08 Applications of Accelerators, Technology Transfer and Industrial Relations

U01 Medical Applications

   
Paper Title Page
TUOAFI01 Development for New Carbon Cancer-therapy Facility and Future Plan of HIMAC 955
 
  • K. Noda, T. Fujisawa, T. Furukawa, Y. Iwata, T. Kanai, M. Kanazawa, N. Kanematsu, A. Kitagawa, Y. Kobayashi, M. Komori, S. Minohara, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, S. Sato, E. Takada, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada, K. Yoshida
    NIRS, Chiba-shi
  • C. Kobayashi, S. Shibuya, O. Takahashi, H. Tsubuku
    AEC, Chiba
  • Y. Sato, M. Tashiro, K. Yusa
    Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma
  
  The first clinical trial with carbon beams generated from the HIMAC was conducted in June 1994. The total number of patients treated is now in excess of 2500 as of December 2005. Based on our 10 years of experience with the HIMAC, we have proposed a new carbon-ion therapy facility for widespread use in Japan. The key technologies of the accelerator and irradiation systems for the new facility have been developed since April 2004. The new carbon-therapy facility will be constructed at Gunma University from April 2006. As our future plan for the HIMAC, further, a new treatment facility will be constructed at NIRS from April 2006. The design work has already been initiated and will lead to the further development of the therapy with the HIMAC. The facility is connected with the HIMAC accelerator complex and has two treatment rooms with horizontal and a vertical beam-delivery systems and one room with a rotating gantry. We will report the development for new carbon therapy facility and the design study for new treatment facility with the HIMAC.  
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TUOAFI02 Design of a Treatment Control System for a Proton Therapy Facility 958
 
  • J.E. Katuin, J.C. Collins, C. Hagen, W. Manwaring, P. Zolnierczuk
    IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
  
  The IUCF Proton Therapy System (PTS)is designed by Indiana University and operated by the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute (MPRI) to deliver proton radiation treatment to patients with solid tumors or other diseases susceptible to radiation. PTS contains three Treatment Systems, each consisting of four subsystems: Beam Delivery, Dose Delivery, Patient Positioning and Treatments Control. These systems are implemented using different operating systems, control software, and hardware platforms. Therefore, IUCF developed an XML network communication protocol so that subsystems could issue commands to and receive feedback and status from other subsystems over a local area network (LAN). This protocol was also applied to the MPRI clinical database used to access patient treatment plans. The treatment control system was designed so that a single user interface could be used to deliver proton therapy. The use of the XML and the LAN allowed the software of the treatment control system to be designed such that the various systems are treated as objects with properties and methods. This approach not only simplified the overall design of the treatment control system, it also simplified the effort required for software validation, testing, and documentation.  
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WEPCH155 Tune-stabilized Linear-field FFAG for Carbon Therapy 2290
 
  • C. Johnstone
    Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
  • S.R. Koscielniak
    TRIUMF, Vancouver
  
  The simplicity, smaller aperture, and reduced ring size associated with linear-field, nonscaling FFAGs have made them attractive to investigate for a broad range of applications. Significant progress has recently been made towards understanding and modeling this new type of accelerator. The merits, drawbacks and challenges of the linear-field FFAG are discussed here, in particular its suitability for proton and carbon cancer therapy as compared with conventional synchrotrons and cyclotrons. Specifically, tune stabilization and dynamic aperture, a problem with both scaling and non-scaling FFAGs, will be addressed in detail.  
WEPCH157 Design and Beam Dynamics Simulation for the Ion-injector of the Austrian Hadron Therapy Accelerator 2296
 
  • Th. Strodl
    ATI, Wien
  
  MedAustron is an initiative for the construction of the Austrian Hadron Therapy Centre. In 2004 the design study was presented. The basic design consists of two ion sources, an ion-injector, a synchrotron and a beam transfer line with five possible beam exits. The synchrotron is based on the proton ion medical machine study (PIMMS) design with some modifications. The injector is based on the GSI design of the Heidelberg ion therapy cancer accelerator with the original radio frequency quadrupole and IH-Linac. Modifications have been done in the design of the low energy beam transport and the medium energy beam transport lines. The impact of these modifications has been investigated, and several other beam scenarios have bean simulated with different simulation codes.  
WEPCH158 Status of the Hadrontherapy ETOILE-Project in Lyon 2299
 
  • M.J. Bajard
    UCBL, Villeurbanne
  
  The ETOILE project is the French program for carbon ion beams in cancer treatment. It is now in the final phase. However its development is not only aiming at the building of a medical facility, around the project a broad set of medical and scientific programs have been initiated. The project has been supported by the University of Lyon and extended to the Rhône-Alpes Region and then gained a national visibility with governmental recognition. Many studies have been financed by ETOILE: in beam PET with new solutions, organ motion modelization, tumor cell radioresistance, medico-economical simulation and epidemiological previsions. The facility will be able to produce carbon ion beams and protons. Three treatment rooms are planned, two with horizontal beams and one with an isocentric gantry. The facility will be build in Lyon, through a process using as much as possible well established technology with the other facilities in Europe. The cost will be around 105 M€ afforded by loans and subventions. The subventions are funded from the Rhône-Alpes Region, the city of Lyon and the ministries of Health and Research. The running cost of the centre, for one thousand patients per year, is estimated to be 21 M€.  
WEPCH159 Accelerator Systems for Particle Therapy 2302
 
  • S.P. Møller, F.S. Albrechtsen, T. Andersen, A. Elkjaer, N. Hauge, T. Holst, I. Jensen, S.M. Madsen
    Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge
  • K. Blasche, B. Franczak
    GSI, Darmstadt
  • S. Emhofer, H.K. Kerscher, V.L. Lazarev, H. Rohdjess
    Siemens AG, Medical Solutions, Erlangen
  
  Danfysik and Siemens have entered a cooperation to market and build Particle Therapy* systems for cancer therapy. The systems are based on the experience from GSI together with a novel design of a synchrotron and Siemens experience in oncology. The accelerator systems will include an injector system (7 MeV/u proton and light ions), a synchrotron and a choice of fixed-angle horizontal and semi-vertical beamlines together with gantry systems. The slowly extracted beam will cover the energy ranges of 48-250 MeV for protons and 88-430 MeV/u for carbon ions. The extraction time will be up to 10s with intensities well beyond the needs of scanning beam applications. We will describe the layout of such a system and present details on some of the subsystems.

*Particle Therapy is a work in progress and requires country-specific regulatory approval prior to clinical use.

 
WEPCH160 A Novel Proton and Light Ion Synchrotron for Particle Therapy 2305
 
  • S.P. Møller, F.S. Albrechtsen, T. Andersen, A. Elkjaer, N. Hauge, T. Holst, I. Jensen, S.M. Madsen
    Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge
  • K. Blasche, B. Franczak
    GSI, Darmstadt
  
  A compact and simple synchrotron for a cancer particle therapy system has been designed and is presently under construction. A lattice with six regular superperiods, twelve dipole and twelve quadrupole magnets, is used. The optimized lattice configuration, including the design of injection and extraction systems, provides large transverse phase space acceptance with minimum magnet apertures. The result is a synchrotron for PT with light magnets (5t dipoles), low values of peak power for pulsed operation and minimum dc power consumption. In addition, industrial production principles are used, keeping ease of construction, installation, and operation in mind. The beam, injected at 7 MeV/amu, can be accelerated to the maximum magnetic rigidity of 6.6 Tm in less than 1 s. A beam of 48-250 MeV protons and 88-430 MeV/u carbon ions can be slowly extracted during up to 10s. The intensity for protons and carbon ions will be well beyond the needs of scanning beam applications. The design and performance specifications of the synchrotron will be described in detail.  
WEPCH161 The FFAG R&D and Medical Application Project RACCAM 2308
 
  • F. Meot
    CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
  • B. Autin, J. Collot, J.F. Fourrier, E. Froidefond, F. Martinache
    LPSC, Grenoble
  • J.L. Lancelot, D. Neuveglise
    SIGMAPHI, Vannes
  
  The RACCAM project (Recherche en ACCelerateurs et Applications Medicales) has recently obtained fundings, extending over three years (2006-2008), from the French National Research Agency (ANR). RACCAM is a tripartite collaboration, involving (i) the CNRS Laboratory IN2P3/LPSC, (ii) the French magnet industrial SIGMAPHI, and (iii) the nuclear medecine Departement of Grenoble Hospital. The project concerns fixed field alternating gradient accelerator (FFAG) research on the one hand, and on the other hand their application as hadrontherapy and biology research machines. RACCAM's goal is three-fold, (i) participate to the on-going international collaborations in the field of FFAGs and recent concepts of "non-scaling" FFAGs, with frames for instance, the Neutrino Factory (NuFact) and the EMMA project of an electron model of a muon FFAG accelerator, (ii) design, build and experiment a prototype of an FFAG magnet proper to fulfil the requirements of rapid cycling acceleration, (iii) develop the concepts, and show the feasibility, of the application of such FFAG beams to hadrontherapy and to biology research.

*CEA/DAPNIA and IN2P3/LPSC **IN2P3/LPSC ***Grenoble University Hospital ****SIGMAPHI

 
WEPCH162 Magnet Simulations for Medical FFAG 2310
 
  • E. Froidefond
    LPSC, Grenoble
  • B. Autin
    CERN, Geneva
  
  Studies have been undertaken concerning magnet design in the frame of the RACCAM FFAG project (this conference). This contribution reports on the objectives of the project in that matter, on the working methods and calculation tools developments, magnetic field modeling and simulations, and on the present status of this work.  
WEPCH164 High Power RF Tests of the First Module of the TOP Linac SCDTL Structure 2313
 
  • L. Picardi, C. Cianfarani, G. Messina, G.L. Orlandi, C. Ronsivalle
    ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
  • E. Cisbani, S.F. Frullani
    ISS, Rome
  
  The TOP Linac (Oncological Therapy with Protons), under development by ENEA and ISS, is a sequence of three pulsed (5 microseconds, 300 Hz) linear accelerators: a 7 MeV, 425 MHz RFQ+DTL (AccSys Model PL-7), a 7-65 MeV, 2998 MHz Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL), and a 65-200 MeV, variable energy 2998 MHz Side Coupled Linac (SCL). The first SCDTL module structure, composed by nine DTL tanks coupled by eight side cavities, has been built. Low power RF measurements have shown good field uniformity and stability along the axis. The structure has been tested with a 1 - 4 MW power RF. Results of low and high power tests are reported and discussed.  
WEPCH165 A Nonlinear Transport Line for the Optimization of F18 Production by the TOP Linac Injector 2316
 
  • C. Ronsivalle, C. Cianfarani, G. Messina, G.L. Orlandi, L. Picardi
    ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
  • E. Cisbani, S.F. Frullani
    ISS, Rome
  
  The injector of the TOP Linac (Oncological Therapy with Protons), under development by ENEA and ISS, consists of a 7 MeV, 425 MHz RFQ+DTL (AccSys Model PL-7). It is actually in operation at ENEA-Frascati Laboratories for the production of the positron-emitting radionuclide F18 for PET analyses by an intense proton beam (8 - 10 mA, 50 - 100 μs, 30 - 100 Hz). At the exit of the injector, the beam is guided through a magnetic channel to a target composed by a thin chamber (0.5 mm thick and 1-inch diameter) containing water enriched with O18. Recently, to the original quadrupole transport channel, a non-linear magnet system using octupoles has been added in order to flatten the proton beam distribution and optimize the radioisotope production. In the paper the details of the octupole design and beam dynamic study and the first measurements results are presented.  
WEPCH166 Beam Test of Thermionic Cathode X-band RF-gun and Linac for Monochromatic Hard X-ray Source 2319
 
  • K. Dobashi, A. Fukasawa, M. D. Meng, T. Natsui, F. Sakamoto, M. Uesaka, T. Yamamoto
    UTNL, Ibaraki
  • M. Akemoto, H. Hayano, T. Higo, J. Urakawa
    KEK, Ibaraki
  
  A compact hard X-ray source based on laser-electron collision is proposed. The X-band linac is introduced to realize a very compact system. 2MeV electron beam with average current 2μampere at 10 pps, 200 ns of RF pulse is generated by a thermionic cathode X-band RF-gun. Beam acceleration and X-ray generation experiment by the X-band beam line are under way.  
WEPCH167 Study of Scatterer Method to Compensate Asymmetric Distribution of Slowly Extracted Beam at HIMAC Synchrotron 2322
 
  • T. Furukawa, K. Noda, S. Sato, S. Shibuya, E. Takada, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada
    NIRS, Chiba-shi
  
  In the medical use of the ion beam, the following characteristics of the beam are preferred: 1) Symmetric Gaussian beam profile is convenient for the scanning irradiation. 2) In the rotating gantry system, the symmetric beam condition can realize no-correlation between the beam profiles and the rotation angles of the gantry. However, the slowly extracted beam has asymmetric distribution in the phase-space and a difference between the horizontal emittance and vertical one. Thus, we have proposed the thin scatterer method to compensate the phase-space distribution of the slowly extracted beam, although the emittance is enlarged by scattering. As a result of particle tracking and experiment, it was verified that the asymmetric distribution was compensated by very small scattering angle. It was also simulated that this scatterer method can realize the symmetric beam condition for the rotating gantry. In this paper, these results of asymmetry compensation for the slow-extraction at HIMAC is presented.  
WEPCH168 Development toward Turn-key Beam Delivery for Therapeutic Operation at HIMAC 2325
 
  • T. Furukawa, T. Kanai, K. Noda, S. Sato, E. Takada, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada
    NIRS, Chiba-shi
  • M. Katsumata, T. Shimojyu, T. Shiraishi
    AEC, Chiba
  
  Since 1994, more than 2500 cancer patients have been treated by carbon ion beam at HIMAC. To increase the number of patients per day, we have studied the reproducibility of the beam quality, such as the position, profile and intensity, during the operation. For this purpose, the accelerator needs high reproducibility to minimize the beam tuning time with more flexible scheme. Further, the irradiation system and the accelerator need to ensure dose uniformity. As a result of this study, it was found that a slight change of the magnetic field in the transport line would not affect the beam quality. However, a slight change of the horizontal tune strongly affects the beam quality because of a resonant slow-extraction. In this paper, we report about our investigation and present result of the development.  
WEPCH169 Alternating Phase Focused IH-DTL for Heavy-ion Medical Accelerators 2328
 
  • Y. Iwata, T. Fujisawa, T. Furukawa, S. H. Hojo, M. Kanazawa, N. M. Miyahara, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, H. Ogawa, Y. S. Sakamoto, S. Yamada, K. Yamamoto
    NIRS, Chiba-shi
  • T. Fujimoto, T. Takeuchi
    AEC, Chiba
  • T. Mitsumoto, H. Tsutsui, T. Ueda, T. Watanabe
    SHI, Tokyo
  
  Tumor therapy using HIMAC has been performed at NIRS since June 1994. With the successful clinical results over more than ten years, a number of projects to construct these complexes have been proposed over the world. Since existing heavy-ion linacs are large in size, the development of compact linacs would play a key role in designing compact and cost-effective complexes. Therefore, we developed an injector system consisting of RFQ and Interdigital H-mode (IH) DTL having the frequency of 200 MHz. The injector system can accelerate carbon ions up to 4.0 AMeV. For the beam focusing of IH-DTL, the method of Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) was employed. With the IH structure and rather high frequency, the cavity size is compact; the radius is 0.4 m, and lengths of RFQ and IH-DTL are 2.5m and 3.5m respectively. The fabrication of RFQ was completed, and we succeeded to accelerate carbon ions with satisfactory performances. For IH-DTL, the full-scale model was first fabricated. With the encouraging result* of its electric field measurement, we constructed IH-DTL and beam acceleration tests will be performed in March 2006. We will present the performances of the entire injector system.

*Y. Iwata et al., Nucl Instr. & Meth in Phys. Res. A (submitted).

 
WEPCH170 Development of Intensity Control System with RF-knockout Extraction at the HIMAC Synchrotron 2331
 
  • S. Sato, T. Furukawa, K. Noda
    NIRS, Chiba-shi
  
  We have developed a dynamic intensity control system toward scanning irradiation at the HIMAC Synchrotron. In this system, for controlling the spill structure and intensities of the beams extracted from the synchrotron, the amplitude of the RF-knockout is controlled with the response of 10 kHz. Its amplitude modulation (AM) function is generated based on an analytical one-dimensional model of the RF-knockout slow-extraction. In this paper, we describe the system for controlling amplitude modulation including feedback and the experimental result.  
WEPCH172 Electron Beam Pulse Processing toward the Intensity Modified Radiation Therapy (IMRT) 2334
 
  • T. Kondoh, S. Tagawa, J. Yang, Y. Yoshida
    ISIR, Osaka
  
  Radiation therapy attracts attention as one of the cancer therapies nowadays. Toward the next generation of the intensity modified radiation therapy (IMRT), the processing of electron beam pulse is studied using a photo cathode RF gun linac. Accelerated electron pulses will be converted to x-ray pulses by a metal target bremsstrahlung method or by a laser inverse Compton scattering method. Recently, the radiation therapy of cancer is developing to un-uniform irradiation as IMRT. A photo cathode RF gun is able to generate a low emittance electron beam pulse using a laser light pulse. We thought that a photo cathode RF gun can generate intensity and shape modified electron beam by processing of incident laser light. Because of a low emittance, an electron pulse is able to accelerate keeping shape. Electron beam processing by photo masks in incident optical system and generated beams are reported here. Images on photo masks were transported to a cathode surface by optical relay imaging. Beams were monitored by Desmarquest (Cr:Al2O3) luminescence. Spatially separation of a spot to a spot is about 0.3mm. Modified electron beam has fine spatial resolution.  
WEPCH173 The Performance of Double-grid O-18 Water Target for FDG Production 2337
 
  • H.B. Hong, J.-S. Chai, M.G. Hur, H.S. Jang, J. Kang
    KIRAMS, Seoul
  • H.H. Cho, K.M. Kim
    Yonsei University, Seoul
  
  The main stream of our study about the target is increasing the lifetime of the target windows. Mainly we conduct our study to increase the cooling performance and secondly about the structural design of the targets and target window foils. We already had developed and had published the results of our research about O-18 double-grid water target, which had installed on our 13 MeV cyclotron KIRAMS-13. The beam size of the accelerated proton was 9 mm*18 mm (0.35 in * 0.7 in). The double-grid target shows relatively low pressure during irradiation and good yield of F-18. The average yield of F-18 after irradiation was more than 1 Ci at 12.5 MeV , around 26 μA. Additionally, we are conducting new research for new techniques to increase the performance of low energy double-grid target and a new state-of-the-art pleated double foil target.  
WEPCH175 Design of 12 MEV RTM for Multiple Applications 2340
 
  • A.V. Poseryaev, V.I. Shvedunov
    MSU, Moscow
  • M.F. Ballester, Yu.A. Kubyshin
    UPC, Barcelona
  
  Design of a compact 12 MeV race-track microtron (RTM) is described. The results of operating wavelength choice, accelerating structure and end magnets optimization and beam dynamics simulation are represented. Use of a C-band linac and rare earth permanent magnet end magnets permit to design RTM, which is more compact and more effective as compared with the same energy circular microtron or linac. Electron beam with energy 4-12 MeV in 2 MeV step can be extracted from RTM. The estimated pulsed RF power required for feeding the linac is about 800 kW, total mass of accelerator is less than 40 kg and its dimensions are about 500x200x110 mm3.  
WEPCH177 Conception of Medical Isotope Production at Electron Accelerator 2343
 
  • V.L. Uvarov, N.P. Dikiy, A. Dovbnya, V.I. Nikiforov
    NSC/KIPT, Kharkov
  
  A photonuclear method with the use of high-energy bremsstrahlung (Eg>8 MeV) of high intensity (>= 1004 W/cm2) provides a possibility of the ecologically safe production of a number of isotopes for nuclear medicine. The conditions of generation of the radiation field having such characteristics as well as the features of photonuclear production of W-181,Pd-103, Cu-67 and other radionuclides are considered in the report. At the initial stage the study of the isotope production is performed by means of the computer simulation in a simplified 2D geometry of the Linac output devices. The code on the base of the PENELOPE/2001 program system supplemented with the data on the excitation functions of the corresponding reactions was developed. The dependences of the isotope yield (gross and specific activity) on the electron energy (30…45 MeV), as well as, the data on absorbed energy of radiation in the targets of natural composition are represented. The experimental results confirm the data of modelling. Main trends of realization of the photonuclear method for isotope production and the necessary conditions of the increase of its yield are analysed.  
WEPCH179 The Indiana University Proton Therapy System 2349
 
  • D. Friesel, V. Anferov, J.C. Collins, J.E. Katuin, S. Klein, D. Nichiporov, M. Wedeikind
    IUCF, Bloomington, Indiana
  
  The Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute (MPRI)was designed by the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF)to deliver proton radiation treatment to patients with solid tumors or other diseases susceptible to radiation. The IUCF Proton Therapy System (PTS)has five unigue subsystems to perform the radiation treatment; Beam Delivery, Dose Delivery, Patient Positioning and Treatment Control systems. The MPRI Clinic began operations in 2003 with a single Fixed Horizontal Beam Line (FHBL)treatment room and is being expanded to include two additional treatment rooms utilizing modified IBA* 360 degree rotating gantry systems. The Gantry nozzles use a beam wobbling and energy stacking system to produce the lateral and longitudinal beam distributions required for patient treatment. A treatment control system** provides a single user interface to deliver and monitor Proton Therapy treatment. This paper will present an brief overview of the Proton Therapy Facility, the properties and examples of the beam performance of the unique Nozzle design, and a summary of the facility beam operations.

* Ion Beam Applications, Inc, Belgium ** Design of a Treatment Control System for a Proton Therapy Facility, Joe Katuin, these proceedings

 
WEPCH180 A Dramatically Reduced Size in the Gantry design for the Proton-Carbon Therapy 2352
 
  • D. Trbojevic, R.C. Gupta, B. Parker
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
  • E. Keil
    CERN, Geneva
  • A. Sessler
    LBNL, Berkeley, California
  
  Gantries in the proton/carbon cancer therapy machines represent the major cost and are usually very large. This report explains a new way for the gantry design. The size and cost of the gantries are reduced, and their use is simplified by using the fixed magnetic field. The "new" gantry is made of a very large momentum acceptance non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) quarter and half arc beam lines. The gantry is made of combined function magnets with a very strong focusing and small dispersion function. Additional magnets with a fast response are required to allow adjustments of the beam position for different energies at the beginning of the gantry. The strong focusing magnets following the gantry have to be adjustable as well to provide the required spot size. The adjustable dipoles provide the radial scanning. The fixed field combined function magnets could be made of small permanent magnets for the proton machine, or of the high temperature superconductors or superconductors for the carbon machine, reducing dramatically the size.  
FRYAPA01 Developments in Proton and Light-ion Therapy 3631
 
  • S. Rossi
    CNAO Foundation, Milan
  
  The talk will provide an overview of recent developments in hadrontherapy. It will give a background on cancer therapy with protons and ions, discussing the relative merits of protons and ions versus conventional radiotherapy. It will include status and plans for the development of hadrontherapy facilities, in particular in Europe. It will also describe the status of the Italian hadrontherapy project (CNAO).  
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