CERN, Geneva
GSI, Darmstadt
The Large Hadron Collider and the next future linear accelerators deal with extraordinary high beam energies (in the order of hundreds of mega-Joules for LHC) and with increasingly smaller beam sizes. It is important to understand the damage potential of such high energy beams to accelerator equipment and surroundings. Simulations have shown that the impact of the full LHC beam into copper can penetrate up to 35m as opposed to 140cm that is the typical penetration length for 7TeV protons. It becomes evident that when working with high energy densities, it is no longer possible to neglect the hydro-dynamic. A hybrid approach combining FLUKA and BIG-2 is proposed to treat HED problems. This approach can improve current simulations. It is foreseen to experimentally irradiate different materials with different beam intensities in the SPS-HiRadMat facility at CERN. First, these experiments will validate the simulation results by reproducing the density depletion along the beam path. Finally, the information obtained with these tests will be very useful in the understanding of the consequences of beam-matter interaction. Results could be applied to the LHC Beam Dump system,collimationÂ…
* N.A.Tahir, R.Schmidt et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 606 (2009)
** N.A.Tahir, R.Schmidt, New J. Phys.10 (2008) 073028
*** N.A.Tahir, R.Schmidt et al., J. Appl. Phys.97 (2005) 083532
CERN, Geneva
The energy stored in the nominal LHC beams surpasses previous accelerators by roughly two orders of magnitude. The LHC relies on a complex machine protection system to prevent damage to accelerator components induced by uncontrolled beam loss. Around 20'000 signals feed directly or in-directly into the machine protection system. Major hardware sub-systems involved in machine protection include beam and powering interlock systems, beam loss and beam excursion monitors, collimators and the beam dumping system. Since the LHC startup in December 2009 the machine protection system components have been progressively commissioned with beam. Besides the usual individual component tests, global machine protection tests have been performed by triggering failures with low intensity beams to validate the protection systems. This presentation will outline the major commissioning steps and present the operational experience with beam of the LHC machine protection system.
GSI, Darmstadt
CERN, Geneva
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real
IPCP, Chernogolovka, Moscow region
Cylindrical targets made of solid Cu and solid C that are facially irradiated with the LHC beam, have been considered. First, the energy loss of the protons as well as the production and the transport of the secondary particles is calculated using the FLUKA code. This data is then used as input to a 2D hydrodynamic computer code, BIG2, to simulate the thermodynamic and the hydrodynamic response of the target. Our simulations show that the 7 TeV/c LHC protons penetrate up to 35 m in solid Cu and 10 m in solid C during the 89 μs beam duration and the targets are severely damaged in both cases. It is interesting to note that a substantial part of the targets is converted into High Energy Density (HED) state which suggests an additional application of the LHC. To study the effects of accidents involving the SPS beam, we have also simulated the interaction of the full impact of the SPS beam with solid Cu and solid W targets. These simulations have shown that the targets are severely damaged and the beam heated region, in this case, is also converted into HED matter. These simulations could also be very useful to design the experiments for the future HiRadMat facility at CERN.
PSI, Villigen
Fermilab, Batavia
CERN, Geneva
For the first time the workshop on High-Intensity and High-Brightness Hadron Beams (HB2010), held at Morschach, Switzerland and organized by the Paul Scherrer Institut, included a Working group dealing with the interaction between beam and material. Due to the high power beams of existing and future facilities, this topic is already of great relevance for such machines and is expected to become even more important in the future. While more specialized workshops related to topics of radiation damage, activation or thermo-mechanical calculations, already exist, HB2010 provided the occasion to discuss the interplay of these topics, focusing on components like targets, beam dumps and collimators, whose reliability are crucial for a user facility. In addition, a broader community of people working on a variety of issues related to the operation of accelerators could be informed and their interest sparked.