that cover the permanent magnets. The proposed solution calls for a longitudinal slit in the top and bottom shielding foils, which gets folded into the gap between the top and bottom magnet rows respectively. The manufacturer states that the folding process can introduce a small sinusoidal error to the slit width. We will present wakefield simulation studies that investigate the effect of different possible foil gap variations.

In the framework of the International Muon Collider Collaboration, a 10 TeV muon collider ring is being studied, with the option of an intermediate 3 TeV collider stage. The decay of high-energy muons represents a great challenge in terms of heat load management and radiation shielding for the superconducting magnets of the collider ring. Materials such as tungsten are being considered to shield the cold bore of the magnets from decay products. The transverse beam coupling impedance and related beam stability have been investigated in detail for several vacuum chamber designs to identify the minimum vacuum chamber radius and transverse damper properties required for stable beams.

We have designed and fabricated a new DC septum magnet for modern accelerators. Septum magnets feature a dipole magnetic field deflecting designated beams at one side of the septum while providing no deflecting field on the other side. Conventional direct-drive type DC septa is embedded with coils inside the magnet gap, which usually results in rather high current density in the thinner septum conductor as the septum thickness is required as thinner as possible upon request from beam trajectory design. It can, however, lead to failures in coils due to harsh heat cycles and faults in high-current power supplies. We propose an alternative septum magnet design to significantly reduce the current density by an order of magnitude. The new design has achieved a high flux density of 1.2 T with the current density of as low as 5 A/mm2 with the 5 mm thick septum that comes in a dogleg shape for optimizing the magnetic field configuration on the both sides of the septum. We present our new magnet design and the measured performance of the magnet.

The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) is a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and X-ray diffraction-limited storage ring light source. It has a relatively large dynamic aperture, and an injection scheme with a nonlinear kicker (NLK) was considered for the HALF. This kind of magnet was designed with a small gap shield in the central area to gain a flat magnetic field. A complete prototype has also been produced and the measurement of magnetic field was done. In this paper, an improved structure of the nonlinear kicker is presented based on the previous one. Simulation of the longitudinal impedance has also been done and will be given later.

A new high intensity fixed target facility could be accommodated at CERN by fully exploiting the Super Proton Synchrotron. Multiple physics experiment proposals such as BDF/SHiP, NA62-BD, HIKE and SHADOWS are being considered. Amongst the different possibilities to locate such experiments and their respective target complex at CERN, the ECN3 hall in the North Area has been selected for further study. This contribution will detail the status of the design and physics optimisation of the target systems proposed for a high intensity upgrade in the CERN's North Area ECN3. Radiation protection considerations, remote handling strategy, services supply, installation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning aspects are herein discussed.

The 1.5-GeV electron storage ring of the synchrotron radiation source DELTA at TU Dortmund University is surrounded by a 1 m thick concrete radiation shielding wall with a height varying between 3.0 and 4.3 m without the top being covered. The installation of a new 7-T superconducting wiggler and tentative plans for a new building in the vicinity motivated recent studies of background radiation either directly escaping the open-topped radiation shield or being scattered by air or the roof of the hall (the so-called radiation skyshine). Spectra of gamma radiation were recorded under different conditions using a high-purity germanium detector. Long-term measurements were made with photo- and thermoluminiscence dosimeters. The paper presents the results together with calculations of the spectral distribution of wiggler radiation as well as a model for the spatial distribution of radiation emitted by the whole storage ring.

At the SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility, intense Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced by the interaction of a 40 MeV proton beam with a multi-foil uranium carbide target employing the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique. The Target Ion Source (TIS) unit constitutes the core of the isotope production process. TIS units are replaced on a periodic basis during operation to maintain high performance. An automated storage system has been designed to accept highly radioactive TIS units and house them during a cooling period prior to decommissioning. The system is conceived to meet strict functional and safety requirements. Its peculiar design allows for improved reliability and availability during critical operations, as well as minimization of staff exposure to ionizing radiation during maintenance tasks. This contribution describes the design and control architecture of the Temporary Storage System (TSS). The equipment is part of a structured framework of remote manipulation, consisting of various machines interlocked with the Access Control System (ACS) and the Machine Protection System (MPS).

At Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy), the Elettra 2.0 project aims to develop a new-generation storage ring. Taking into consideration the numerous constraints, we decided to adopt a new design of a vacuum chamber, while utilizing novel pumping solutions to overcome hugely reduced conductance compared to the current machine. Large sputter ion pumps (SIP) will be in majority replaced by distributed non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings and small NEG cartridges and SIP pumps. For the synchrotron radiation handling, due to the tight space constraints imposed by the compact lattice, the photon absorption will be managed jointly with discrete and distributed solutions: photon absorbers have been carefully studied for combining compact form and high power density loads, while key sections of the new storage ring will be water-cooled. Throughout the whole development phase, we were using Monte-Carlo simulation codes like SynRad and MolFlow+ as effective tools supporting the design of new vacuum chambers and photon absorbers. The current state of development for the Elettra 2.0 vacuum system, the challenges that we faced and the solutions that we adopted are here presented.

The installation of the SLS2.0 storage ring will start in October 2023. Most of the vacuum chambers composing the 288 m long storage ring will be made out of copper to dissipate the synchrotron radiation heat and to decrease resistive wall impedance. The nominal inner diameter is 18 mm with a wall thickness minimum of one millimeter and distance to pole going down to 0.2 mm at some locations. In the 7 bend achromats dipoles, the chambers will have an antechamber ending with a glidcop crotch absorber. The whole ring will be NEG coated to speed up the vacuum conditioning. Each arc is about 18 m long without any bellows so that NEG activation can be made in an oven outside tunnel. The installation of this long arc in the magnet apertures will be a delicate crane transport. This paper will describe the design and production of the different vacuum components as well as the first components tests.

The Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) is able to provide a calibrated non-destructive measurement of beam current with a resolution of 10 nA or better. The non-interceptive, absolute intensity measurement of weak exotic ion beams (< 1 µA) is essential in heavy-ion storage rings and in transfer lines, as the ones in FAIR. With traditional diagnostics this measurement is challenging for bunched beams and virtually impossible for coasting beams. The CCC is able to provide reliable values of beam intensity for current of this order of magnitude or lower, independently of beam bunching, ion species and without tedious calibration procedures. The test of the CCC in the heavy-ion storage ring CRYRING@ESR at GSI confirmed its viability, and suggested several improvements to the detector hardware. Therefore, an upgrade of the CCC system was performed and tested in laboratory environment. A review of these improvements will be presented, with a deeper discussion of the improvements and of the next steps for the development of the final version of the CCC for FAIR.

Beam lines magnets for high rigidity particles can have a large power dissipation. In presence of a high duty cycle, this translates in a considerable amount of energy waste. The call for sustainability of large research infrastructures, like particle accelerator centers, and also the recent increase of the cost of energy, requires to take measures to reduce the energy consumption, even if at cost of moderate investment. A project called ESABLIM (Energy SAving Beam LIne Magnets) has been launched at the LASA lab of University and INFN Milano, aimed at revamping existing normal-conducting magnets for beam lines in order to cut by a factor 10 to 20 the peak power and reducing the energy consumption by factor 3 to 5. The idea is to re-use the iron yoke-pole assembly of a magnet and replace the water cooled coils with new superconducting coils cooled at 10-20 K by means of a cryocooler. We envisage use of MgB2. For its moderate cost. However, we are also considering HTS (REBCO) conductor. We present the first advanced design for revamping of a large bending dipole in a hadron therapy center (CNAO), and the conceptual design for magnets in a nuclear physics laboratory and we try to define the domain where this transformation of normal-conducting into super-ferric magnets can be technically and economically advantageous.

The APAM (Accelerators of Particles for Medical Application) Laboratory in the ENEA-Frascati Research Center developed a prototype of a self-shielded device dedicated to the treatment of breast cancer with the patient in prone position. It consists of a rotating X-ray source, based on a compact 3 MeV electron accelerator, placed under the patient bed which is provided with a circular opening through which the breast hangs down and can be irradiated. The system has been designed to suitably screen the patient body from the underlying accelerator. This setup improves target coverage and gives a valuable advantage in sparing healthy tissues: prone position increases the separation of the target and critical organs and in addition minimizes target motion caused by breathing. The prototype has been developed in the framework of the TECHEA (TEChnology for HEAlth) Project aimed to the realization and validation of prototype systems for applications to health protection. The paper describes the apparatus and reports the results of the experimental characterization of the X-ray source done in collaboration with the Laboratory of Medical Physics and Expert Systems of Regina Elena Hospital.

In everyday the lighting environments is increasingly replacing incandescent and fluorescent bulbs with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which offer superior electricity-to-light conversion efficiency. In accelerator facilities, too, the time has come to replace conventional lighting with LEDs and other high-efficiency, green lighting. In order to promote the replacement of lighting in an accelerator tunnel, we investigated the process of the radiation damage for commercially available LED lightings in an X-ray radiation environment such as in the electron storage ring SPring-8. It was found that metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to be supply power for the LED lighting were damaged by X-ray irradiation with the total dose effect greater than several hundred Gy (air kerma). In situ measurements of the MOSFET under an irradiation by an X-ray tube clearly showed a sudden increase of the off-state drain current accompanying with a sharp increase of MOSFET temperature as a function of radiation dose, which eventually caused the device failure. This presentation shows two effective countermeasures for the longer lifetime of LED and application examples.