LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
The development in the last decade of MHz-class repetition rate free electron lasers (FELs), and ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy (UED/UEM) applications, required new gun schemes capable of generating high-brightness beams at such high rates. The VHF-Gun, a 186 MHz room-temperature continuous-wave RF photogun developed at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab (LBNL) was an answer to that need. The VHF-Gun was constructed and tested in the APEX facility at LBNL successfully demonstrating all design parameters and the generation of FEL-quality electron beams. A close version of the APEX gun is in the final phase of fabrication at LBNL to operate as the electron source for the LCLS-II, the new SLAC X-ray FEL. The recently approved upgrade of the LCLS-II towards higher energies (LCLS-II HE) and the brightness-dependent UED and UEM applications would greatly benefit from an increased brightness of the electron source. Such performance upgrade can be obtained by increasing the electric field at the cathode and the beam energy at the gun exit. In this paper, we present and discuss possible upgrade options that would allow us to extend the VHF-Gun technology towards these new goals.
THB01
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
The next generation of X-ray free electron lasers requires beams with increasingly high peak current and low emittances at ~MHz repetition rates, placing increased demands on the performance of high-brightness electron photoinjector sources. To explore the high-dimensional parameter space associated with photoinjector design, global multiobjective optimization methods based on genetic algorithms or similar tools are playing an increasingly critical role. We review our experience with applying these tools both to understand and to optimize simulated injector beam performance for projects such as LCLS-II (at SLAC) and the Advanced Photoinjector EXperiment (at LBNL), including both challenges and successes.