Cyclotrons2016 - Table of Session: MOP (Poster Session: Theory, Models and Simulations, and Cyclotron Applications)

Paper	Title	Page
MOP02	Physical Design of External Two-Stage Beam Chopping System on the TR 24 Cyclotron	45
	J. Stursa, M. Cihak, M. Gotz, V. Zach NPI, Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
	We briefly introduce a new Cyclotron Laboratory of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences with the new cyclotron TR 24 which was commissioned in October 2015. One of the planned utilization of TR 24 beams is a generation of high-intense fast neutrons fluxes with potential implementation of a chopping system for spectrometric measurements of neutron energy by the Time-of-Flight method. For this purpose, physical design of a new ion-optical beam line was completed as well as comprehensive study of an external fast chopping system on this beam line. A set of home-made programs DtofDeflect have been developed for this system consisting of the first chopper powered by sinusoidal voltage and the second chopper powered by pulse voltage. The programs allow to find the optimum geometric and voltage parameters of the system by the means of mathematical simulations. The chopping system can provide the external 24 MeV proton beam with 2.3 ns pulse length at a repetition period of 236 ns in order to comply with the required pulse length to the repetition period ratio of 1:100.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP02
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MOP03	Developed Numerical Code Based on the Effects of Space Charge in Central Region of 10 MeV Cyclotron	49
	M. Afkhami Karaei, H. Afarideh, S. Azizpourian, M. Mousaviniapresenter, R. Solhju, F. Taft AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	To study of space charge effects in 10 MeV cyclotron of Amirkabir University of Technology the C++ code is developed. This cyclotron is designed to accelerate H⁻ up to 10MeV energy. The important components of cyclotron that effect on calculations of space charge include four sector magnets, 2 RF cavities with 71MHz frequency and internal PIG ion source. Equations of motion and effects of charged particles in electromagnetic field of accelerator are integrated in C++ code. The conventional method, 4-order Runge-Kutta, is used to solve the equations. The results of calculations show space charge effects of beam particles on each other in accelerating process.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP03
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MOP04	SPES Cyclotron Beamlines	53
	D. Campo, P. Antonini, A. Calore, A. Lombardi, M. Maggiore, L. Pranovi INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility purposes are the production of radioactive beams (RIBs) by ISOL technique, the production and the research on innovative radioisotopes and experiments with high intensity neutron beams. For these reasons the 70p cyclotron, designed by BEST Cyclotron Systems Ins., has been installed at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro: it is a machine able to produce a beam current up to 700 μA shared into two extraction channels. Beams at the energy values of 35 MeV, 50 MeV and 70 MeV have to be transported to the experimental areas with specific properties and minimizing the beam losses. Here, the main features of the needed beamlines are described.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP04
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MOP05	An Air Ionization Chamber Simulation using Monte Carlo Method	57
	S.G. Hou, Shizhong. Anpresenter, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, F. Wang, L.P. Wen, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The CYCIAE-100 cyclotron has been built at CIAE, designed to achieve 200 μA protons at 100 MeV and deliver them to several experimental targets. To achieve this goal and protect the machine from excessive radiation activation, an uncontrolled loss criteria of 1uA has been specified. Previous calculation for radiation shielding showed that high neutron and gamma were produced under this condition. To measure the high energy gamma ray(about 2 MeV ) at machine running and void damage by the prompt radiation, an air ionization chamber was designed to fulfill this goal. A Geant4 program was developed to simulate the energy response of detectors, the EM filed data was also taken into consideration in the programl. The simulation results indicate that the energy response linearity satisfies the requirement of the project specification.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP05
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MOP06	Physical Design of the Extraction Trim-Rods in a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron	61
	D.S. Zhang, M. Li, C. Wang, J.J. Yangpresenter, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Two electrostatic deflectors are used for beam extraction of the 230 MeV superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230, which is under development at CIAE. Resonance crossing and processional motion are introduced by a first harmonic bump of main field during the beam dynamics design to increase the turn separation and accordingly the extraction efficiency. Four trim-rods of variable depth are employed to generate the desirable field bump for their stability, the amplitude and azimuth of first harmonic bump can be adjusted with different size and depth of trim-rods. However, effect on isochronous field in acceleration region is followed by trim-rods in practice, therefore the base depth of trim-rods need to be designed and re-shimming procedure of main magnet model need to be implemented interactively. The effect of trim-rods and isochronous field production by a new model will be presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP06
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MOP08	Investigation of Minimized Consumption Power about 10 MeV Cyclotron for Acceleration of Negative Hydrogen	64
	J.C. Lee, J.-S. Chai, Kh.M. Gad, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H.S. Kimpresenter, S.C. Mun, H. Namgoong SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP:Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (No. NRF-2015M2B2A8A10058096). SKKUCY-10 cyclotron with 10 MeV particle energy was designed with purpose of production about fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG). Design strategy was maximization of accelerating voltage in order to secure the turn separa-tion. Magnet had deep valley type, RF cavity had four stems and one RF power coupler. There was internal ion source for compact design of cyclotron. Specification of cyclotron was analysed by simulating particle dynamics for central region and whole system. AVF cyclotron had 83.2 MHz of radio frequency, 1.36 T of average magnetic field, 40 kV of main accelerating voltage. Phase slip between RF and beam was less than 15 degrees, minimum turn separation was over 2 mm. Specifications of both single beam analysis of reference particle and multi-beam analysis of bunch of particles were calculated by using Cyclone v8.4 and CST-Particle studio codes.
	Poster MOP08 [4.292 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP08
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MOP09	Simulation Code Development for High-Power Cyclotron	68
	C.U. Choi, M. Chung UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea G. Hahn KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea J. Lee, T.-Y. Lee, S. Shin PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea
	A high power cyclotron is a good candidate as a driver of the accelerator driven system for the transmutation of long lived nuclear wastes. In this work, a simulation code has been developed for describing the beam dynamics in the high power cyclotron. By including higher order terms in transverse transfer matrix and space charge effects, we expect to describe the beam motion more accurately. The present code can describe equivalent orbit at each energy, calculate the tunes, and also perform multi-particle tracking. We report the initial results of the code for the simulation of a 13 MeV cyclotron. Lastly, an upgrade plan is discussed to add more features and to increase calculating efficiency.
	Poster MOP09 [1.630 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP09
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MOP10	Numerical Orbit Tracking in 3D Through the Injector Cyclotron for Heavy Ions at iThemba LABS	71
	J.G. De Villiers, J.I. Broodryk, J.L. Conradie, F. Nemulodi, R.W. Thomae iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Jointly supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (No. 92793) and National Science Foundation of China (No. 11461141003). The RF and magnetic fields of the injector cyclotron (SPC2) were modelled in 3D with finite element methods, using OPERA-3d, in an effort to determine the cause of the relative poor beam transmission through the machine in the 8-turn mode. Simulation of the particle motion in SPC2 was done using machine operational parameters for acceleration of 20Ne³⁺. The isochronous magnetic field is calculated from a complete cyclotron magnet model and the electrostatic field distribution from a dee electrode model, using TOSCA. The modelling of the high frequency resonance conditions of the resonators with SOPRANO-EV provided the relative variation of the electric field profiles in the acceleration gaps. A command line program was developed to combine the information of the three models and implement time-dependent control of the electrostatic fields during the particle tracking. In addition, based on calculated data from OPERA-3D, the parallel particle-in-cell code OPAL-CYCL was used to calculate a particle orbit for comparison with OPERA-3d. The models, methods and calculated results will be presented.
	Poster MOP10 [2.178 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP10
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MOP11	Injection Line Studies for the SPC2 Cyclotron at iThemba LABS	75
	F. Nemulodi, J.I. Broodryk, J.L. Conradie, J.G. De Villiers, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, J. Mira, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The transmission efficiency of some ion beams through the second solid-pole injector cyclotron (SPC2) at iThemba LABS requires improvement. In order to understand the beam optics in the injection line, and match the beam to the acceptance of the cyclotron, the beam envelope behaviour from the beginning of injection-line to the inside of the SPC2 cyclotron was investigated with different simulation programs. The transverse effects were taken into account by the beam transport codes TRANSOPTR and TRANSPORT, while the multi particle simulation code OPAL was used to include space-charge effects. Simulations of the effect of an additional buncher, operating at the second harmonic, on the transmission of the beam of charged particles through the cyclotron were made.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP11
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MOP12	Fast Scanning Beamline Design Applied to Proton Therapy System Based on Superconducting Cyclotrons	79
	B. Qin, Q.S. Chen, K. Fan, M. Fan, K.F. Liu, P. Tan HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China W. Chen, Z.K. Liang, X. Liu, T. Yu Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by The National Key Research and Development Pro-gram of China, with grant No. 2016YFC0105305 Proton therapy is recognized as one of the most effec-tive radiation therapy method for cancers. The super-conducting cyclotron becomes an optimum choice for delivering high quality CW proton beam with features including compactness, low power consuming and higher extraction efficiency. This paper introduces de-sign considerations of the beamline with fast scanning features for proton therapy system based on supercon-ducting cyclotrons. The beam optics, the energy selec-tion system (ESS) and the gantry beamline will be de-scribed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP12
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MOP13	Production of F-18 and Tc-99m Radionuclides using an 11 MeV Proton Accelerating Cyclotron	83
	I. Kambali, M. Marlina, P. Parwanto, R. Rajiman, H. Suryanto BATAN, South Tangerang, Indonesia H. Astarina, N. Huda, R.R. Ismuha, K. Kardinah, F.D. Listiawadi Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
	Funding: The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) An 11-MeV proton-accelerating cyclotron has been employed to produce F-18 and Tc-99m radionuclides. In this report, F-18 radionuclide was produced from enriched-water target whereas Tc-99m was generated from natural molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) target. Two recoiled radioactive impurities such as Co-56 and Ag-110m are identified in the F-18 solution whereas N-13 was recognized as an impurity in the Tc-99m production. The Co-56 radionuclidic impurity is presumably sputtered off the havar window in the target system whereas Ag-110m is originally from a silver body housing the enriched water target which is generated by secondary neutron irradiated Ag-10⁹. In addition, N-13 impurity found in the post-irradiated MoO3 target occurs presumably via (p,He-4) nuclear reaction.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP13
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MOP14	Study of the Beam Extraction from Superconducting Cyclotron SC200	87
	K.Z. Ding, Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, Y. Chen, Sh. Du, H. Feng, J. Ge, J. Li, Y. Song, Y.H. Xie, J. Zheng ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China O. Karamyshev, G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	According to the agreement between the Institute of Plasma Physics (ASIPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Hefei, China, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, the project of superconducting isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy SC200 is under development at JINR. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200 MeV with maximum beam current ~1 μA. Extraction system of the beam consists of electrostatic deflector and two passive magnetic channels. Electric field strength in deflector does not exceed 170 kV/cm, gradients of magnetic field in channels are in range 2-4 kG/cm.The first of the channels focusing the beam in horizontal plane is subdivided into four parts. Geometry and magnetic field of two and three bars sub channelsare described. Results of the beam tracking inside extraction system are presented. Efficiency of the beam extraction was estimated for different amplitudes of the betatron oscillations in accelerated beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP14
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MOP15	The ISOLPHARM Project for the Production of High Specific Activity Radionuclides for Medical Applications	91
	M. Ballan, A. Andrighetto, F. Borgna, S. Corradettipresenter INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy M. Ballan UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy F. Borgna, N. Realdon Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy A. Duatti Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
	ISOLPHARM is a branch of the INFN-LNL SPES project, aimed at the production of radioisotopes for medical applications according to the ISOL technique. Such an innovative method will allow to obtain radiopharmaceuticals with very high specific activity. In this context a primary proton beam, extracted from a cyclotron will directly impinge a target, where the produced isotopes are extracted and accelerated, and finally, after mass separation, only the desired nuclei are deposed on a secondary target. This work is focused in the design and study of the aforementioned production targets for a selected set of isotopes, in particular for 64Cu, 89Sr, 90Y, 125I and 131I. 64Cu will be produced impinging Ni targets, otherwise the SPES UCx target is planned to be used. Different target configurations are being studied by means of the Monte Carlo based code FLUKA for the isotope production calculation and the Finite Element Method based software ANSYS ® for the temperature level evaluation. An appropriate secondary target substrate for implanting the produced isotopes is under study alongside with a system for its dissolution and repartition into radiopharmaceutical doses. A. Monetti et al., The RIB production target for the SPES project, Eur. Phys. J. A (2015) 51:128
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP15
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MOP16	Beam Optics Considerations for Isotope Production at the PSI Cyclotron Facility	95
	H. Zhang, J. Grillenberger, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The isotope production beam line starts with an electrostatic beam splitter, which peels a beam of a few tens of microamperes from a main beam of high intensity up to 2.4 milliamperes. The beam optics has to be fitted with the specifications such as beam size and intensity for a variety of isotope productions. Due to the parasitic nature of the beam line, the beam optics also has to be adjusted along with an occasional change on the main beam intensity. Aiming at an efficient and reliable isotope production, the beam optics is followed on daily base. The operational experience together with the prospect of future development is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP16
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MOP17	Fast Digital Spectrometer for Neutron Spectroscopy
	A. Jancar, Z. Kopecky VF, a.s., Cerna Hora, Czech Republic F. Cvachovec University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic Z. Matej Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
	A newly developed fast digital spectrometer for neutron spectroscopy is presented. A pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of the spectrometer has been evaluated within two experiments with different neutron energies. A modular design of the spectrometer allows a variety of measurements in mixed radiation fields. The detector signal output is connected to an analog input amplifier and split into two channels with a different gain. Each signal channel is digitized by a fast analog digital converter. The digital channels are merged into one composite channel with a higher digital resolution in a wide dynamic range of energies. The experimental measurements of secondary neutrons were carried out in the laboratory of Van de Graaff accelerator and at the Proton Therapy Center in Prague. A detector with liquid scintillator NE-213 was employed in both experiments. Secondary neutrons with maximum kinetic energy of 17 MeV were produced. In a workplace of the Proton Therapy Center, secondary neutrons were generated during the interaction of the primary proton beam of energies in the range of 100 to 200 MeV with a plastic phantom.
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MOP18	Activities for Isotope Sample Production and Radiation Effect Tests at JULIC/COSY Jülich	98
	O. Felden, M. Bai, R. Gebel, R. Hecker FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the intermediate energy cyclotron JULIC, used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and COSY itself, have been enabled to perform low to medium current irradiations. Main task is to support the FZJ radionuclide research programme of INM-5. Target holders of the INM-5 were implemented to the external target station of JULIC to obtain reliable irradiations with 45 MeV protons and 76 MeV deuterons for nuclear reaction cross section measurements and medical radionuclide production. For testing of radiation effects, displacement damage DD and single event effects SEE, with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators the beam can be extracted to a dedicated test stand, e.g. used by Fraunhofer INT. To provide these possibilities up to 2.5 GeV as well one external beamline of the cooler synchrotron COSY will be equipped with a new irradiation station and adaption for the dosimetry systems are done. Different dosimetry systems (PTW Farmer® chambers, Bragg Peak chambers, Gafchromic® dosimetry films) are available to monitor and control the ongoing irradiation. This report briefly summarizes the relevant technical activities.
	Poster MOP18 [4.196 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP18
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MOP19	A Diamond Detector Test Bench to Assess the S2C2 Beam Characteristics	102
	J. van de Walle, S. Henrotin, Y. Paradis, I.C. Tkint IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The fast timing capabilities, compactness, high sensitivity and radiation hardness of diamond detectors make them ideally suited for measurements in the pulsed beam from the S2C2. In this communicaiton, we will present first results obtained on the S2C2 with such a diamond probe and the mechanical design of a dedicated test bench to be used for factory tests. The test bench is able to measure the beam direction, the intensity distribution in the beam, the emittance (with an emittance slit) and the exact moment when the beam is extracted from the S2C2. We are able to measure the frequency at which the protons are extracted from the S2C2 and to observe small (<100 keV) mean energy fluctuations in the extracted beam. All these measurements can be done with extreme low beam intensities so that activation of the S2C2 is highly reduced.
	Poster MOP19 [1.320 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP19
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MOP20	Study of Geant4 Simulation for Cyclotron Radioisotope Production in Various Target Size	105
	S.C. Mun, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H.S. Kim, J.C. Lee, H. Namgoong SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: NRF-2015M2B2A8A10058096 The application of radioisotopes in medical radiology is essential for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The fabrication of radioisotopes has main factors that maximize the fabrication yield and minimize the costs. An effective method to solve this problem is that the usage of Monte Carlo simulations before experimental procedure [1]. This paper studies the simulation and presents cyclotron models for the energy 13 MeV with moderate beam intensity are used for production of 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F isotopes widely applied in positron emission tomography [1]. SKKUCY-13 cyclotrons with high beam intensity are available on the market for production of most medical and industrial isotopes. In this work, the physical and technical parameters of different models are compared. Overall, this confirms the applicability of Monte-Carlo to simulate radionuclide production at 13 MeV proton beam energy.
	Poster MOP20 [1.905 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP20
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MOP21	Test Production of Ti-44 using RFT-30 Cyclotron	108
	E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, Y.B. Kong KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	RFT-30 30 MeV cyclotron has been developed for the production of radioisotopes and their applications. Fluorine-18, which is a widely-used positron emitter, has been produced regularly since 2015. In addition, research on the production of generator radioisotopes has been performed using this cyclotron. A generator means a device used to extract the positron-emitting daughter radioisotope from a source of the decaying parent radioisotope such as Ti-44 and Ge-68. In this research, gold-coated and natural Sc targets were proton-irradiated in order to produce Ti-44. Gamma spectra of irradiated targets were measured to confirm the production of Ti-44.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP21
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MOP22	Simulation of Optimum Thickness and Configuration of 10 MeV Cyclotron Shield	110
	S. Azizpourian, H. Afarideh, M. Afkhami Karaei, M. Mousaviniapresenter AUT, Tehran, Iran F. Abbasi Davani Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
	Baby Cyclotrons that made in Self-shield type have been employed for use in Medical center for the diagnosis of cancer diseases by positron emission tomography (PET) system. Here in we have done a discussion on gamma and neutron dose rates at a distance of one meter outside of the cyclotron shielding. This shield consist of Lead, polyethylene borated (10% Boron) layers from inside to outside respectively. With increasing the thickness of lead and polyethylene we will see a decrease in the gamma and neutron dose which received by the water phantom at a distance of one meter outside from the surface of the shield of the cyclotron. Note that the gamma and neutron dose at the beginning (without any shielding) was on the order of several thousand μSv per hour that by achieve to a certain amount of thickness of the shield, the dose was reduced to below of the limited level. In this study, the MCNPX Code has been used. In MCNPX Code that used the variance reduction techniques for decreasing relative errors of calculation which was a good method for this case study.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ DOI:10.18429/JACoW-Cyclotrons2016-MOP22
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Paper

Title

Page

Physical Design of External Two-Stage Beam Chopping System on the TR 24 Cyclotron

45

J. Stursa, M. Cihak, M. Gotz, V. Zach
NPI, Řež near Prague, Czech Republic

We briefly introduce a new Cyclotron Laboratory of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences with the new cyclotron TR 24 which was commissioned in October 2015. One of the planned utilization of TR 24 beams is a generation of high-intense fast neutrons fluxes with potential implementation of a chopping system for spectrometric measurements of neutron energy by the Time-of-Flight method. For this purpose, physical design of a new ion-optical beam line was completed as well as comprehensive study of an external fast chopping system on this beam line. A set of home-made programs DtofDeflect have been developed for this system consisting of the first chopper powered by sinusoidal voltage and the second chopper powered by pulse voltage. The programs allow to find the optimum geometric and voltage parameters of the system by the means of mathematical simulations. The chopping system can provide the external 24 MeV proton beam with 2.3 ns pulse length at a repetition period of 236 ns in order to comply with the required pulse length to the repetition period ratio of 1:100.

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MOP03

Developed Numerical Code Based on the Effects of Space Charge in Central Region of 10 MeV Cyclotron

49

M. Afkhami Karaei, H. Afarideh, S. Azizpourian, M. Mousaviniapresenter, R. Solhju, F. Taft
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

To study of space charge effects in 10 MeV cyclotron of Amirkabir University of Technology the C++ code is developed. This cyclotron is designed to accelerate H⁻ up to 10MeV energy. The important components of cyclotron that effect on calculations of space charge include four sector magnets, 2 RF cavities with 71MHz frequency and internal PIG ion source. Equations of motion and effects of charged particles in electromagnetic field of accelerator are integrated in C++ code. The conventional method, 4-order Runge-Kutta, is used to solve the equations. The results of calculations show space charge effects of beam particles on each other in accelerating process.

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MOP04

SPES Cyclotron Beamlines

53

D. Campo, P. Antonini, A. Calore, A. Lombardi, M. Maggiore, L. Pranovi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility purposes are the production of radioactive beams (RIBs) by ISOL technique, the production and the research on innovative radioisotopes and experiments with high intensity neutron beams. For these reasons the 70p cyclotron, designed by BEST Cyclotron Systems Ins., has been installed at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro: it is a machine able to produce a beam current up to 700 μA shared into two extraction channels. Beams at the energy values of 35 MeV, 50 MeV and 70 MeV have to be transported to the experimental areas with specific properties and minimizing the beam losses. Here, the main features of the needed beamlines are described.

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MOP05

An Air Ionization Chamber Simulation using Monte Carlo Method

57

S.G. Hou, Shizhong. Anpresenter, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, F. Wang, L.P. Wen, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The CYCIAE-100 cyclotron has been built at CIAE, designed to achieve 200 μA protons at 100 MeV and deliver them to several experimental targets. To achieve this goal and protect the machine from excessive radiation activation, an uncontrolled loss criteria of 1uA has been specified. Previous calculation for radiation shielding showed that high neutron and gamma were produced under this condition. To measure the high energy gamma ray(about 2 MeV ) at machine running and void damage by the prompt radiation, an air ionization chamber was designed to fulfill this goal. A Geant4 program was developed to simulate the energy response of detectors, the EM filed data was also taken into consideration in the programl. The simulation results indicate that the energy response linearity satisfies the requirement of the project specification.

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MOP06

Physical Design of the Extraction Trim-Rods in a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron

61

D.S. Zhang, M. Li, C. Wang, J.J. Yangpresenter, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Two electrostatic deflectors are used for beam extraction of the 230 MeV superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230, which is under development at CIAE. Resonance crossing and processional motion are introduced by a first harmonic bump of main field during the beam dynamics design to increase the turn separation and accordingly the extraction efficiency. Four trim-rods of variable depth are employed to generate the desirable field bump for their stability, the amplitude and azimuth of first harmonic bump can be adjusted with different size and depth of trim-rods. However, effect on isochronous field in acceleration region is followed by trim-rods in practice, therefore the base depth of trim-rods need to be designed and re-shimming procedure of main magnet model need to be implemented interactively. The effect of trim-rods and isochronous field production by a new model will be presented in this paper.

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MOP08

Investigation of Minimized Consumption Power about 10 MeV Cyclotron for Acceleration of Negative Hydrogen

64

J.C. Lee, J.-S. Chai, Kh.M. Gad, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H.S. Kimpresenter, S.C. Mun, H. Namgoong
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP:Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (No. NRF-2015M2B2A8A10058096).
SKKUCY-10 cyclotron with 10 MeV particle energy was designed with purpose of production about fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG). Design strategy was maximization of accelerating voltage in order to secure the turn separa-tion. Magnet had deep valley type, RF cavity had four stems and one RF power coupler. There was internal ion source for compact design of cyclotron. Specification of cyclotron was analysed by simulating particle dynamics for central region and whole system. AVF cyclotron had 83.2 MHz of radio frequency, 1.36 T of average magnetic field, 40 kV of main accelerating voltage. Phase slip between RF and beam was less than 15 degrees, minimum turn separation was over 2 mm. Specifications of both single beam analysis of reference particle and multi-beam analysis of bunch of particles were calculated by using Cyclone v8.4 and CST-Particle studio codes.

Poster MOP08 [4.292 MB]

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MOP09

Simulation Code Development for High-Power Cyclotron

68

C.U. Choi, M. Chung
UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
G. Hahn
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
J. Lee, T.-Y. Lee, S. Shin
PAL, Pohang, Republic of Korea

A high power cyclotron is a good candidate as a driver of the accelerator driven system for the transmutation of long lived nuclear wastes. In this work, a simulation code has been developed for describing the beam dynamics in the high power cyclotron. By including higher order terms in transverse transfer matrix and space charge effects, we expect to describe the beam motion more accurately. The present code can describe equivalent orbit at each energy, calculate the tunes, and also perform multi-particle tracking. We report the initial results of the code for the simulation of a 13 MeV cyclotron. Lastly, an upgrade plan is discussed to add more features and to increase calculating efficiency.

Poster MOP09 [1.630 MB]

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MOP10

Numerical Orbit Tracking in 3D Through the Injector Cyclotron for Heavy Ions at iThemba LABS

71

J.G. De Villiers, J.I. Broodryk, J.L. Conradie, F. Nemulodi, R.W. Thomae
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Jointly supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (No. 92793) and National Science Foundation of China (No. 11461141003).
The RF and magnetic fields of the injector cyclotron (SPC2) were modelled in 3D with finite element methods, using OPERA-3d, in an effort to determine the cause of the relative poor beam transmission through the machine in the 8-turn mode. Simulation of the particle motion in SPC2 was done using machine operational parameters for acceleration of 20Ne³⁺. The isochronous magnetic field is calculated from a complete cyclotron magnet model and the electrostatic field distribution from a dee electrode model, using TOSCA. The modelling of the high frequency resonance conditions of the resonators with SOPRANO-EV provided the relative variation of the electric field profiles in the acceleration gaps. A command line program was developed to combine the information of the three models and implement time-dependent control of the electrostatic fields during the particle tracking. In addition, based on calculated data from OPERA-3D, the parallel particle-in-cell code OPAL-CYCL was used to calculate a particle orbit for comparison with OPERA-3d. The models, methods and calculated results will be presented.

Poster MOP10 [2.178 MB]

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MOP11

Injection Line Studies for the SPC2 Cyclotron at iThemba LABS

75

F. Nemulodi, J.I. Broodryk, J.L. Conradie, J.G. De Villiers, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, J. Mira, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The transmission efficiency of some ion beams through the second solid-pole injector cyclotron (SPC2) at iThemba LABS requires improvement. In order to understand the beam optics in the injection line, and match the beam to the acceptance of the cyclotron, the beam envelope behaviour from the beginning of injection-line to the inside of the SPC2 cyclotron was investigated with different simulation programs. The transverse effects were taken into account by the beam transport codes TRANSOPTR and TRANSPORT, while the multi particle simulation code OPAL was used to include space-charge effects. Simulations of the effect of an additional buncher, operating at the second harmonic, on the transmission of the beam of charged particles through the cyclotron were made.

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MOP12

Fast Scanning Beamline Design Applied to Proton Therapy System Based on Superconducting Cyclotrons

79

B. Qin, Q.S. Chen, K. Fan, M. Fan, K.F. Liu, P. Tan
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
W. Chen, Z.K. Liang, X. Liu, T. Yu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by The National Key Research and Development Pro-gram of China, with grant No. 2016YFC0105305
Proton therapy is recognized as one of the most effec-tive radiation therapy method for cancers. The super-conducting cyclotron becomes an optimum choice for delivering high quality CW proton beam with features including compactness, low power consuming and higher extraction efficiency. This paper introduces de-sign considerations of the beamline with fast scanning features for proton therapy system based on supercon-ducting cyclotrons. The beam optics, the energy selec-tion system (ESS) and the gantry beamline will be de-scribed.

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MOP13

Production of F-18 and Tc-99m Radionuclides using an 11 MeV Proton Accelerating Cyclotron

83

I. Kambali, M. Marlina, P. Parwanto, R. Rajiman, H. Suryanto
BATAN, South Tangerang, Indonesia
H. Astarina, N. Huda, R.R. Ismuha, K. Kardinah, F.D. Listiawadi
Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

Funding: The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)
An 11-MeV proton-accelerating cyclotron has been employed to produce F-18 and Tc-99m radionuclides. In this report, F-18 radionuclide was produced from enriched-water target whereas Tc-99m was generated from natural molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) target. Two recoiled radioactive impurities such as Co-56 and Ag-110m are identified in the F-18 solution whereas N-13 was recognized as an impurity in the Tc-99m production. The Co-56 radionuclidic impurity is presumably sputtered off the havar window in the target system whereas Ag-110m is originally from a silver body housing the enriched water target which is generated by secondary neutron irradiated Ag-10⁹. In addition, N-13 impurity found in the post-irradiated MoO3 target occurs presumably via (p,He-4) nuclear reaction.

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MOP14

Study of the Beam Extraction from Superconducting Cyclotron SC200

87

K.Z. Ding, Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, Y. Chen, Sh. Du, H. Feng, J. Ge, J. Li, Y. Song, Y.H. Xie, J. Zheng
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
O. Karamyshev, G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

According to the agreement between the Institute of Plasma Physics (ASIPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Hefei, China, and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, the project of superconducting isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy SC200 is under development at JINR. The cyclotron will provide acceleration of protons up to 200 MeV with maximum beam current ~1 μA. Extraction system of the beam consists of electrostatic deflector and two passive magnetic channels. Electric field strength in deflector does not exceed 170 kV/cm, gradients of magnetic field in channels are in range 2-4 kG/cm.The first of the channels focusing the beam in horizontal plane is subdivided into four parts. Geometry and magnetic field of two and three bars sub channelsare described. Results of the beam tracking inside extraction system are presented. Efficiency of the beam extraction was estimated for different amplitudes of the betatron oscillations in accelerated beam.

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MOP15

The ISOLPHARM Project for the Production of High Specific Activity Radionuclides for Medical Applications

91

M. Ballan, A. Andrighetto, F. Borgna, S. Corradettipresenter
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
M. Ballan
UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
F. Borgna, N. Realdon
Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
A. Duatti
Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

ISOLPHARM is a branch of the INFN-LNL SPES project*, aimed at the production of radioisotopes for medical applications according to the ISOL technique. Such an innovative method will allow to obtain radiopharmaceuticals with very high specific activity. In this context a primary proton beam, extracted from a cyclotron will directly impinge a target, where the produced isotopes are extracted and accelerated, and finally, after mass separation, only the desired nuclei are deposed on a secondary target. This work is focused in the design and study of the aforementioned production targets for a selected set of isotopes, in particular for 64Cu, 89Sr, 90Y, 125I and 131I. 64Cu will be produced impinging Ni targets, otherwise the SPES UCx target is planned to be used. Different target configurations are being studied by means of the Monte Carlo based code FLUKA for the isotope production calculation and the Finite Element Method based software ANSYS ® for the temperature level evaluation. An appropriate secondary target substrate for implanting the produced isotopes is under study alongside with a system for its dissolution and repartition into radiopharmaceutical doses.
* A. Monetti et al., The RIB production target for the SPES project, Eur. Phys. J. A (2015) 51:128

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MOP16

Beam Optics Considerations for Isotope Production at the PSI Cyclotron Facility

95

H. Zhang, J. Grillenberger, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The isotope production beam line starts with an electrostatic beam splitter, which peels a beam of a few tens of microamperes from a main beam of high intensity up to 2.4 milliamperes. The beam optics has to be fitted with the specifications such as beam size and intensity for a variety of isotope productions. Due to the parasitic nature of the beam line, the beam optics also has to be adjusted along with an occasional change on the main beam intensity. Aiming at an efficient and reliable isotope production, the beam optics is followed on daily base. The operational experience together with the prospect of future development is presented.

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MOP17

Fast Digital Spectrometer for Neutron Spectroscopy

A. Jancar, Z. Kopecky
VF, a.s., Cerna Hora, Czech Republic
F. Cvachovec
University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
Z. Matej
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

A newly developed fast digital spectrometer for neutron spectroscopy is presented. A pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of the spectrometer has been evaluated within two experiments with different neutron energies. A modular design of the spectrometer allows a variety of measurements in mixed radiation fields. The detector signal output is connected to an analog input amplifier and split into two channels with a different gain. Each signal channel is digitized by a fast analog digital converter. The digital channels are merged into one composite channel with a higher digital resolution in a wide dynamic range of energies. The experimental measurements of secondary neutrons were carried out in the laboratory of Van de Graaff accelerator and at the Proton Therapy Center in Prague. A detector with liquid scintillator NE-213 was employed in both experiments. Secondary neutrons with maximum kinetic energy of 17 MeV were produced. In a workplace of the Proton Therapy Center, secondary neutrons were generated during the interaction of the primary proton beam of energies in the range of 100 to 200 MeV with a plastic phantom.

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MOP18

Activities for Isotope Sample Production and Radiation Effect Tests at JULIC/COSY Jülich

98

O. Felden, M. Bai, R. Gebel, R. Hecker
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the intermediate energy cyclotron JULIC, used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and COSY itself, have been enabled to perform low to medium current irradiations. Main task is to support the FZJ radionuclide research programme of INM-5. Target holders of the INM-5 were implemented to the external target station of JULIC to obtain reliable irradiations with 45 MeV protons and 76 MeV deuterons for nuclear reaction cross section measurements and medical radionuclide production. For testing of radiation effects, displacement damage DD and single event effects SEE, with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators the beam can be extracted to a dedicated test stand, e.g. used by Fraunhofer INT. To provide these possibilities up to 2.5 GeV as well one external beamline of the cooler synchrotron COSY will be equipped with a new irradiation station and adaption for the dosimetry systems are done. Different dosimetry systems (PTW Farmer® chambers, Bragg Peak chambers, Gafchromic® dosimetry films) are available to monitor and control the ongoing irradiation. This report briefly summarizes the relevant technical activities.

Poster MOP18 [4.196 MB]

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MOP19

A Diamond Detector Test Bench to Assess the S2C2 Beam Characteristics

102

J. van de Walle, S. Henrotin, Y. Paradis, I.C. Tkint
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The fast timing capabilities, compactness, high sensitivity and radiation hardness of diamond detectors make them ideally suited for measurements in the pulsed beam from the S2C2. In this communicaiton, we will present first results obtained on the S2C2 with such a diamond probe and the mechanical design of a dedicated test bench to be used for factory tests. The test bench is able to measure the beam direction, the intensity distribution in the beam, the emittance (with an emittance slit) and the exact moment when the beam is extracted from the S2C2. We are able to measure the frequency at which the protons are extracted from the S2C2 and to observe small (<100 keV) mean energy fluctuations in the extracted beam. All these measurements can be done with extreme low beam intensities so that activation of the S2C2 is highly reduced.

Poster MOP19 [1.320 MB]

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MOP20

Study of Geant4 Simulation for Cyclotron Radioisotope Production in Various Target Size

105

S.C. Mun, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, D.H. Ha, H.S. Kim, J.C. Lee, H. Namgoong
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: NRF-2015M2B2A8A10058096
The application of radioisotopes in medical radiology is essential for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The fabrication of radioisotopes has main factors that maximize the fabrication yield and minimize the costs. An effective method to solve this problem is that the usage of Monte Carlo simulations before experimental procedure [1]. This paper studies the simulation and presents cyclotron models for the energy 13 MeV with moderate beam intensity are used for production of 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F isotopes widely applied in positron emission tomography [1]. SKKUCY-13 cyclotrons with high beam intensity are available on the market for production of most medical and industrial isotopes. In this work, the physical and technical parameters of different models are compared. Overall, this confirms the applicability of Monte-Carlo to simulate radionuclide production at 13 MeV proton beam energy.

Poster MOP20 [1.905 MB]

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MOP21

Test Production of Ti-44 using RFT-30 Cyclotron

108

E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, Y.B. Kong
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

RFT-30 30 MeV cyclotron has been developed for the production of radioisotopes and their applications. Fluorine-18, which is a widely-used positron emitter, has been produced regularly since 2015. In addition, research on the production of generator radioisotopes has been performed using this cyclotron. A generator means a device used to extract the positron-emitting daughter radioisotope from a source of the decaying parent radioisotope such as Ti-44 and Ge-68. In this research, gold-coated and natural Sc targets were proton-irradiated in order to produce Ti-44. Gamma spectra of irradiated targets were measured to confirm the production of Ti-44.

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MOP22

Simulation of Optimum Thickness and Configuration of 10 MeV Cyclotron Shield

110

S. Azizpourian, H. Afarideh, M. Afkhami Karaei, M. Mousaviniapresenter
AUT, Tehran, Iran
F. Abbasi Davani
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Baby Cyclotrons that made in Self-shield type have been employed for use in Medical center for the diagnosis of cancer diseases by positron emission tomography (PET) system. Here in we have done a discussion on gamma and neutron dose rates at a distance of one meter outside of the cyclotron shielding. This shield consist of Lead, polyethylene borated (10% Boron) layers from inside to outside respectively. With increasing the thickness of lead and polyethylene we will see a decrease in the gamma and neutron dose which received by the water phantom at a distance of one meter outside from the surface of the shield of the cyclotron. Note that the gamma and neutron dose at the beginning (without any shielding) was on the order of several thousand μSv per hour that by achieve to a certain amount of thickness of the shield, the dose was reduced to below of the limited level. In this study, the MCNPX Code has been used. In MCNPX Code that used the variance reduction techniques for decreasing relative errors of calculation which was a good method for this case study.

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