IPAC2018 - List of Authors (Schmidt, R.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOPMF046	Simulation of Hydrodynamic Tunneling Caused by High Energy Proton Beam in Copper through Coupling of FLUKA and Autodyn	204
	Y.C. Nie, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, C. Fichera, L.K. Mettler, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	For machine protection of high-energy colliders, it is important to assess potential damages caused to accelerator components in case large number of bunches are lost at the same place. The numerical assessment requires an iterative execution of an energy-deposition code and a hydrodynamic code, since the hydrodynamic tunneling effect will likely play an important role in the beam-matter interactions. For proton accelerators at CERN and for the Future Circular Collider (FCC), case studies were performed, coupling FLUKA and BIG2. To compare different hydrocodes and not to rely only on BIG2, FLUKA and a commercial tool, Autodyn, have been used to perform these simulations. This paper reports a benchmarking study against a beam test performed at the HiRadMat (High-Radiation to Materials) facility using beams at 440 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron. Good agreement has been found between the simulation results and the test as well as previous simulations with FLUKA and BIG2, particularly in terms of penetration depth of the beam in copper. This makes the coupling of FLUKA and Autodyn an alternative solution to simulating the hydrodynamic tunneling. More case studies are planned for FCC and other high-beam-power accelerators.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF046
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MOPMF053	Observations, Analysis and Mitigation of Recurrent LHC Beam Dumps Caused by Fast Losses in Arc Half-Cell 16L2	228
	J.M. Jimenez, D. Amorim, S. A. Antipov, G. Arduini, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, B. Bradu, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, X. Buffat, L.R. Carver, P. Chiggiato, S.D. Claudet, P. Collier, R. Garcia Alia, M. Giovannozzi, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, W. Höfle, G. Iadarola, G. Kotzian, A. Lechner, T.E. Levens, B. Lindstrom, T. Medvedeva, A. Milanese, D. Mirarchi, E. Métral, D. Perini, S. Redaelli, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Valuch, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren, C. Zamantzas, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland D. Amorim Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France A.A. Gorzawski University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom L. Mether EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
	Recurrent beam dumps significantly perturbed the operation of the CERN LHC in the summer months of 2017, especially in August. These unexpected beam dumps were triggered by fast beam losses that built up in the cryogenic beam vacuum at the half-cell 16 left of LHC-IP2 and were detected either at that location but mainly in the collimation insertions. This contribution details the experimental observables (beam losses, coherent instabilities, heat load to cryogenic system, vacuum signals), the extent of the understanding of the beam loss and instability mechanisms and the mitigation steps and new settings that allowed recovering the luminosity performance of the LHC for the rest of the Run.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF053
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MOPMF060	Safe Disposal of the LHC Beam without Beam Dump - Method and Experimental Verification	253
	M. Valette, B. Lindstrom, A. Mereghetti, R. Schmidt, M. Solfaroli, J.A. Uythoven, D. Valuch, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project. In the extremely unlikely event of a non-working beam dumping system in the LHC, the 360 MJ of stored beam energy can be dissipated in the collimation system as a last mitigation measure. In such a situation, it is important to reduce the stored beam energy both quickly and at the same time as smoothly as possible in order to limit the risk of trips of critical systems, to avoid quenches of superconducting magnets (which would lead to changes of the beam trajectory and damage to the accelerator) and ultimately damage to the collimators themselves. Detailed steps and parameters have been developed and validated during two dedicated experiments with beam in the LHC. This paper summarizes the key aspects in view of the preparation of such a procedure for operational use, which will allow for the safe disposal of the full LHC beam by the operation crews.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF060
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TUPAF040	Beam Loss Measurements for Recurring Fast Loss Events During 2017 LHC Operation Possibly Caused by Macroparticles	780
	A. Lechner, B. Auchmann, E. Bravin, A.A. Gorzawski, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, B. Lindstrom, T. Medvedeva, D. Mirarchi, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The availability of the LHC machine was adversely affected in 2017 by tens of beam aborts provoked by frequent loss events in one standard arc cell (16L2). In most of the cases, the dumps were triggered by concurrently developing fast beam instabilities leading to particle losses in the betatron cleaning insertion. Many of the events started with a distinct sub-millisecond loss peak comparable to regular dust particle events, which have been observed along all the LHC since the start-up. In contrast to regular dust events, persistent losses developed in cell 16L2 after the initial peaks which can possibly be explained by a phase transition of macroparticles to the gas phase. In this paper, we summarize the observed loss characteristics such as spatial loss pattern and time profiles measured by Beam Loss Monitors (ionization chambers). Based on the measurements, we estimate the energy deposition in macroparticles and reconstruct proton loss rates as well as the gas densities after the phase transition. Differences between regular dust events and events in 16L2 are highlighted and the ability to induce magnet quenches is discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF040
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TUPAF049	Analysis of Loss Signatures of Unidentified Falling Objects in the LHC	814
	L. K. Grob, M. Dziadosz, E.B. Holzer, A. Lechner, B. Lindstrom, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, C. Zamantzas CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Particulates in the LHC beam pipes can interact with the proton beams and cause significant beam losses. The "UFOs" (unidentified falling objects) hypothesis describes a particle falling into the beam, creating particle showers, being ionized and repelled. Though the signals of the beam loss monitors support this, many aspects remain unknown. Neither the source of the dust nor the release mechanism from the beam pipe are understood. The same holds for the forces involved in the interaction and the observed UFO rate reduction over the years. These open questions are approached from different angles. Firstly, a new data analysis tool was established featuring advanced raw data selection and statistical analysis. Results of this analysis will be presented. Secondly, dust samples were extracted from LHC components and analyzed to gain insight into the size distribution and material composition of the contamination. The performed observations and analysis lead to a better modelling of the UFO events and helped to understand the physics involved. The validated UFO models will be crucial in view of the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC).
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF049
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THYGBD2	Results of UFO Dynamics Studies with Beam in the LHC	2914
	B. Lindstrom, A. Apollonio, P. Bélanger, M. Dziadosz, A.A. Gorzawski, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, A. Lechner, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Valuch, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Micrometer sized particles entering the LHC beam (the so-called Unidentified Falling Objects or UFOs) are a known cause of localized beam losses since the beginning of high intensity beam operation, however the origin of these particles is not fully known. Their effect limits LHC availability by causing premature dumps due to excessive beam losses and occasionally even magnet quenches. This could become an important limitation for future accelerators such as the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The dynamics of these UFOs was investigated in two dedicated experiments. In the first experiment, it was shown that the transverse movements of these particles can be studied by observing bunch-by-bunch losses from bunches with different horizontal and vertical emittances. In the second experiment, UFO-like events around the 16L2 interconnect in the LHC, which has seen intense UFO activity in 2017, were studied with the above method. This paper summarizes the results of both experiments.
	Slides THYGBD2 [1.357 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-THYGBD2
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THPAF062	Impact of Superconducting Magnet Protection Equipment on the Circulating Beam in HL-LHC	3115
	M. Valette, L. Bortot, A.M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Lindstrom, M. Mentink, R. Schmidt, E. Stubberud, A.P. Verweij, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Ravaioli LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the HL-LHC project. The new superconducting quadrupole and dipole magnets for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will rely on quench heaters or Coupling-Loss Induced Quench (CLIQ) units or a combination of both to protect the magnet coils in case of a quench. After the detection of a quench, the quench heater power supplies will discharge currents of several hundreds of amperes into the quench heater strips glued to the coils, and the CLIQ units will discharge an oscillating current in the order of 1~kA directly into the coils. These currents can have a significant effect on the circulating beam if the discharge occurs before the beam is dumped. In the HL-LHC inner triplet quadrupole magnets and 11 T dipole magnets, which will be installed in the collimation region dispersion suppressor, this effect will even be stronger due to the larger number of quench heaters and use of CLIQ units (triplet magnets only) as well as due to the greater value of beta function in comparison with the present LHC. In this paper, the expected effects of quench heater and CLIQ discharges on the circulating beam are summarized, and several mitigation methods are proposed and evaluated. Matthieu. Valette@cern.ch
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-THPAF062
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FRXGBD1	Reliability and Availability of Particle Accelerators: Concepts, Lessons, Strategy	5014
	A. Apollonio, L. Ponce, O. Rey Orozko, R. Schmidt, A.P. Siemko, B. Todd, J.A. Uythoven, A.P. Verweij, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	This paper will present the results and latest status of an extensive effort to analyse and improve the reliability and availability of the LHC. After the introduction of basic concepts and definitions, the paper reviews the performance of the LHC in 2015-2017. A direct comparison of the luminosity production years 2016 and 2017 is presented, with a focus on the main differences in the observed failure modes. Based on the lessons learnt in this time window, expectations for the performance during future LHC runs are discussed. In particular, the thought process for the evaluation of the possible full energy exploitation of the LHC is described, considering relevant factors such as the expected availability loss and the risk associated to magnet training.
	Slides FRXGBD1 [7.090 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-FRXGBD1
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Paper

Title

Page

Simulation of Hydrodynamic Tunneling Caused by High Energy Proton Beam in Copper through Coupling of FLUKA and Autodyn

204

Y.C. Nie, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, C. Fichera, L.K. Mettler, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

For machine protection of high-energy colliders, it is important to assess potential damages caused to accelerator components in case large number of bunches are lost at the same place. The numerical assessment requires an iterative execution of an energy-deposition code and a hydrodynamic code, since the hydrodynamic tunneling effect will likely play an important role in the beam-matter interactions. For proton accelerators at CERN and for the Future Circular Collider (FCC), case studies were performed, coupling FLUKA and BIG2. To compare different hydrocodes and not to rely only on BIG2, FLUKA and a commercial tool, Autodyn, have been used to perform these simulations. This paper reports a benchmarking study against a beam test performed at the HiRadMat (High-Radiation to Materials) facility using beams at 440 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron. Good agreement has been found between the simulation results and the test as well as previous simulations with FLUKA and BIG2, particularly in terms of penetration depth of the beam in copper. This makes the coupling of FLUKA and Autodyn an alternative solution to simulating the hydrodynamic tunneling. More case studies are planned for FCC and other high-beam-power accelerators.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF046

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MOPMF053

Observations, Analysis and Mitigation of Recurrent LHC Beam Dumps Caused by Fast Losses in Arc Half-Cell 16L2

228

J.M. Jimenez, D. Amorim, S. A. Antipov, G. Arduini, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, B. Bradu, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, X. Buffat, L.R. Carver, P. Chiggiato, S.D. Claudet, P. Collier, R. Garcia Alia, M. Giovannozzi, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, W. Höfle, G. Iadarola, G. Kotzian, A. Lechner, T.E. Levens, B. Lindstrom, T. Medvedeva, A. Milanese, D. Mirarchi, E. Métral, D. Perini, S. Redaelli, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Valuch, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren, C. Zamantzas, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
D. Amorim
Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
A.A. Gorzawski
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
L. Mether
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Recurrent beam dumps significantly perturbed the operation of the CERN LHC in the summer months of 2017, especially in August. These unexpected beam dumps were triggered by fast beam losses that built up in the cryogenic beam vacuum at the half-cell 16 left of LHC-IP2 and were detected either at that location but mainly in the collimation insertions. This contribution details the experimental observables (beam losses, coherent instabilities, heat load to cryogenic system, vacuum signals), the extent of the understanding of the beam loss and instability mechanisms and the mitigation steps and new settings that allowed recovering the luminosity performance of the LHC for the rest of the Run.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF053

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPMF060

Safe Disposal of the LHC Beam without Beam Dump - Method and Experimental Verification

253

M. Valette, B. Lindstrom, A. Mereghetti, R. Schmidt, M. Solfaroli, J.A. Uythoven, D. Valuch, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
In the extremely unlikely event of a non-working beam dumping system in the LHC, the 360 MJ of stored beam energy can be dissipated in the collimation system as a last mitigation measure. In such a situation, it is important to reduce the stored beam energy both quickly and at the same time as smoothly as possible in order to limit the risk of trips of critical systems, to avoid quenches of superconducting magnets (which would lead to changes of the beam trajectory and damage to the accelerator) and ultimately damage to the collimators themselves. Detailed steps and parameters have been developed and validated during two dedicated experiments with beam in the LHC. This paper summarizes the key aspects in view of the preparation of such a procedure for operational use, which will allow for the safe disposal of the full LHC beam by the operation crews.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-MOPMF060

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPAF040

Beam Loss Measurements for Recurring Fast Loss Events During 2017 LHC Operation Possibly Caused by Macroparticles

780

A. Lechner, B. Auchmann, E. Bravin, A.A. Gorzawski, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, B. Lindstrom, T. Medvedeva, D. Mirarchi, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The availability of the LHC machine was adversely affected in 2017 by tens of beam aborts provoked by frequent loss events in one standard arc cell (16L2). In most of the cases, the dumps were triggered by concurrently developing fast beam instabilities leading to particle losses in the betatron cleaning insertion. Many of the events started with a distinct sub-millisecond loss peak comparable to regular dust particle events, which have been observed along all the LHC since the start-up. In contrast to regular dust events, persistent losses developed in cell 16L2 after the initial peaks which can possibly be explained by a phase transition of macroparticles to the gas phase. In this paper, we summarize the observed loss characteristics such as spatial loss pattern and time profiles measured by Beam Loss Monitors (ionization chambers). Based on the measurements, we estimate the energy deposition in macroparticles and reconstruct proton loss rates as well as the gas densities after the phase transition. Differences between regular dust events and events in 16L2 are highlighted and the ability to induce magnet quenches is discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF040

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPAF049

Analysis of Loss Signatures of Unidentified Falling Objects in the LHC

814

L. K. Grob, M. Dziadosz, E.B. Holzer, A. Lechner, B. Lindstrom, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Particulates in the LHC beam pipes can interact with the proton beams and cause significant beam losses. The "UFOs" (unidentified falling objects) hypothesis describes a particle falling into the beam, creating particle showers, being ionized and repelled. Though the signals of the beam loss monitors support this, many aspects remain unknown. Neither the source of the dust nor the release mechanism from the beam pipe are understood. The same holds for the forces involved in the interaction and the observed UFO rate reduction over the years. These open questions are approached from different angles. Firstly, a new data analysis tool was established featuring advanced raw data selection and statistical analysis. Results of this analysis will be presented. Secondly, dust samples were extracted from LHC components and analyzed to gain insight into the size distribution and material composition of the contamination. The performed observations and analysis lead to a better modelling of the UFO events and helped to understand the physics involved. The validated UFO models will be crucial in view of the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC).

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-TUPAF049

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THYGBD2

Results of UFO Dynamics Studies with Beam in the LHC

2914

B. Lindstrom, A. Apollonio, P. Bélanger, M. Dziadosz, A.A. Gorzawski, L. K. Grob, E.B. Holzer, A. Lechner, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Valuch, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Micrometer sized particles entering the LHC beam (the so-called Unidentified Falling Objects or UFOs) are a known cause of localized beam losses since the beginning of high intensity beam operation, however the origin of these particles is not fully known. Their effect limits LHC availability by causing premature dumps due to excessive beam losses and occasionally even magnet quenches. This could become an important limitation for future accelerators such as the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The dynamics of these UFOs was investigated in two dedicated experiments. In the first experiment, it was shown that the transverse movements of these particles can be studied by observing bunch-by-bunch losses from bunches with different horizontal and vertical emittances. In the second experiment, UFO-like events around the 16L2 interconnect in the LHC, which has seen intense UFO activity in 2017, were studied with the above method. This paper summarizes the results of both experiments.

Slides THYGBD2 [1.357 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-THYGBD2

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPAF062

Impact of Superconducting Magnet Protection Equipment on the Circulating Beam in HL-LHC

3115

M. Valette, L. Bortot, A.M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Lindstrom, M. Mentink, R. Schmidt, E. Stubberud, A.P. Verweij, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Ravaioli
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by the HL-LHC project.
The new superconducting quadrupole and dipole magnets for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will rely on quench heaters or Coupling-Loss Induced Quench (CLIQ) units or a combination of both to protect the magnet coils in case of a quench. After the detection of a quench, the quench heater power supplies will discharge currents of several hundreds of amperes into the quench heater strips glued to the coils, and the CLIQ units will discharge an oscillating current in the order of 1~kA directly into the coils. These currents can have a significant effect on the circulating beam if the discharge occurs before the beam is dumped. In the HL-LHC inner triplet quadrupole magnets and 11 T dipole magnets, which will be installed in the collimation region dispersion suppressor, this effect will even be stronger due to the larger number of quench heaters and use of CLIQ units (triplet magnets only) as well as due to the greater value of beta function in comparison with the present LHC. In this paper, the expected effects of quench heater and CLIQ discharges on the circulating beam are summarized, and several mitigation methods are proposed and evaluated.
Matthieu. Valette@cern.ch

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-THPAF062

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FRXGBD1

Reliability and Availability of Particle Accelerators: Concepts, Lessons, Strategy

5014

A. Apollonio, L. Ponce, O. Rey Orozko, R. Schmidt, A.P. Siemko, B. Todd, J.A. Uythoven, A.P. Verweij, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

This paper will present the results and latest status of an extensive effort to analyse and improve the reliability and availability of the LHC. After the introduction of basic concepts and definitions, the paper reviews the performance of the LHC in 2015-2017. A direct comparison of the luminosity production years 2016 and 2017 is presented, with a focus on the main differences in the observed failure modes. Based on the lessons learnt in this time window, expectations for the performance during future LHC runs are discussed. In particular, the thought process for the evaluation of the possible full energy exploitation of the LHC is described, considering relevant factors such as the expected availability loss and the risk associated to magnet training.

Slides FRXGBD1 [7.090 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018-FRXGBD1

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