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Recent years have brought enormous progress with X-ray FELs. With LCLS and SACLA two facilities with quite different technological approaches have shown the feasibility of SASE FELs in the hard X-ray regime while the SASE FEL FLASH and the recently commissioned laser seeded FEL FERMI@ELETTRA provide coherent light beams of unprecedented brightness at EUV and soft X-ray wavelength. First user experiments at these facilities demonstrate the vast scientific potential of this new type of instrument and have accelerated and triggered R&D and planning for other facilities of its kind worldwide. Projects under construction or in advanced stage of planning are European XFEL, LCLS II, SwissFEL, PAL XFEL, Shanghai XFEL and NGLS. Worldwide R&D efforts for XFELs try to improve performance and reduce size and cost. Focuses are on injector, linac and undulator technologies as well as on FEL seeding methods.
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