The Electron-Ion Collider, to be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, requires a large dynamic aperture (DA) of the electron storage ring (ESR) for stable operation of 10 beam sigma for the transverse aperture and 10 times the RMS momentum spread in the longitudinal plane. In particular for operations at the top energy of 18 GeV this has not been easy to achieve, and the DA has proven sensitive to small changes. Nevertheless, a chromaticity-correction scheme has been developed for the bare lattice. There are several important effects in the interaction region that are potentially damaging to the ESR’s DA, including the beam-beam interaction, crab cavity kicks, the detector solenoid field, and skew quadrupoles for coupling compensation. In this contribution, these effects are modelled to evaluate their impact on the dynamic aperture of the ESR at 18GeV.

The observation of the Higgs boson by the LHC (2012), and the direct observation of gravitational waves (GW) from a collapsing binary systems by LIGO (2016) marked the successful end of long-standing efforts, and hopefully the dawn of a new era where both fields, Particle Accelerators (PA) and GW Physics, may benefit from knowledge/technologies developed by the other party. CERN  recently hosted a meeting (SRGW2021) where such synergies were discussed, including the possibility of operating storage-rings/colliders as GW sources/detectors. Earth-bound interferometric GW detectors may explore only a tiny subset of the GW spectrum. Spaceborne detectors (LISA) and pulsar-timing observatories will open a window in the LF to ELF range, and different HF to SHF detectors have been proposed (SISSA2019). Observations at these frequencies would bring rich astrophysical/cosmological information. On the other hand, PA advances in superconducting magnets, and extremely high-Q  RF cavities, and the (still controversial) possibility that superconductors may act as GW reflectors, suggest to reconsider the feasibility of a GW “Hertz experiment” based on Gertsenshteyn effect; while progress in (big) data analysis, control systems and optical materials from GW experiments may be useful for next gen PA.  We review these ideas from a dual perspective, and highlight possible directions for common work.

The SHADOWS experiment is a proposed beam dump experiment in the CERN North Area, aiming to search for feebly interacting particles (FIPs) created in 400 GeV/c proton interactions. Due to its intended off-axis location alongside the K12 beam line, the SHADOWS detector can be placed potentially very close to the dump, enabling it to look for FIPs in non-covered parts of the parameter space. To guarantee a good quality of a potential signal, it is crucial to reduce any backgrounds of Standard Model particles as much as possible. The dominant background downstream the beam dump is caused by muons. This gives rise to introducing a dedicated muon sweeping system consisting of magnetised iron blocks (MIBs) to actively mitigate this background component. We present the conceptional design studies in the framework of the Conventional Beams Working Group of the Physics Beyond Colliders Initiative at CERN.

We frequently experience earthquakes in Japan. Even though countermeasures against earthquake is deeply considered and well carried out, sometime troubles are occurred on facilities or experimental devices. When we focus on the relative displacement due to an earthquake, it is possible to cause damage of a beam pipe bellows or interference by disappearing tolerance between the sub-detectors. And magnet quenches have been triggered due to relative displacement of magnetic fields between three superconducting solenoids, i.e., the detector solenoid and two compensating solenoids in each final focus magnets, when earthquake occurred. So, we set acceleration sensors, the relative displacements had been measured. And also, laser distance sensors and gap sensors mounting on the final focus magnets were referred for this study. From these measurement data, characteristics of earthquakes were analyzed. Measurement acceleration data was also applied for response spectrum analysis. In this presentation, we will present the measurements and analysis results, and comparison between the measurements and the FEM calculations are shown.

Among the possible future lepton colliders under study, circular muon colliders have the largest potential of reaching center-of-mass energies of 10+ TeV. Being more massive than electrons and positrons, muons are much less affected by synchrotron radiation emission, but they suffer from the drawback of having a limited lifetime. As a consequence of their decay, intense secondary radiation fields are generated in the collider, which can considerably disrupt the detector performance, both as physics background and as a cause of long-term material degradation. The machine-detector interface in a muon collider therefore requires a careful design, integrating massive shielding elements between the detector and final focus magnets. In this paper, we devise an interaction region design for a 10 TeV muon collider with a final focus triplet. We quantify the flux of secondary particles entering the detector by means of shower simulations and provide a first optimization of the shielding configuration. We also present first estimates of the power deposition and radiation damage in final focus magnets.

We present the latest development for the FCC-ee interaction region. It represents a major challenge for the FCC-ee collider, which has to achieve extremely high luminosity over a wide range of centre-of-mass energies. The FCC-ee will host two or four high-precision experiments. The machine parameters have to be well controlled and the design of the machine-detector-interface has to be carefully optimized. In particular, the complex final focus hosted in the detector region has to be carefully designed, and the impact of beam losses and of any type of radiation generated in the interaction region, including beamstrahlung, have to be simulated in detail. We discuss mitigation measures and the expected impact of beam losses and radiation on the detector background. We also report the progress of the mechanical model of the interaction region layout, including the engineering design of the central beampipe, and other MDI components.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest for experiments in the LHC complex that aim to push the frontiers of Physics, in locations that do not interfere with the normal operation of the machine while guaranteeing an acceptable signal-to-background ratio. This is the case with the Forward Search Experiment (FASER), which was approved in 2018, followed by the approval of the Scattering Neutrino Detector (SND) of the SHiP experiment in 2021. During the High Luminosity era, FASER and SND will continue to record data, for which a re-evaluation of the signal and background levels is required to prepare for the installation of the new detectors. Furthermore, there is a proposal for the construction of a Forward Physics Facility (FPF) at more than 600 m from the ATLAS interaction point to house far-forward physics experiments. These would benefit from a very low background due to the distance from the LHC tunnel and the more than 100 m of rock and concrete that serve as shielding, allowing the study of rare and exotic processes. Extensive calculations of physics signals, radiation levels and background conditions were performed by FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations and are summarized in this paper.

The largest current obstacle to SuperKEKB's luminosity goals is currently beam-related backgrounds occurring during accelerator operation. Thus, understanding the level of these backgrounds is of crucial importance for the future of the facility. In this work, we take advantage of the Belle II Electromagnetic Calorimeter's near-total coverage of the interaction region to create a spatial model of beam-induced backgrounds with the aim of providing fast feedback to improve accelerator conditions.

The machine-detector interface (MDI) issues are one of the most complicated and challenging topics at the Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC). Comprehensive understandings of the MDI issues are decisive for achieving the optimal overall performance of the accelerator and detector. The CEPC machine will operate at different beam energies, from 45.5 GeV up to 180 GeV. A flexible interaction region design will be plausible to allow for the large beam energy range. However, the design has to provide high luminosity that is desirable for physics studies but keep the radiation backgrounds tolerable to the detectors. In this paper, the latest design of the CEPC MDI based on the TDR draft will be presented, covering the following topics: 1. The design of the beam pipe, which would foresee several constraints: In the central region (z = ±12 cm), it should be placed as close as possible to the interaction point and with a minimal material budget. But it should still stay far away enough not to interfere with the beam backgrounds. 2. The estimation of beam-induced backgrounds. A detailed simulation covering the main contributions from synchrotron radiation, pair production, and off-momentum beam particles has been performed. 3. The suppering/mitigating schemes. A preliminary design of the collimation scheme has been studied, including the position, material, shape of the collimators, and also the effectiveness of them.

DAFNE, the Frascati electron-positron collider, based on the Crab-Waist collision scheme, has successfully completed the preliminary phase with the SIDDHARTA-2 detector aimed at testing and optimizing the performances of the machine and the experimental apparatus. In this configuration the collider has delivered to the experiment, using gaseous 4He targets, a data sample suitable to perform studies about the kaonic helium transitions with an accuracy which is the status of the art in the field. As a next step DAFNE is planning a new run finalized to deliver data to the detector in order to study the more elusive kaonic deuterium transition. In this context the setup and the performances of collider the are presented with special attention to the strategy adopted to reduce the background shower on the experimental apparatus.

We present the lattice design for the interaction region (IR) for the Electron-Ion Collider. We specify the requirements that the IR must meet, both for the hadron and electron beams themselves and for the collision products and radiation that must be transmitted through the magnet apertures. We align the hadron magnets downstream of the detector to pass the collision products while minimizing stray fields in the electron line. We set the fields and gradients in the magnets near the IR to meet the required specifications at both the interaction point and the crab cavities. We describe how these magnet placements can be implemented in accelerator design codes. We match the hadron IR to the existing RHIC arcs, and describe the consequences for the spin manipulation snake and rotators.

The European Spallation Source neutrino Super Beam plus (ESSνSB+) project has recently been approved by the EU for a 4-year design study. It aims at measuring the neutrino-nucleus cross-section, which represents the dominant systematic uncertainty in the measurement, in the energy range of 0.2 – 0.6 GeV, as well as perform searches for sterile neutrinos using a Low Energy nuSTORM (LEnuSTORM) and a Low Energy Monitored Neutrino Beam (LEMNB). ESSnuSB+ follows the ESSnuSB design study project 2019-2022 that resulted in a conceptual design of ESSnuSB and an evaluation of its high performance for leptonic CP violation measurements which is due to that the measurements will be made at the second, rather than the first, oscillation maximum, where the sensitivity of the experiment is close to 3 times higher than at the first maximum. This paper reviews the ESSnuSB design-study results and presents the planned ESSnuSB+ design study.

Recent storage ring experiments have demonstrated the power and the potential of laser cooling of bunched relativistic ion beams. Encouraged by this, the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100 at FAIR (Darmstadt, Germany) will be equipped with a truly unique laser cooling facility. A sophisticated combination of 3 newly developed UV (257 nm) laser systems and modest rf-bunching will allow for fast cooling of injected intense heavy-ion beams. There will be two powerful pulsed laser systems with MHz repetition rates and variable pulse duration (1-50 ps and 50-740 ps) and one powerful tunable cw laser system. The picosecond laser pulses are broad in frequency and will enable fast cooling of injected ion beams with a large initial longitudinal momentum spread. The cw laser can be rapidly tuned over a large frequency range and has high spectral power density, forcing the ion beams to remain cold during storage. This combination of 3 UV laser beams should be up to the challenge of suppressing intra-beam scattering and space charge effects. We will present new experimental results from the ESR storage ring and the status of the SIS100 laser cooling facility.

The Offline 2 mass separator laboratory is part of the CERN-ISOLDE Offline facilities - a suite of installations required to perform essential quality control on target and ion source units before irradiation at CERN-ISOLDE. The facility is also used for offline studies as a prerequisite before conducting any beam development on-line, especially establishing systematic effects. The Offline 2 separator resembles the online CERN-ISOLDE Frontend and employs identical services such as beam instrumentation, gas system, laser ionization and the equipment control system. The facility is able to generate dc as well as bunched non-radioactive beams up to an energy of 60 keV. The ion beams can be cooled and bunched in an unmodulated RFQ. In order to study effects of the RFQ buffer gas on the formation of molecular species, a dedicated identification setup is required. This work presents the current status of the commissioning of RFQ and results of its first operation. Furthermore, we show the first results of beam emittance measurements, which are compared to 3D beam dynamic simulations. We present the ongoing installation of a Magnetof ion and Wien filter behind the RFQ, respectively.

In accordance with the program of NSC KIPT Subcritical Neutron Source physical start up that was approved by State Nuclear Regulator the basic measurement method of reactivity and keff is an area ratio measuring method. In the method, the neutron response of the SCA on the electron beam pulse is measuring. For on-line monitoring of the system reactivity the neutron flux to beam current ratio method was accepted. For brief estimation of the system reactivity and estimation of the critical rate of core loading the one over N method is used. The neutron flux measurement system of NSC KIPT Subcritical Neutron Source is used CFUF34, CFUF54 detector set (6 over graphite reflector inside ADS tank) and CFUF28 (3 outside the core). In the paper, the reactivity and keff measuring methodology and measurement results are presented.

The minimum achievable particle beam emittance in an electron accelerator depends strongly on the intrinsic emittance of the photocathode electron source. Reducing the electron beam emittance in an accelerator which drives a FEL delivers a significant reduction in the saturation length for an X-ray FEL, thus reducing the machine’s construction footprint and operating costs whilst increasing X-ray beam brightness. The intrinsic emittance is correlated to the mean transverse energy (MTE), therefore measuring the MTE is a notable figure of merit for photocathodes used as electron sources. This work presents the Transverse Energy and Momentum Analyser (TEMA), a system which will measure the MTE of different cathodes, such as Cs_2Te currently used at FLASH and European XFEL.

Commercial electron microscopes with a few hundred keV energies are fundamental tools for understanding the micro- to nano-scale world. One of the frontiers in electron microscopy development is to push the beam energy to MeV range to achieve improved lateral resolution for thick samples. Here we show the theoretical and preliminary experimental analysis of the electron beam quality required in the imaging and diffraction processes with different beam energy. By correlating the diffraction and imaging modalities, we use the focused beam scheme to characterize the beam emittance of a 200 keV TEM and a MeV UED. The quantitative correlation between the measured emittance and the obtained image resolution are established. This work demonstrates a characterization technique for electron microscopy and provides a guidance for designing a MeV electron diffraction and imaging beamline.

Measurement of hadron beam emittances with very high dynamic range, one part-per-million and above, become available recently. This level of dynamic range is required for studying the origin and evolution of the halo in high intensity hadron linacs. There are no established or commonly known metrics to describe such distributions. Using data from the emittance measurements of 2.5Mev H- beam at the SNS Beam Test Facility we demonstrate that most common emittance metrics the RMS emittance and the Halo parameter H are totally insensitive to low level features of the distribution. We also suggest a new metric, which is unambiguously computable, invariant of linear simplectic transformations, and capturing features important for low loss beam transport.

Pulsed electron beams probe the dynamics of matter out of equilibrium with high spatial and temporal resolution. Ultrafast electron diffraction in particular is sensitive to sub-angstrom, sub-picosecond scale atomic motion. To collect all the structural information available in an electron diffraction pattern, the experimentalist must control the angular magnification onto the detector plane. We present a case study demonstrating the advantage of angular magnification: investigating periodic strain in moiré materials. Strain waves with 10 nm wavelength appear in diffraction as satellites closely clustered around brighter Bragg peaks. We describe a quadrupole lens triplet that varies the effective drift distance $M_{12}$ between sample and detector from 80 cm to 8 m for our 140 keV electron beam, allowing us to zoom in on these moiré satellites. Three independently powered quadrupoles make it possible to eliminate astigmatism from a point-like probe. With the field strength achievable using quadrupole magnets, this magnification technique is also suitable for MeV beam energies.

We present the results of the first experiments on 4-dimensional phase-space tracking of a single electron in a storage ring, using a linear multi-anode photomultiplier tube for simultaneously measuring transverse coordinates and arrival times of synchrotron-radiation pulses. During the next few months, full 6D tracking will be implemented. This technology makes it possible to characterize the motion of a single particle, i.e. simultaneously tracking of amplitudes and phases for slow synchrotron oscillations and fast betatron oscillations. Complete tracking of a single particle enables the first direct measurements of dynamical properties, including invariants, amplitude-dependent tunes, and chaotic behavior.

Coherent X-ray beam focus can be characterized using ptychography, a lensless imaging technique used at synchrotron X-ray light sources and free-electron lasers. Ptychography relies on collecting X-ray diffraction from a thin sample at overlapping regions and reconstructing an image from the data. Since the phase is not measured by the detector, ptychography can solve for the phase of the sample and the probe. This is useful for characterizing the beam focus, coherence, and energy dependence, and for exploring experimental conditions. Ptychography, however, is challenging due to the time to collect data from each sample point and also for iterative reconstruction of the phase. Recently, AI-based ptychographic methods have shown promise in making ptychography-based beam characterization faster and more efficient. This poster presents a study on the effect of various types of noise present in ptychographic data. A number of noise sources occur in ptychographic setups and include noise from parasitic scattering (background), outliers, correlated noise sources, cosmic rays, bad frames, beam jitter, motor jitter, fluctuating dark noise, beam miscentering, a static sloped background and fluence jitter. This study explores the effect of random noise in experimental data used for AI-based ptychographic reconstruction and how it impacts reconstructed probe and object image accuracy. Results on noise impact using both AI-based and iterative ptychographic methods are compared.

In order to improve the sensitivity and long-term sta-bility of Hefei Light Source – II (HLS-II) for beam posi-tion measurement, it is necessary to improve the meas-urement method. The beam position monitor (BPM) electronics is used to measure the beam position and is an important part of the beam position measurement system. In this paper, we propose a beam position meas-urement system based on the compensated diode detec-tion (CDD) technology for electron storage ring. Since HALF under construction, we used the parameter of HLS-II to design the system and simulate the system circuits to verify its feasibility.

The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) uses cryogenic fluids to create a low-temperature cooling environment for equipment and to conduct various experiments. However, exposure to these cryogenic fluids can cause frostbite, hypoxic suffocation, behavioral incapacitation, insanity, and even death in severe cases. To evaluate oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) in the NSRRC, we adopted the Fermilab assessment methodology and conducted ODH assessments in the Cryogenic Compressor Room, Taiwan Light Source (TLS) Tunnel, and TLS15A hutch. The results of the evaluation of the Cryogenic Compressor Room and TLS Tunnel revealed that the ODH class is 0 both when the exhaust fan is operating normally and when the exhaust fan is damaged. The exhaust equipment in the TLS15A hutch is only for emergency use. Without the emergency exhaust fan, the ODH class in the area is 1. If the emergency exhaust fan is always on, the ODH class is 0. Therefore, we recommend that those in TLS15A should undergo safety education and receive hazard notifications. In addition, we strongly recommend installing oxygen detectors in the beamline hutch to ensure safety.

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) timing system leverages a commercial event-driven system from Micro Research Finland (MRF) which is in use at various (16+) accelerators facilities around the world. Recent upgrades to the LANSCE accelerator machine protection [Fast Protect] system utilizing MRF event receivers will address some long-standing issues that require non-intuitive work arounds to allow beam delivery. The complexity of the system stems from the fact that LANSCE is a multi-user facility which delivers uniquely time-structured pulsed beams of varying power levels “simultaneously” to up to 5 different user facilities. One of the remaining issues with the Fast Protect system is that a fault related to one user facility can, in some circumstances, prevent beam delivery to another user facility. This is caused by allowing unscheduled but permitted changes to the beam delivery destination. The paper will discuss all relevant aspects including the timing system, current fast protect implementation, observed operational issues, and proposed changes to the fast protect system which will take advantage of the existing capabilities of the timing system.

Laser-driven proton beams are characterized by very high intensities per pulse with a very short duration, extremely high dose rates, and broad energy spectra. These specific features do not allow the use of the conventional dosimeters typically suggested by the international dosimetry protocols for conventional proton beams. Precise dosimetry for laser-accelerated protons is an ambitious task as well as a crucial prerequisite for successful radiobiological experiments. We will present the work done within the PRAGUE project funded by the H2020 in the framework of the MSCA-IF IV program and by the INFN. The main goal of PRAGUE was the design, simulation, realization, and characterization of a real-time depth-dose distribution detector system based on thin Silicon Carbide multilayers for conventional and laser-accelerated proton beams in the energy range between 30 MeV to 150 MeV. The detector developed was designed to work at the regime of extremely high dose rate beams and it allows the retrieval of real-time and shot-to-shot depth dose distributions with a high spatial resolution thanks to the development and use of a 10 μm, fully depleted 15x15 mm2 square SiC detector. A detector prototype was already realized, simulated, and tested with 30 and 70 MeV conventional proton beams. Potentially this newly developed detector could enable new detector technology capable of providing online information of dose delivered at a biological sample with a laser-driven proton beam.

In the J-PARC linac, the low-level RF (LLRF) with the digital feedback (DFB) and the digital feedforwaed (DFF) of the cPCI system had been adopted to satisfy the requirement of amplitude and phase stabilities. It has been operated without a serious problem so far. However, more than 15 years have passed since the construction of the J-PARC linac and the life of the apparatuses used since the time of construction is approaching. Some apparatuses are now discontinued and cannot be purchased, and others have problems such as software development environments that only use on older OSs. Therefore, we are starting to develop the next generation LLRF system. Currently, the 324-MHz LLRF stations, approximately half of all systems, are replaced by new DFB and DFF system based on MTCA.4. As a next step, we will develop new 972-MHz DFB and DFF system. The analog boards cannot be shared with the 324-MHz DFB and DFF system due to the different frequencies. The digital board will be re-examined to reduce the latency. In this paper, we would like to introduce the plan to replace the DFB and DFF systems at J-PARC Linac and show the design study of the RF and clock generator board.

For X-ray spectroscopy applications it has been verified that Germanium detectors are enable to detect efficiently photons of considerable higher energy with respect to Silicon detectors. On the other hand, another advantage for cases like fluorescence detectors for absorption spectroscopy (XAFS), Germanium detectors do not show artifacts due to features like the escape peak interfering with interesting peaks being measured. In this context, the European project LEAPS-INNOV has launched a Research and Development program dedicated to creation of a new generation of Germanium detectors for X-ray detection. From the thermal mechanical point of view, in order to optimize the efficiency of the new Germanium detector, finite element analysis (FEA) studies have been carried out on different geometrical models. In this paper, the thermal mechanical calculations of the current prototype are presented, as well as the details of the modifications implemented since the beginning of the project, with the main objective of optimizing the operating conditions of the Germanium sensor and its associated components. For the numerical simulations, ANSYS WORKBENCH software has been used.

In this paper we present a systematic benchmark between the simulated and the measured data of radiation monitors useful for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The radiation levels in the main LHC tunnel on the right side of the Interaction Point 1 (ATLAS detector) and 5 (CMS detector) are simulated using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and compared against Single Event Effect (SEE) measurements performed with the Radiation Monitor (RadMon) system. Considering the complexity and the scale of the simulations as well as the variety of the LHC operational parameters, we find a generally good agreement between measured and simulated radiation levels, typically within a factor of 2 or better.

A set of twelve Polycrystalline Chemical Vapour Deposition (pCVD) diamond detectors are installed in the beam injection, extraction and betatron collimation areas of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as fast beam loss monitoring detectors. Their high-radiation tolerance and time resolution in the order of a few ns makes them an ideal candidate to monitor bunch-by-bunch losses in the LHC beams, which have a nominal bunch separation of 25 ns. Considering their location in some of the most critical areas for beam loss studies, a signal-to-lost-particle calibration of these detectors provides a useful insight of the various LHC bunch-by-bunch beam loss mechanisms. This contribution shows the principle of the calibration of the LHC diamond Beam Loss Monitors (dBLMs) as well as a description of the machine tests run to study and perform this calibration.

The Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is essential for the protection of machine elements against energy deposition from beam losses. Employing around 4000 detectors placed around the 27-km LHC ring, the BLM system measures secondary particles continuously and can trigger beam extraction in less than 3 turns, in case the signals exceed certain predetermined thresholds. Thanks to its high dynamic range and sensitivity, a signal-to-lost-particle calibration of this system is suited to provide accurate information about the LHC beam loss patterns. This includes online monitoring of the beam lifetime and even the identification of the plane of losses, making it an asset to follow up the performance of the accelerator. In this contribution the principle of the monitor calibration is explained, as well as a description of the machine tests used to acquire the calibration data. Finally, an analysis of the beam lifetime during the first year of the LHC Run 3 is presented together with examples of selected LHC fills.

The Fermilab Linac is a roughly 145 meter linear accelerator that accelerates H- beam from 750 keV to 400 MeV and provides beam for the Booster and the rest of the accelerator chain. The first section of the Linac is a Drift-Tube Linac (DTL), which in its current state, suffers from a lack of instrumentation along its length. As a result, operational staff do not have access to the diagnostic information needed to tune the critical components of this accelerator, such as the quadrupole magnets within the drift tubes. This work presents an effort to utilize both fixed and translating scintillation detectors to investigate beam loss along the first two tanks of the Drift-Tube Linac.

The Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) is able to provide a calibrated non-destructive measurement of beam current with a resolution of 10 nA or better. The non-interceptive, absolute intensity measurement of weak exotic ion beams (< 1 µA) is essential in heavy-ion storage rings and in transfer lines, as the ones in FAIR. With traditional diagnostics this measurement is challenging for bunched beams and virtually impossible for coasting beams. The CCC is able to provide reliable values of beam intensity for current of this order of magnitude or lower, independently of beam bunching, ion species and without tedious calibration procedures. The test of the CCC in the heavy-ion storage ring CRYRING@ESR at GSI confirmed its viability, and suggested several improvements to the detector hardware. Therefore, an upgrade of the CCC system was performed and tested in laboratory environment. A review of these improvements will be presented, with a deeper discussion of the improvements and of the next steps for the development of the final version of the CCC for FAIR.

The Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT) provides proton, helium, and carbon-ion beams with different energies and intensities for cancer treatment and oxygen-ion beams for experiments. For several experiments and possible future applications, such as helium ion beam radiography, a low-intensity ion beam monitor integrated into the dose delivery feedback system for the accelerator control is a necessary pre-requisite. The updated 2D prototype for this purpose consists of scintillating fibres with enhanced radiation hardness, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to amplify the emitted light, and a dedicated front-end readout system (FERS) to process and record the generated signals. This setup was tested successfully on monitoring ion-beam position and profile horizontally and vertically, as well as the beam intensity, for all four ion types with energies from 50 to 430 MeV/u and intensities from 1E2 to 1E7 ions/s. Additionally, time-of-arrival (ToA) measurements on single ions have been successfully performed for a limited intensity range, allowing for ion tracking in a further update. This will reduce noise, and will also improve the accuracy and usability of ion radiography.

SuperKEKB is an asymmetrical lepton collider with a circumference of 3 016 meters, which collides 7 GeV electrons with 4 GeV positrons. To optimize the luminosity, which recently reached a world record of 4.71 10^34 cm-2 s-1, all the undesirable effects on beam parameters must be analyzed in detail, especially close to the interaction point where the Belle II detector is operated. The presented study investigates the influence of mechanical vibration on the luminosity. For this purpose, four seismic sensors (Guralp 6T) were installed and collect data 24 hours a day, two on the ground and another two located on the supports of the two cantilevered cryostats, inside which the last focusing magnets on both sides of the interaction point (the most critical for vibrations) are mounted. The luminosity is measured thanks to the LumiBelle2 fast luminosity monitor, which is based on diamond detectors installed in both beam lines. Vibration-induced disturbances in the luminosity frequency spectrum are investigated for several types of perturbations, in particular the ones resulting from ground motion amplified by the dynamical behavior of the cryostat, as well as also from external vibrations sources.

Beam Loss Monitors will be installed along the primary SPES beam line to detect proton beam losses in the cyclotron area. They will be connected to the cyclotron Machine Protection System (MPS), as it is significant for the proper management of the accelerator during the operation. This report shows the work of characterization of such devices. Preliminarily, the characteristics of models used in other facilities with features similar to SPES (Proton beam energy= 40-70 MeV and current= 200-500 μA) were analyzed. Instrumentation Technologies-Libera, a company that makes potentially suitable devices for the SPES facility, was contacted as a possible supplier. They offer a system designed for beam loss measurements based on scintillators integrated on Photomultiplier, flash ADC and data acquisition. The gain is controlled by dc voltage managed by the system. Detectors and electronics have been tested in two steps: 1. Irradiation with gamma and neutrons static sources; 2. Irradiation with the CN accelerator beam (zero-degree line). From the tests, the detectors resulted very reactive to gamma and neutron radiation, so they could be suitable to be implemented at SPES as beam loss monitor purposes. Moreover, to characterize the detector on the operational conditions is fundamental. For these reasons, testing the detector’s behavior at the SPES cyclotron in normal operation (current= 200 μA and proton energy= 40 MeV) is mandatory and is planned for the next future.

At the KIT storage ring KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), a far-field electro-optical (EO) experimental setup to measure the temporal profile of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is implemented. Here, the EOSD (electro-optical spectral decoding) technique will be used to obtain single-shot measurements of the temporal CSR profile in the terahertz frequency domain. To keep the crucial high signal-to-noise ratio a setup based on balanced detection is under commission. Therefore, simulations are performed for an optimized beam path and the setup is characterized. In this contribution, the upgraded setup and first measurements are presented.

At the visible light diagnostic (VLD) port at the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA), it is possible to measure the energy spread of electron bunches by measuring the horizontal bunch profile of the incoherent synchrotron radiation. KALYPSO, a MHz-rate line-array detector has been used to measure the bunch profile. Recently, the KALYPSO system has been upgraded to a version incorporating a microstrip sensor based on TI-LGAD. The performed measurements have shown that the overall sensitivity of the system was significantly improved, which enables measurements at low bunch charges. In this contribution, a brief overview of the upgraded setup and preliminary measurement results will be presented.

Using a calibrated permanent magnet spectrometer and a streak camera, a time resolved measurement is made for a multi-pulse beam. These measurements are cross calibrated with cell voltage monitors to have a reliable online energy measurement. The Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility (DARHT) Axis-II produces a 16 MeV, 1.65 kA electron beam. Timing on the cell voltages is changed such that the beam has a varying kinetic energy spread. Multi-pulses are produced by a kicker at varying pulse lengths and selecting out different energies from the beam. This paper reports the results of these measurements.

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) employs the use of BPPMs (Beam Position and Phase Monitors) to track the position and phase of beam throughout the site. In the past, BPPMs in the 805MHz CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac) section of the site used a 201.25MHz reference over facility network fiber, using RF media converters. This fiber reference distribution gave rise to give a large diurnal phase & temperature dependency causing a large error in beam phase measurement. A system was devised to use the site’s temperature controlled 805MHz reference divided by 4 as a 201.25MHz reference, with the n*90˚ phase uncertainty eliminated though measurement of phase between 805MHz divided by 4 and fiber 201.25MHz alongside a switched hybrid coupler network. Deployment of 7 phase reference units in 2022 allowed for greatly reduced error in beam phase measurement.

Advancements in low-emittance x-ray sources have required the exploration of various diagnostic techniques to push the resolution limit. Here we will present the two techniques to measure the size of the electron beam using X-rays: zone plate transmission microscope and a multi-crystal diffraction-based beam property analyzer. Both techniques have been tested at the Swiss Synchrotron Light Source (SLS), with encouraging results. With the zone plates, it is possible to measure the beam profile in 2D simultaneously. However, with the diffraction-based method, only the vertical beam size was measured. We have built and tested a diffraction-based system that is able to measure the beam size in both dimensions. This concept was also built to be compact and does not require long x-ray beamlines such that it could afford beam size monitoring for light sources with limited space.

Comprehensive simulations for the FETS laserwire have been made with the developed Geant4 laser package. Feasibility of the longitudinal mode laser to provide full 6D beam characterisation has been made. Simulation results have been used to outline minimum detector requirements. The detector necessary for measuring the 6D phase space requires a drift distance of at least 2.5m between interaction point and detection plane, a 1mm2 spatial resolution, across a total transverse area of 40mm2 for the transverse measurements. To include longitudinal data the time resolution of the detector would need to be 200ps or less. The Timepix4 is proposed as a candidate detector due to its tile structure enabling custom size detector, a <100 μm spatial resolution, and a 195 ps time resolution.

Bunch length is an important metric for user experiments at the Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications (CLARA). A prototype Bunch Compression Monitor (BCM) based on Coherent Transition Ration (CTR) was recently installed and commissioned to support recent user experiments. The intensity of CTR is measured using a pyroelectric detector. A noise cancellation scheme based on a second detector offset from the focus of the CTR was used to reduce the noise caused by the broadband nature of pyroelectric detectors. Qualitative measurements of the bunch length as a function of RF phase are presented, along with an overview of the system design. Plans for an improved system are also presented.

Laser Compton Scattering Gamma-ray beam (F-LCS), which has a flat distribution in the energy spectrum and the special distribution, has been developed to study an isotope selective CT Imaging application in the beamline BL1U in UVSOR*. The generation of F-LCS beam has been demonstrated by using the Apple-II undulator installed in BL1U in UVSOR**. The principle of F-LCS generation, EGS5 simulation which takes into account the distribution of the laser-electron interaction region and detailed measurement results will be presented at the conference. In addition, the application of F-LCS beam to Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) experiment has been performed in UVSOR and the result will be discussed.