IPAC2017 - List of Authors (Vlachoudis, V.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOPAB003	Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider	68
	M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB003
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MOPAB012	Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain	100
SUSPSIK009	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB012
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WEOBA1	A Comparison of Interaction Physics for Proton Collimation Systems in Current Simulation Tools	2478
	J. Molson, A. Faus-Golfe LAL, Orsay, France R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R.J. Barlow IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Rafique University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Y. Zou IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol) project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 654305. High performance collimation systems are required for current and proposed high energy hadron accelerators in order to protect superconducting magnets and experiments. In order to ensure that the collimation system designs are sufficient and will operate as expected, precision simulation tools are required. This paper discusses the current status of existing collimation system tools, and performs a comparison between codes in order to ensure that the simulated interaction physics between a proton and a collimator jaw is accurate.
	Slides WEOBA1 [7.235 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEOBA1
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WEPVA102	Design of the New CERN n_TOF Neutron Spallation Target: R&D and Prototyping Activities	3503
SUSPSIK112	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	R. Esposito, M. Calviani, T. Coiffet, M. Delonca, L. Dufay-Chanat, E. Gallay, M. Guinchard, D. Horvath, T. Koettig, A.P. Perez, A.T. Perez Fontenla, A. Perillo-Marcone, S. Sgobba, M.A. Timmins, A. Vacca, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Beregret UTBM, Belfort, France L. Gomez Pereira University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain F. Latini University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy R. Logé EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
	A new spallation target for the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility will be installed during Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020), with the objective of improving operational reliability, avoiding water contamination of spallation products, corrosion/erosion and creep phenomena, as well as optimizing it for the 20 m distant vertical experimental area 2, whilst keeping the same physics performances of the current target at the 200 m far experimental area 1. Several solutions have been studied with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations in order to find the optimal solution with respect to neutron fluence, photon background, resolution function, energy deposition and radiation damage. Thermo-mechanical studies (including CFD simulations) have been performed in order to evaluate and optimize the target ability to withstand the beam loads in terms of maximum temperatures reached, cooling system efficiency, maximum stresses, creep and fatigue behaviour of the target materials, leading to a preliminary mechanical design of the target. This paper also covers the further prototyping and material characterization activities carried out in order to validate the feasibility of the investigated solutions.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA102
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WEPVA109	Design of the New PS Internal Dumps, in the Framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) Project	3521
	G. Romagnoli, J.A. Briz Monago, M. Calviani, J.J. Esala, E. Grenier-Boley, A. Masi, F.-X. Nuiry, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	For the LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) at CERN, the two PS (Proton Synchrotron) dumps will be redesigned and upgraded for the new high intensity beams. The EN-STI group is in charge of the design and installation of the new dumps, foreseen for the next CERN's Long Shutdown in 2019-2020. As internal dumps, the PS dumps have been installed in 1975 directly in the PS vacuum ring between the main bending magnets and they are operating since then. The dumps enter the beam line when requested by beam operation, with a 6 kg Cu block moved quickly with a spring-based mechanism. This Cu block is not expected to survive the impact of the future beams. A new design is presented for the dump core based on FLUKA-ANSYS coupled simulations. The dumps should work with any PS beam foreseen within LIU, be water cooled in ultra-high vacuum medium, and enter the beam chamber in less than 250 ms. The dump should be used 200000 times per year, with a lifetime of 20 years, with almost zero maintenance. The new challenging design is based on an oscillating thin blade shaving turn after turn the circulating beam. The material considered for the blade are Cu, Ti or CuCrZr with embedded cooling channels.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA109
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WEPVA110	Analysis and Operational Feedback on the New Design of the High Energy Beam Dump in the CERN SPS	3524
	P. Rios Rodriguez, J.A. Briz Monago, M. Calviani, K. Cornelis, S. De Man, R. Esposito, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, J.L. Grenard, D. Grenier, M. Grieco, J. Humbert, V. Kain, F.M. Leaux, C. Pasquino, A. Perillo-Marcone, J.R.F. Poujol, S. Sgobba, D. Steyart, F.M. Velotti, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) high-energy internal dump (Target Internal Dump Vertical Graphite, known as TIDVG) is required to intercept beams from 10² to 450 GeV. The equipment installed in 2014 (TIDVG#3) featured an absorbing core composed of different materials surrounded by a water-cooled copper jacket, which hold the UHV of the machine. An inspection of a previous equipment (TIDVG#2) in 2013 revealed significant beam induced damage to the aluminium section of the dump, which required imposing operational limitations to minimise the risk of reproducing this phenomenon. Additionally, in 2016 a vacuum leak was detected in the dump assembly, which imposed further limitations, i.e. a reduction of the beam intensity that could be dumped per SPS supercycle. This paper presents a new design (TIDVG#4), which focuses on improving the operational robustness of the device. Moreover, thanks to the added instrumentation, a careful analysis of its performance (both experimentally and during operation) will be possible. These studies will help validating technical solutions for the design of the future SPS dump to be installed during CERN's Long Shutdown 2 in 2020 (TIDVG#5).
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA110
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THPAB046	SixTrack for Cleaning Studies: 2017 Updates	3811
	A. Mereghetti, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, R. De Maria, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, P.D. Hermes, D. Mirarchi, P.G. Ortega, D. Pastor Sinuela, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Molson LAL, Orsay, France Y. Zou IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	SixTrack is a single particle tracking code for simulating beam dynamics in ultra-relativistic accelerators. It is widely used at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) for predicting dynamic aperture and cleaning inefficiency in large circular machines like the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The code is under continuous development, to both extend its physics models, and enhance performance. The present work gives an overview of developments, specifically aimed at extending the code capabilities for cleaning studies. They mainly involve: the online aperture check; the possibility to perform simulations coupled to advanced Monte Carlo codes like Fluka or using the scattering event generator of the Merlin code; the generalisation of tracking maps to ion species; the implementation of composite materials of relevance for the future upgrades of the LHC collimators; the physics of interactions with bent crystals. Plans to merge these functionalities into a single version of the SixTrack code will be outlined.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPAB046
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THPVA137	A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source	4783
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA137
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Paper

Title

Page

Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider

68

M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB003

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MOPAB012

Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain

100

SUSPSIK009

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB012

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WEOBA1

A Comparison of Interaction Physics for Proton Collimation Systems in Current Simulation Tools

2478

J. Molson, A. Faus-Golfe
LAL, Orsay, France
R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R.J. Barlow
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Rafique
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Y. Zou
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol) project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 654305.
High performance collimation systems are required for current and proposed high energy hadron accelerators in order to protect superconducting magnets and experiments. In order to ensure that the collimation system designs are sufficient and will operate as expected, precision simulation tools are required. This paper discusses the current status of existing collimation system tools, and performs a comparison between codes in order to ensure that the simulated interaction physics between a proton and a collimator jaw is accurate.

Slides WEOBA1 [7.235 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEOBA1

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WEPVA102

Design of the New CERN n_TOF Neutron Spallation Target: R&D and Prototyping Activities

3503

SUSPSIK112

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

R. Esposito, M. Calviani, T. Coiffet, M. Delonca, L. Dufay-Chanat, E. Gallay, M. Guinchard, D. Horvath, T. Koettig, A.P. Perez, A.T. Perez Fontenla, A. Perillo-Marcone, S. Sgobba, M.A. Timmins, A. Vacca, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Beregret
UTBM, Belfort, France
L. Gomez Pereira
University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
F. Latini
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
R. Logé
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

A new spallation target for the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility will be installed during Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020), with the objective of improving operational reliability, avoiding water contamination of spallation products, corrosion/erosion and creep phenomena, as well as optimizing it for the 20 m distant vertical experimental area 2, whilst keeping the same physics performances of the current target at the 200 m far experimental area 1. Several solutions have been studied with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations in order to find the optimal solution with respect to neutron fluence, photon background, resolution function, energy deposition and radiation damage. Thermo-mechanical studies (including CFD simulations) have been performed in order to evaluate and optimize the target ability to withstand the beam loads in terms of maximum temperatures reached, cooling system efficiency, maximum stresses, creep and fatigue behaviour of the target materials, leading to a preliminary mechanical design of the target. This paper also covers the further prototyping and material characterization activities carried out in order to validate the feasibility of the investigated solutions.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA102

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WEPVA109

Design of the New PS Internal Dumps, in the Framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) Project

3521

G. Romagnoli, J.A. Briz Monago, M. Calviani, J.J. Esala, E. Grenier-Boley, A. Masi, F.-X. Nuiry, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

For the LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) at CERN, the two PS (Proton Synchrotron) dumps will be redesigned and upgraded for the new high intensity beams. The EN-STI group is in charge of the design and installation of the new dumps, foreseen for the next CERN's Long Shutdown in 2019-2020. As internal dumps, the PS dumps have been installed in 1975 directly in the PS vacuum ring between the main bending magnets and they are operating since then. The dumps enter the beam line when requested by beam operation, with a 6 kg Cu block moved quickly with a spring-based mechanism. This Cu block is not expected to survive the impact of the future beams. A new design is presented for the dump core based on FLUKA-ANSYS coupled simulations. The dumps should work with any PS beam foreseen within LIU, be water cooled in ultra-high vacuum medium, and enter the beam chamber in less than 250 ms. The dump should be used 200000 times per year, with a lifetime of 20 years, with almost zero maintenance. The new challenging design is based on an oscillating thin blade shaving turn after turn the circulating beam. The material considered for the blade are Cu, Ti or CuCrZr with embedded cooling channels.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA109

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WEPVA110

Analysis and Operational Feedback on the New Design of the High Energy Beam Dump in the CERN SPS

3524

P. Rios Rodriguez, J.A. Briz Monago, M. Calviani, K. Cornelis, S. De Man, R. Esposito, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, J.L. Grenard, D. Grenier, M. Grieco, J. Humbert, V. Kain, F.M. Leaux, C. Pasquino, A. Perillo-Marcone, J.R.F. Poujol, S. Sgobba, D. Steyart, F.M. Velotti, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) high-energy internal dump (Target Internal Dump Vertical Graphite, known as TIDVG) is required to intercept beams from 10² to 450 GeV. The equipment installed in 2014 (TIDVG#3) featured an absorbing core composed of different materials surrounded by a water-cooled copper jacket, which hold the UHV of the machine. An inspection of a previous equipment (TIDVG#2) in 2013 revealed significant beam induced damage to the aluminium section of the dump, which required imposing operational limitations to minimise the risk of reproducing this phenomenon. Additionally, in 2016 a vacuum leak was detected in the dump assembly, which imposed further limitations, i.e. a reduction of the beam intensity that could be dumped per SPS supercycle. This paper presents a new design (TIDVG#4), which focuses on improving the operational robustness of the device. Moreover, thanks to the added instrumentation, a careful analysis of its performance (both experimentally and during operation) will be possible. These studies will help validating technical solutions for the design of the future SPS dump to be installed during CERN's Long Shutdown 2 in 2020 (TIDVG#5).

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA110

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THPAB046

SixTrack for Cleaning Studies: 2017 Updates

3811

A. Mereghetti, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, R. De Maria, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, P.D. Hermes, D. Mirarchi, P.G. Ortega, D. Pastor Sinuela, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Molson
LAL, Orsay, France
Y. Zou
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

SixTrack is a single particle tracking code for simulating beam dynamics in ultra-relativistic accelerators. It is widely used at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) for predicting dynamic aperture and cleaning inefficiency in large circular machines like the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The code is under continuous development, to both extend its physics models, and enhance performance. The present work gives an overview of developments, specifically aimed at extending the code capabilities for cleaning studies. They mainly involve: the online aperture check; the possibility to perform simulations coupled to advanced Monte Carlo codes like Fluka or using the scattering event generator of the Merlin code; the generalisation of tracking maps to ion species; the implementation of composite materials of relevance for the future upgrades of the LHC collimators; the physics of interactions with bent crystals. Plans to merge these functionalities into a single version of the SixTrack code will be outlined.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPAB046

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THPVA137

A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source

4783

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA137

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)