IPAC2017 - List of Authors (Skordis, E.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOPAB003	Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider	68
	M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB003
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MOPAB004	Improved Protection of the Warm Magnets of the LHC Betatron Cleaning Insertion	72
	C. Bahamonde Castro, F. Cerutti, P. Fessia, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Skordis The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	After the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade in 2024-2026, the LHC is anticipated to increase its integrated luminosity by a factor of 10 beyond its original design value of 300 fb-1. In preparation for this, several improvements to the equipment will already be implemented during the next Long Shutdown (LS2) starting in 2019. In the betatron cleaning insertion, the debris leaking out of several collimators will deposit energy in the downstream warm magnets, causing long-term radiation damage. A new layout has been proposed in which the most exposed magnet of each assembly is removed, reducing the assembly from 6 to 5 magnet units and gaining 2 spare magnets. New absorbers are therefore required to enhance the shielding of the remaining magnet string. In this paper, we present an evaluation of the dose to the warm magnets for post-LS2 operation, and we quantify the achievable reduction of the long-term radiation damage for different absorber configurations. A solution for an improved magnet protection that fulfills the HL-LHC requirements is proposed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB004
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MOPAB012	Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain	100
SUSPSIK009	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB012
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THPVA137	A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source	4783
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA137
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Paper

Title

Page

Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider

68

M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB003

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPAB004

Improved Protection of the Warm Magnets of the LHC Betatron Cleaning Insertion

72

C. Bahamonde Castro, F. Cerutti, P. Fessia, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Skordis
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

After the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade in 2024-2026, the LHC is anticipated to increase its integrated luminosity by a factor of 10 beyond its original design value of 300 fb-1. In preparation for this, several improvements to the equipment will already be implemented during the next Long Shutdown (LS2) starting in 2019. In the betatron cleaning insertion, the debris leaking out of several collimators will deposit energy in the downstream warm magnets, causing long-term radiation damage. A new layout has been proposed in which the most exposed magnet of each assembly is removed, reducing the assembly from 6 to 5 magnet units and gaining 2 spare magnets. New absorbers are therefore required to enhance the shielding of the remaining magnet string. In this paper, we present an evaluation of the dose to the warm magnets for post-LS2 operation, and we quantify the achievable reduction of the long-term radiation damage for different absorber configurations. A solution for an improved magnet protection that fulfills the HL-LHC requirements is proposed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB004

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPAB012

Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain

100

SUSPSIK009

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB012

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPVA137

A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source

4783

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA137

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)